Exclusive Access Research Articles

LEE SANG GAK TELESCOPE (LSGT): A REMOTELY OPERATED ROBOTIC TELESCOPE FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH AT SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

We introduce the Lee Sang Gak Telescope (LSGT), a remotely operated, robotic 0.43-meter telescope. The telescope was installed at the Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, in 2014 October, to secure regular and exclusive access to the dark sky and excellent atmospheric conditions in the southern hemisphere from the Seoul National University (SNU) campus. Here, we describe the LSGT system and its performance, present example images from early observations, and discuss a future plan to upgrade the system. The use of the telescope includes (i) long-term monitoring observations of nearby galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and supernovae; (ii) rapid follow-up observations of transients such as gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources; and (iii) observations for educational activities at SNU. Based on observations performed so far, we find that the telescope is capable of providing images to a depth of R = 21:5 mag (point source detection) at 5-σ with 15 min total integration time under good observing conditions.

Vascular Complications and Bleeding After Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Performed Through Open Surgical Access

Major vascular complications (VC) remain frequent after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and may be associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of VC after transfemoral TAVI performed using an exclusive open surgical access strategy. From 2010 to 2014, we included in a monocentric registry all consecutive patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI. The procedures were performed with 16Fr to 20Fr sheath systems. VC were evaluated within 30days and classified as major or minor according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium 2definition. The study included 396 patients, 218 were women (55%), median age was 85years (81 to 88), and the median logistic Euroscore was 15.2% (11 to 23). The balloon-expandable SAPIEN XT and the self-expandable Medtronic Core Valve prosthesis were used in 288 (72.7%) and 108 patients (27.3%), respectively. The total length of the procedure was 68±15minutes including 13±5minutes for the open surgical access. Major and minor VC were observed in 9 (2.3%) and 16 patients (4%), respectively, whereas life-threatening and major bleeding concerned 18 patients (4.6%). The median duration of hospitalization was 5days (interquartile range 2 to 7), significantly higher in patients with VC (7days [5 to 15], p <0.001). Mortality at 1-month and 1-year follow-up (n= 26, 6.6%; and n= 67, 17.2%, respectively) was not related to major or minor VC (p= 0.6). In multivariable analysis, only diabetes (odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 6.1, p=0.034) and chronic kidney failure (odds ratio 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 9.0, p= 0.046) were predictive of VC, whereas body mass index, gender, Euroscore, and lower limb arteriopathy were not. In conclusion, minimal rate of VC and bleeding can be obtained after transfemoral TAVI performed using an exclusive surgical strategy, with a particular advantage observed in high-risk bleeding patients.

Preventing Congressional Violations of Taxpayer Privacy

This article claims that the U.S. House Ways & Means Committee violated the law in 2014 when it voted (strictly along party lines) to release to the public the tax return information of 51 taxpayers. The committee acted under the belief that an obscure tax law provision authorized its action. But the provision required the committee to have a legitimate purpose for the disclosures and — incredibly — the committee failed to satisfy this almost trivial, common-sense restriction. Although the disclosures occurred in connection with the committee’s allegations of possible criminal misconduct by a high-ranking IRS official (Lois Lerner), most of the return information released was completely unrelated to the oversight objective and no disclosure was necessary to support the committee’s claims. In fact, there does not appear to have been any purpose whatsoever for the disclosures other than possibly providing a partisan political advantage to the committee majority. Because the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution insulated the committee from prosecution for the violation, the incident reveals a serious gap in taxpayer privacy protections. A future tax committee, for no legitimate reason, might release with impunity the return information of any taxpayer, including sensitive information belonging to a political enemy of those controlling the committee at the time.To prevent that outcome, this article proposes a new restriction on the access of the tax committees to tax return information. If the committees cannot obtain the information in the first instance, then they will be unable to disclose it for improper purposes. The proposal respects the legitimate need of the tax committees for the information by giving exclusive access to a Congressional staff intermediary who would be responsible for conveying necessary information to the tax committees while preventing improper disclosures. If, as claimed in this article, the intermediary’s actions would likely not be protected by the Speech or Debate Clause, then restrictions placed on the intermediary’s discretion in order to protect taxpayer privacy rights could be adequately enforced. Since today’s majority on a committee may obviously be tomorrow’s minority, it behooves every legislator to take action to prevent illegitimate disclosures in the future.

Distributed Optimization With Local Domains: Applications in MPC and Network Flows

In this paper we consider a network with $P$ nodes, where each node has exclusive access to a local cost function. Our contribution is a communication-efficient distributed algorithm that finds a vector $x^\star$ minimizing the sum of all the functions. We make the additional assumption that the functions have intersecting local domains, i.e., each function depends only on some components of the variable. Consequently, each node is interested in knowing only some components of $x^\star$, not the entire vector. This allows for improvement in communication-efficiency. We apply our algorithm to model predictive control (MPC) and to network flow problems and show, through experiments on large networks, that our proposed algorithm requires less communications to converge than prior algorithms.

KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN DATA GRID WITH ADVANCE RESERVATION FOR METEOROLOGY

In weather forecasting as well as in other scientific domains, large-scale and distributed data collections are emerging as critical community resources. With the development of Grid technologies, data management and sharing can be exploited in such an efficient way. In this paper, we present our approach in constructing a portal-based Meteorological Data Grid System with first application in Weather Forecasting .Our system architecture has three layers. The first layer is Modeling System that uses Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models to generate forecast data automatically in GRIB/NetCDF format. The second layer is a Data Grid which provides users with secure and easy access to distributed meteorological datasets. It also addresses authentication / authorization for secure transfers, mechanisms for scalable data replication, and technologies for searching relevant datasets regarding metadata provided by users. A Grid Portal, the third layer, is built for purpose of easy using the system. We also allow advance resource reservation to have exclusive access to Grid resources.

The history and accomplishments of the ICGG Gaucher registry.

The history and accomplishments of the ICGG Gaucher registry.

Big Game and Cattle Influence on Aspen Community Regeneration Following Prescribed Fire

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a major component of Intermountain forest ecology and relies on periodic disturbance, such as prescribed fire, to perpetuate. On the Manti-LaSal National Forest in central Utah, both big game and cattle depend on forage growing on forested lands, which has contributed to intense conflict. Understanding the effects of browsers on recently burned aspen stands is critical to managing the regeneration of these communities. This study measured the effects of cattle and big game foraging on regenerating aspen communities. Three study sites were selected from a 142-ha prescribed burn conducted in an aspen-conifer stand on the Ferron District of the Manti-LaSal National Forest in 1989. Each of the three study sites was subdivided into four areas and randomly assigned one of the following treatments: big game and cattle exclusion (No Use), big game exclusion (Cattle Use), cattle exclusion (Big Game Use), and open access (Dual Use). Vegetation was sampled in 1991–1994, 1999, and 2005. Density, biomass, height, nested frequency, and cover of aspen suckers were measured. Nested frequency and cover were measured for all other species encountered. Aspen cover, density, and biomass showed a significant year-by-treatment interaction (P < 0.05). Aspen and understory regeneration responded similarly to No Use, Cattle Use, and Big Game Use. Dual Use resulted in lower (P < 0.05) aspen regeneration and more annual, weedy species in the understory. In 2005, Dual Use aspen cover (4%) was lower (P < 0.05) than the other three treatments: Big Game Use (25%), Cattle Use (31%), and No Use (34%). Controlled burning to regenerate aspen will be most successful under light stocking rates for both big game and cattle to allow suckers to develop beyond the browse line (>2 meters).

Habitat configuration affects spatial pattern of β diversity of insect communities breeding in oyster mushrooms

Theory predicts that spatial structure can mediate interactions that affect species diversity in a patchy environment. A rarely considered effect of spatial structure on biodiversity is the interplay of spatial habitat arrangement with species interactions at multiple spatial scales. We investigated how spatial habitat arrangement and predation mediate the assembly of the larval communities of fungivorous insects breeding in the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm in a North American woodland. In a two‐way factorial design, we varied the spatial arrangement of mushroom clumps (‘clustered', ‘patchy', and ‘uniform'; 3 levels) crossed with predator exclusion (access allowed or not; 2 levels) to study their joint effects on patterns of α, β and γ diversity of the fungivorous insect communities. Partitioning diversity into these three components suggested that neither spatial nor predation treatments significantly affected α, β and γ diversity. We found that an intermediate inter‐clump distance (i.e., the ‘patchy' treatment) increased spatial autocorrelation in insect community composition within experimental blocks, particularly in the mushrooms to which predators had access. The spatial structuring in β diversity indicates that the arrangement of mushroom clumps can structure β diversity of fungivorous larval communities through direct effects on the species themselves (e.g., increased aggregation and habitat choice of ovipositing females of fungivorous insects), as well as effects mediated through the presence and behavior of predators (e.g., spatially structured selective foraging by predators acting as a filter on which species were in the clumps). The naturally patchy nature of mushroom fruiting may transform the spatial pattern of β diversity by altering the behavior of ovipositing females, or by weakening the negative effect of larval competition.

Is Music the Next Ebooks? An Antitrust Analysis of Windowing in the Music Industry

Windowing is the act of withholding the release of content on certain services while providing exclusive access for a period of time to only one service. It involves staggering a title’s release-date, resulting in consumers having access to content at different times on different services. Windowing agreements are a form of exclusive dealings. Windowing, while widespread in the movie industry, has only recently become popular in the music industry. Windowing is now viewed as a way for artists to increase music sales, appealing to those dissatisfied with current streaming royalties. Exclusive dealings may be deemed unreasonable under the federal antitrust laws if they foreclose outlets or supplies to potential entrants, raise barriers to entry, and make it easier for firms to exploit their power. With an industry dominated by technology giant Apple and three music companies who together control 89% of global music sales, exclusive licensing agreements that enable windowing should be examined cautiously for antitrust concerns.This Note engages in the first antitrust analysis of windowing in the music industry. It claims that windowing can have anticompetitive effects depending on the terms of the agreements and the parties involved. The Note examines the structure of the music industry and why exclusionary tactics are particularly troubling given the interdependent nature of an industry dominated by large market powers. The Note engages in an examination of the strength of section 1 and section 2 Sherman Act claims against technology giant Apple. The Note concludes by providing recommendations for how to structure windowing agreements to avoid federal antitrust law violations.

Atomic RMI: A Distributed Transactional Memory Framework

This paper presents Atomic RMI, a distributed transactional memory framework that supports the control flow model of execution. Atomic RMI extends Java RMI with distributed transactions that can run on many Java virtual machines located on different network nodes. Our system employs SVA, a fully-pessimistic concurrency control algorithm that provides exclusive access to shared objects and supports rollback and fault tolerance. SVA is capable of achieving a relatively high level of parallelism by interweaving transactions that access the same objects and by making transactions that do not share objects independent of one another. It also allows any operations within transactions, including irrevocable ones, like system calls, and provides an unobtrusive API. Our evaluation shows that in most cases Atomic RMI performs better than fine grained mutual-exclusion and read/write locking mechanisms. Atomic RMI also performs better than an optimistic transactional memory in environments with high contention and a high ratio of write operations, while being competitive otherwise.

"Doing History" in the Olden Days, 1970s-1990s

Academically trained as a historian and then hired as an IBM salesperson in the 1970s, James Cortada spent many years working to define the scope of the emerging history of computing field. As an IBM employee, Cortada began his writing career with almost exclusive access to the IBM Archives. This article describes his experiences with the IBM Archives, the archives of other major industry leaders (such as Burroughs and NCR), and the still active pioneers in the computer industry during this period.

Radio Spectrum Management Policy: Revisiting the Debate

Scholars such as Hazlett, De Vries, and Noam extensively discussed a few years ago over which of three alternatives - spectrum markets, commons and easements - should be adopted to overcome the deficiencies of the command and control (C&C) approach to spectrum management. One common conclusion was that it is inevitable that countries would abandon C&C and move towards one or more of these alternatives. However, in most of the world, especially in the developing countries, radio spectrum is still managed along the lines of traditional government administration approach. It is, therefore, surprising that the reason why the C&C approach is still dominant has been overlooked.To address such issue, this paper will seek to answer the following question: how do the international spectrum management stakeholders perceive the alternatives to the C&C approach? It will focus on the three main concepts - radiocommunication service allocation flexibility, technology neutrality, and easements in the TV white spaces (TVWS) - that are considered the main elements of spectrum markets, commons and easements. The paper adopts a qualitative inductive approach based on primary data collected from 86 semi-structured interviews with international stakeholders from mobile operators, manufactures, national regulators, broadcasters, TVWS industry and the ITU-R Bureau.The paper is the first of its kind to highlight the views of those who formulate national spectrum policy in practice on the alternative approaches to C&C that have been advocated for many years in the literature with little empirical evidence.Regarding service allocation flexibility, the data shows that there is a tendency to follow the non-obligatory international service allocation organised by the ITU-R to take advantage of global harmonisation and protect against interference. Regulators also have a tendency to have the upper hand when it comes to how spectrum as a resource is treated, with the self-regulated market not being favoured. The paper reveals that for different stakeholders, flexibility is the reverse of harmonisation. More specifically, flexibility is a way to change the service in use (e.g., broadcasting, fixed) to globally harmonised mobile service. Moreover, flexibility implies interference is not managed.With respect to technology neutrality, there is a widespread acknowledgement of the merits of the concept. However, the theoretical technology neutrality advocated in the literature does not exist in reality as parameters used in defining technology neutrality are usually based on particular standards. Moreover, operators and regulators are mostly in favour of standardised technologies that are widely deployed and have pre-defined duplex modes (e.g., FDD) because being fully neutral increases the probability of interference, decrease harmonisation and complicates the design of equipment.On the concept of easements in the TVWS, the interviews revealed that the additional mobile allocation in the 700 MHz and 800 MHz at WRC-12 and WRC-15 respectively in broadcasting spectrum has made TVWS a temporary deployment. In addition, the future use of the UHF band has become uncertain as the use of the band for mobile services will be decided by the time of WRC-15. Operators are in favour of exclusive access to spectrum to secure their investment and to ensure protection against interference. Regulators in developing countries, who often lack enforcement mechanisms, are concerned regarding the adoption of easements as non-exclusivity places additional management burdens on them. On the other hand, the paper revealed that approaches such as LSA are much favoured by operators and regulators because they accommodate more certainty as they are used in bands already identified for standardised technologies.Note: The authors do not wish the proposal to be considered for presentation in the poster session.

Improving Agility and Elasticity in Bare-metal Clouds

Bare-metal clouds are an emerging infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) that leases physical machines (bare-metal instances) rather than virtual machines, allowing resource-intensive applications to have exclusive access to physical hardware. Unfortunately, bare-metal instances require time-consuming or OS-specific tasks for deployment due to the lack of virtualization layers, thereby sacrificing several beneficial features of traditional IaaS clouds such as agility, elasticity, and OS transparency. We present BMcast, an OS deployment system with a special-purpose de-virtualizable virtual machine monitor (VMM) that supports quick and OS-transparent startup of bare-metal instances. BMcast performs streaming OS deployment while allowing direct access to physical hardware from the guest OS, and then disappears after completing the deployment. Quick startup of instances improves agility and elasticity significantly, and OS transparency greatly simplifies management tasks for cloud customers. Experimental results have confirmed that BMcast initiated a bare-metal instance 8.6 times faster than image copying, and database performance on BMcast during streaming OS deployment was comparable to that on a state-of-the-art VMM without performing deployment. BMcast incurred zero overhead after de-virtualization.

Improving Agility and Elasticity in Bare-metal Clouds

Bare-metal clouds are an emerging infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) that leases physical machines (bare-metal instances) rather than virtual machines, allowing resource-intensive applications to have exclusive access to physical hardware. Unfortunately, bare-metal instances require time-consuming or OS-specific tasks for deployment due to the lack of virtualization layers, thereby sacrificing several beneficial features of traditional IaaS clouds such as agility, elasticity, and OS transparency. We present BMcast, an OS deployment system with a special-purpose de-virtualizable virtual machine monitor (VMM) that supports quick and OS-transparent startup of bare-metal instances. BMcast performs streaming OS deployment while allowing direct access to physical hardware from the guest OS, and then disappears after completing the deployment. Quick startup of instances improves agility and elasticity significantly, and OS transparency greatly simplifies management tasks for cloud customers. Experimental results have confirmed that BMcast initiated a bare-metal instance 8.6 times faster than image copying, and database performance on BMcast during streaming OS deployment was comparable to that on a state-of-the-art VMM without performing deployment. BMcast incurred zero overhead after de-virtualization.

Genrestratifiering och massmedias neutralisering av kritiken mot ADHD

Genre stratification and the mass media’s neutralization of the critique of ADHD: A sociology of knowledge perspectiveThis study examines how the Swedish mass media has dealt with the opposition against the neuropsychiatric diagnosis ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Drawing on empirical data from eight of the largest newspapers in Sweden (n=778 articles) the study focuses on the scientific controversy of DAMP, 2000–2006. DAMP (Dysfunction in Attention, Motor Control and Perception) is a diagnostic term denoting difficulties similar to ADHD, and which was used in Sweden at the time of the controversy. The study uncovers the ideological role played by the mass media during the DAMP-controversy, and demonstrates the significance of genre. While the spokespersons for DAMP/ADHD were given exclusive and systematic access to the news genre, the forum of fact-production in the mass media, the critics of DAMP/ADHD were confined to arguing and expressing their opinions in the debate genre. Based on the various effects of genre differences a comprehensive analytical tool for the sociology of knowledge, called genre stratification, is developed in the study

Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography. Vol. 1, Not for Turning, by Charles Moore

Charles Moore Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography. Vol. I, Not for Turning London: Allen Lane, 2013. 895 pp. $39.00 (cloth) ISBN 978-0713992823The first volume of Charles Moore's official biography of Margaret Thatcher is in some ways surprising. Presumably picked for the task because of his Thatcherite predilections, the long-time Tory journalist wrote with exclusive access to the former prime minister and her papers, as well as many of her associates. The portrait he paints is elegantly crafted if overlong, and, while more richly detailed than the highly critical biographies by Hugo Young and John Campbell, confirms their essential findings. He too finds a leader whose fabled resolve sometimes tips into obstinacy but is as often tempered by a surprising pragmatism. Moore flirts unconvincingly with the idea that Thatcher was an embryonic libertarian from an early age, but more plausibly settles on the view that she identified with, and reflected the views of the small-business, lower-middle-class, Tory grassroots who had never fully reconciled themselves to the party leadership's acceptance of Keynesian economics and the postwar welfare state.Not all of the new material Moore has found rewards his industry. The muchballyhooed discovery of a cache of youthful letters to her sister shows the undergraduate Margaret to have been less preoccupied with politics and more with fashion, food, and previously unknown early boyfriends than other biographers have known. Likewise, is no more than mildly surprising or illuminating that her eventual husband, Denis, decamped for a time to South Africa during a midlife crisis when it was... possible that their marriage would end (175). Moore is on solid ground when he highlights the implausibility of her ascent in light of her humble origins and lack of the standard political gifts of charm and easy eloquence. Instead, she relied on remorseless labour to master her brief; for all her fabled affinity for Ronald Reagan, in her triumph of fortitude over lack of natural talent she is closer to Richard Nixon. Discipline carried her from candidate in unwinnable riding to backbencher to ministerial office in the government of Edward Heath.At crucial moments, she was lucky. In 1975 she won the leadership largely because Heath had not only lost three out of four elections but also alienated even like-minded MPs by his ham-handedness in personal relations. And in much of the run-up to the 1979 election she was significantly less popular than the Labour Party prime minister James Callaghan, who cleaved to the centre ground and himself took steps away from the Keynesian consensus Thatcher was determined to shatter. But Callaghan shied away from calling an election in late 1978, which he might well have won, and by 1979 a resurgence of trade union militancy had destroyed his standing with the electorate and made Thatcher's victory as close to inevitable as politics allows.Moore is sympathetic to the economic program of Thatcher's early years, which stressed the defeat of inflation over that of unemployment, the setting of wages by the free play of market forces rather than government incomes policy, and the control of state spending. There is no discussion here of whether a more measured version of her program (rather than what the Labour politician Denis Healey labeled sado-monetarism) might have worked better, nor acknowledgement that Thatcher never succeeded in either reducing spending or boosting the prod- uctivity of Britain's economy. Moore provides the most detailed description to date of internal debates over the government's economic direction, and plausibly argues that the public debate between Thatcherites and proponents of a return to the Keynesian consensus was less consequential for the making of policy than debates among those who were in broad agreement about the correctness of the Thatcherite course but differed over the timing and details of implementation. …

A Contract-Based Spectrum Trading Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks Enabling Hybrid Access

The latest trends in spectrum trading allow secondary users (SUs) to employ hybrid access models and exploit bandwidth employing either opportunistic spectrum access or exclusive spectrum access of vacant frequency bands (FBs) leased for exclusive usage. In this paper, the spectrum trading problem is addressed in an operational framework, where a primary spectrum owner (PSO) allocates specific FBs to a number of primary users (PUs) and at the same time allows SUs belonging to multiple service classes to operate opportunistically in a part of the spectrum primarily allocated to the PU operation. By offering exclusive bandwidth-price contracts to SUs in FBs, which are excluded from the PU access, the PSO expects additional revenue. In this framework, the PSO aims at maximizing its revenue through optimal contract design that considers the multiple SU service classes, about which the PSO may have at its disposal either complete or incomplete information. In the first case, it is proven that only one type of contract destined for the highest SU service class is profitable to the PSO. In the second case, two heuristic algorithms are proposed for the optimal contract design corresponding to offering a single contract or multiple contracts to various service classes. The simulation results for the complete and incomplete information cases have been examined with regard to the SU service classes and the number and transmission specifications of the PUs. The two proposed algorithms manage to address the incomplete information case and be close to the optimal values obtained when complete information is available. Finally, the social welfare, as the aggregate expected utility of all parties involved, is examined.

An Analysis of Open Innovation Practices in the Medical Technology Sector in Ireland

Many factors affect the success of companies in the medical technology (MedTech) industry, a major contributor to Ireland's and Europe's economy. Open Innovation (OI) is a well documented innovation strategy which sees companies utilize outside knowledge to enhance their capabilities or allow outside partners or independent actors to share or buy their unused intellectual property. There are many advantages to be gained from using open innovation including increased revenues and up-to-date product ranges. A survey was administered in order to gain an understanding of key aspects of OI as practiced in the Galway MedTech cluster in Ireland. These included OI Practices, OI Drivers, and OI Barriers. The survey was based on a similar survey administered in a Danish-Swedish MedTech cluster called Medicon Valley (MV). It was found that in the Galway MedTech cluster significant emphasis was placed on R&D and also production in the practice of OI. Outsourcing of R&D was found to be a frequently used OI strategy, though there was a distinct reluctance to create spin-off companies which reflected a desire to retain exclusive access to propriety knowledge. The main Drivers of OI were found to be Capacity, Control and Market. The main Barriers to OI were found to be the availability of Finance, Quality of Partners and Idea Management. The partners most frequently used within the cluster were Knowledge Institutions and Consultants or Engineering Firms. Within the MV cluster greater emphasis was placed on R&D as an OI practice. In general, a similar profile with respect to OI Practices and Barriers as that observed in the Galway cluster was observed in the MV cluster. There was however differences in the Drivers of OI particularly with respect to Outsourcing of R&D. One possible explanation is that there were a greater proportion of micro start-ups in the MV cluster than in the Galway MedTech cluster.

Individual transferable quotas and conservation: a critical assessment

Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) have become a popular management tool for fisheries. They have been promoted in some quarters and seriously criticized in others because of their social and economic impacts. A more serious problem is that ITQs provide exclusive access to public resources presumably in return for some public benefit, namely conservation; however, in a high percentage of cases they do not conserve fish stocks. In this article, we focus on the reasons that ITQs do not conserve stocks. We point to a number of phenomena identified in the literature as affecting stocks of fish, including problems with total allowable catch (TAC), ecological hierarchy theory, r and K species, the Allee effect, scale and metapopulation structure, the need to have selective gear, and the continuation of roving bandit incentives. Despite their growing popularity with managers, ITQs do not solve any of these problems. We argue there may be better ways to manage. One possibility is what we call parametric management.

Performance Analysis of WBAN MAC Protocol under Different Access Periods

The IEEE 802.15.6 is a new standard on wireless body area network (WBAN) for short-range, extremely low power wireless communication with high data rates in the vicinity of, or inside, a human body. The standard defines two contention-based channel access schemes: slotted ALOHA and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) using an alternative binary exponential backoff procedure. The standard supports quality of service (QoS) differentiation through user priorities and access phases. In this study, we develop an analytical model for the estimation of performance metrics such as energy consumption, normalized throughput, and mean frame service time, employing a Markov chain model under nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic scenarios including different access phases specified in the standard for different user priorities and access methods. We conclude that the deployment of exclusive access phase (EAP) is not necessary in a typical WBAN using CSMA/CA because it degrades the overall system throughput, consumes more energy per packet, and results in higher delay for nonemergency nodes.