Relationship Between Feeders and Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Feeding During the First Month of Life.

Abstract

The critical time to continue or stop breastfeeding is during the first month after hospital discharge. Mothers receive lactation and physical support by fathers and others bottle-feeding human or formula milk to their infants. To describe the effect of feeders (mothers, fathers, and others) and different milk feeding on infants' weekly exclusive breastfeeding rates, from birth to 1 month after discharge. This study was a secondary analysis of a descriptive longitudinal study of mothers' (full-term: n = 77; late preterm: n = 39) breastfeeding experience, frequency of feeding, and infant feeding behaviors. Mothers completed a weekly questionnaire of who (mothers, fathers, and others) fed their infants human or formula milk by direct breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. More than 60% of mothers reported fathers and others bottle-fed their infants. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were significantly higher when only mothers fed their infants at week 1 ( P < .001), week 3 ( P < .05), and week 4 ( P < .05). Exclusive breastfeeding rates were negatively affected across time by bottle-feeding any human or formula milk for all feeders. When fathers bottle-fed their infants at week 1, the relative rates of exclusive breastfeeding at week 4 decreased to 52% (OR = 0.103; 95% CI, 0.26-0.404; P < .0001). Individuals providing early bottle-feeding adversely affect breastfeeding outcomes. Providers need to address maternal and paternal knowledge gaps about early breastfeeding practice. Further research is needed to explore clinical standard of care for management of infant weight loss, early supplementation, and support of exclusive breastfeeding outcomes.