Exclusive Access Research Articles

Appraising Digital Texts: The Role of Images in Nineteenth-Century Electronic Editions

This essay addresses the contested role of images in digital versions of nineteenth-century scholarly editions and archives. Unlike early generation projects that offered visual information as contextual material or projects that regarded digital images as a reliable, affordable reproduction of the original, recent electronic editions and archives address the status of the core text existing in varying media, and these projects regard high-resolution digital images as constructions. While the latest projects assume that all reproductions are interpretations and hence can never be completely reliable or neutral, the pro-image approach relies on a different solution to the problem of reliability as a whole, which corresponds to a distinct political model of knowledge construction: more eyes as preferable to higher abstraction. By virtue of the triumph of editorial transparency, image-based digital editions and archives have set themselves apart from paper-based critical editions, reasoning that digital reproduction of facsimile material is better than any transcription produced by a few isolated authorities who have rare exclusive access to the originals. Print editions remain a powerful analytical tool, but emerging practices in digital scholarly editing raise the level of analytical powers of scholarly editions, corresponding better to the non-hierarchical nature of the literary text that many literary scholars and students cherish.

Firms team up for sublingual drug delivery

STA Pharmaceutical and BioLingus will collaborate on development and marketing of sublingual drug delivery techniques. STA, the contract development and manufacturing division of China’s WuXi AppTec, will have exclusive access to BioLingus’s technology for under-the-tongue delivery of drugs—including small molecules, peptides, and proteins—currently administered via injection. BioLingus says its technology is inspired by how plants keep proteins stable in their seeds over long periods of time.

Comparing the Prevalence and Organizational Distinctiveness of Faith-Based and Secular Development NGOs in Canada

Faith-based development organizations (FBOs) have been argued to deliver more cost-efficient development projects than their secular counterparts through exclusive access to faith networks, which provide predictable decentralized funding, the recruitment of volunteers, low employee salaries, and less overhead and indirect costs. To date, however, comparative analyses of religious and secular organizations have relied on a case-by-case approach, limiting the generalizability of findings. This study addresses this methodological gap by analyzing Registered Charity Information Return filings and organizational websites of 844 Canadian development NGOs to determine the proportion of FBOs and their organizational distinctiveness. The results show that FBOs comprise 40% of the Canadian NGO sector in terms of the number of organizations and their expenditures in developing countries, and are significantly less reliant on federal funding (p < .1), pay employees lower salaries (p < .01), but do not exhibit a significant difference in their expenditures on overhead and indirect costs. Thus, Canadian FBOs participation in faith networks shapes their organizational modus operandi but does not result in a low overhead alternative to secular NGOs.

Design trade‐offs in rights‐based management of small‐scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries collectively have a large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. Many of the data-intensive approaches to fishery management are infeasible in these fisheries, but a strategy that has emerged to overcome these challenges is the establishment of territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs). In this approach, exclusive fishing zones are established for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key challenge, however, is setting the size of TURFs-too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action, and too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community's exclusive access. We assessed the size of 137 TURFs from across the globe relative to this design challenge by applying theoretical models that predict their performance. We estimated that roughly two-thirds of these TURFs were sized ideally to overcome the challenges posed by resource movement and fisher group size. However, for most of the remaining TURFs, all possible sizes were either too small to overcome the resource-movement challenge or too large to overcome the collective action challenge. Our results suggest these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful.

Subsistence marine fishing in a neoliberal city: a political ecology analysis of securitization and exclusion in Durban, South Africa

&lt;p&gt;In post-apartheid South Africa, the blue economy has been identified as an untapped resource for creating employment and stimulating economic growth. However, in the port city of Durban, subsistence fishing has formed an important component of both the livelihood and identity of individuals living in marginalized communities adjacent to the harbor for over a century. However, since America's 9/11 terrorist attacks a number of new international laws and regulations have shaped local legislation and policies which seek to exclude the public from accessing the harbor area. As a consequence, increased security measures have contributed to an increasingly closed off space, where increased barriers to access have effectively isolated the harbor from the surrounding city, and restricted entry to local fishers. As a result, fisherfolk have been forced to contest their exclusion from the harbor, risking expulsion or arrest to continue practicing their livelihoods. Utilizing a political ecology framework, and integrating perspectives drawn from over a decade of qualitative fieldwork, this article explores how securitization narratives operate as a tool for the neoliberal exclusion of the poor from public space. Analysis suggests that the securitization of Durban's harbor has served to bar entry to the poor towards participating in South Africa's blue economy, while allowing elites exclusive access to marine resources.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words&lt;/strong&gt;: Indian Ocean, securitization, blue economy, South Africa, subsistence fishing, neoliberalism, public space&lt;/p&gt;

Microfluidic technology for investigation of protein function in single adherent cells.

Instrumental techniques and associated methods for single cell analysis, designed to investigate and measure a broad range of cellular parameters in search of unique features, address key limitations of conventional cell-based assays with their ensemble average response. While many different single cell techniques exist for suspension cultures, which can process and characterize large numbers of individual cells in rapid succession, the access to surface-immobilized cells in typical 2D and 3D culture environments remains challenging. Open space microfluidics has created new possibilities in this area, allowing for exclusive access to single cells in adherent cultures, even at high confluency. In this chapter, we briefly review new microtechnologies for the investigation of protein function in single adherent cells, and present an overview over related recent applications of the multifunctional pipette (Biopen), a microfluidic multi-solution dispensing system that uses hydrodynamic confinement in open volume environments in order to establish a superfusion zone over selected single cells in adherent cultures.

“She Would Love That”: Identifying Community Needs in a Multisensory Environment

“She Would Love That”: Identifying Community Needs in a Multisensory Environment Deborah Mayersen, PhD, Roselyn Dixon, PhD, Sim Lau, PhD, Andrea Garner, PhD, Pippa Burns, PhD, Allison Cameron, MEd, Carly Pascoe, MA, and Michael Szafraniec What is the Purpose of this Study? • The Sensory Made Inclusive Leisure Environment (SMILE) collaboration seeks to explore the needs and wishes of a community in the Illawarra region of Australia to enable the creation of a multisensory environment designed to meet local requirements. • Multisensory environments offer diverse sensory experiences for individuals with cognitive and behavioral impairments. They are spaces in which sensory input can be controlled and manipulated to provide an environment that soothes, or sometimes stimulates, the senses of users. • To share information from focus groups, interviews, and surveys about what potential users of a multisensory environment would like to have in the space. What Is the Problem? • There are few data available as to what potential users of multisensory environments require and would like within these spaces. • There is insufficient data available as to the potential benefits or popularity of specific items of equipment within multisensory environments. • Caregivers of people with disabilities may be socially and economically marginalized in their roles. A community-based participatory research approach seeks to address this through explicit attention to the knowledge of community members. What Are the Findings? • Community members want a space that is safe, clean, and can meet the needs of diverse users (including adults and children, and those with a wide range of disabilities). • Community members want a multisensory environment to be available as often as possible, including evenings and weekends. They prefer to be able to book exclusive access to the space. Affordability is a concern for potential users. • Community members want a multisensory environment to have equipment that can stimulate all senses. They want a dynamic sensory environment, and for users to have as much control as possible. Who Should Care Most? • Organizations considering establishing a multisensory environment. • Community leaders and health care practitioners. [End Page 5] Recommendations for Action • Consultation with local community members before the design and implementation of a multisensory environment. • Adopting an evidence-informed approach to the creation of a multisensory environment. [End Page 6] Deborah Mayersen University of New South Wales Canberra Roselyn Dixon University of Wollongong Sim Lau University of Wollongong Andrea Garner University of Wollongong Pippa Burns University of Wollongong Allison Cameron University of Wollongong Carly Pascoe CareWays Community Michael Szafraniec CareWays Community Copyright © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press

Group Mutual Exclusion by Fetch-and-increment

The group mutual exclusion (GME) problem (also called the room synchronization problem) arises in various practical applications that require concurrent data sharing. Group mutual exclusion aims to achieve exclusive access to a shared resource (a shared room) while facilitating concurrency among non-conflicting requests. The problem is that threads with distinct interests are not allowed to access the shared resource concurrently, but multiple threads with same interest can. In Blelloch et al. (2003), the authors presented a simple solution to the room synchronization problem using fetch8add ( F 8 A ) and test-and-set ( T 8 S ) atomic operations. This algorithm has O ( m ) remote memory references (RMRs) in the cache coherent (CC) model, where m is the number of forums. In Bhatt and Huang (2010), an open problem was posed: “ Is it possible to design a GME algorithm with constant RMR for the CC model using fetch8add instructions? ” This question is partially answered in this article by presenting a group mutual exclusion algorithm using fetch-and-increment instructions. The algorithm is simple and scalable.

Toward a transparent and efficient GPU cloudification architecture

The cloud model allows the access to a vast amount of computational resources, alleviating the need for acquisition and maintenance costs on a pay-per-use basis. However, other resources, such as (GPUs), have not been fully adapted to this model. Many areas would benefit from suitable cloud solutions based on GPUs: video encoding, sequencing in bioinformatics, scene rendering in remote gaming, or machine learning. Cloud providers offer local and exclusive access to GPUs by using PCI passthrough. This limitation can be overcome by integrating new virtual GPUs (vGPUs) in cloud infrastructures or by providing mechanisms to cloudify existing GPUs, cloudified GPUs (cGPUs), which do not support native virtualization. The proposed architecture enables an effective and transparent integration of cGPUs in public cloud infrastructures. Our solution offers several access modes (local/remote and exclusive/shared) and configures autonomously its components by integrating with the message middleware of the cloud infrastructure. A prototype of the proposed architecture has been evaluated in a real cloud deployment. Experiments assess overhead in the infrastructure and performance of GPU-based applications by considering three different programs: matrix multiplication, sequencing read alignment, and Monte-Carlo on multiple GPUs. Results show that our solution introduces low impact both on the infrastructure and the performance of applications.

Trading off Network Density with Frequency Spectrum for Resource Optimization in 5G Ultra-Dense Networks

To effectively increase the capacity in 5G wireless networks requires more spectrum and denser network deployments. However, due to the increasing network density, the coordination of network and spectrum management becomes a challenging task both within a single operator’s network and among multiple operators’ networks. In this article, we develop new radio resource management (RRM) algorithms for adapting the frequency spectrum and the density of active access nodes in 5G ultra-dense networks (UDNs) to the traffic load and the user density in different geographical areas of the network. To this end, we formulate a network optimization problem where the allocation of spectrum bandwidth and the density of active access nodes are optimized to minimize a joint cost function, and we exploit Lagrange duality techniques to develop provably optimal network-scheduling algorithms. In particular, we develop density algorithms for two application scenarios. The first scenario solves the resource management problem for an operator of an ultra-dense network with exclusive access to a pool of frequency resources, while the second scenario applies to the management of the network density of collocated UDNs that belong to multiple operators sharing the same frequency spectrum. Simulation results demonstrate how effectively the algorithms can adapt the allocation of the spectrum allocation and the density of active access nodes over space and time.

System level fixed priority energy management algorithm for embedded real time application

Dynamic power management (DPM) and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) are crucial techniques to reduce the energy consumption in embedded real-time systems. Many previous studies have focused on the energy consumption of the processor or I/O devices. In this paper, we focus on the problem of energy management integrating DVS and DPM techniques for periodic embedded real-time applications with rate monotonic (RM) policy and present a system level fixed priority energy-efficient scheduling (SLFPEES) algorithm. The SLFPEES algorithm consists of I/O device scheduling and job scheduling. I/O device scheduling is based on the dynamic power management with rate monotonic (DPM-RM) policy which puts devices into the sleep state when the idle interval is larger than devices break even time. Job scheduling is based on the RM policy and uses stack resource protocol (SRP) to guarantee exclusive access to the shared resources. For energy efficiency, the SLFPEES algorithm schedules the task with a lower speed and a higher speed. The experimental result shows that the SLFPEES algorithm can yield significantly energy savings with respect to the existing techniques.

Personal Data Law and Competition Law – Where is it Heading?

There are increasingly calls for competition regulators to incorporate the possession of personal data into their analyses of anticompetitive practices and behaviour. The point is that the control of large amounts of both commercial and personal data will give companies an unfair advantage over competitors. It is well settled that in the past commercial data has been used to create anticompetitive practices, which has allowed companies to capture a dominant position. However, it has only recently emerged that personal data is also being used as a tradable commodity that is placing entities in a position whereby they can use the data to bargain for a stronger position in the market, because they have exclusive access to personal data. At issue is the competing forces between competition and personal data protection law. Competition law specifically looks at the behavior of individuals and organizations with regard to products, choice and price. On the other hand, data protection laws focus on protecting the privacy of the individual person’s – personal data that has been defined under national or supranational law. This protection has become necessary because more importantly, large amounts of personal data are being used in anticompetitive behavior and because organizations use their market power to take advantage of consumers and competitors. However, it is argued that competition and data protection laws do converge at a conceptual level, because these laws, to varying degrees, provide a level of consumer protection. Moreover, anti-competitive behavior, from the collection, use and application of personal data can be traced to predominantly two different forms. Hence, two issues emerge the first is the personal data defined by law that is stolen or used without the consent of the data subject to enhance market power by corporations. The second corresponds to situations in which personal data, which is defined by law, and also captured by Internet systems and platforms, is used in a way that establishes a harm, resulting in economic inefficiency. For the purposes of this paper, anti-competitive behavior can be defined as personal data being harvested or mined, whether illegally or legally, to gain a dominant position in the market.

Rethinking the evolution of property and possession: A review and methodological proposition.

Property is a key feature of modern human society; however, identifying the origin of this multifaceted behavior poses a formidable challenge. Here, we explore the methodologies for researching the origin of property. We discuss how an interdisciplinary approach can shed light on how our human ancestors shifted behaviorally from possessing an object to having exclusive property control over it. Possession occurs when social group members only respect an individual's claim to have exclusive access to an object when the individual has physical control over the object. Property occurs when an individual can claim exclusive access to an object, without challenge, regardless of whether the object is in their physical control or not. Researchers across different disciplines have asked what, if anything, distinguishes human property behavior from the behavior of other animals? Further, when and how did this behavior evolve in our lineage? Due to the considerable methodological challenges posed by researching this topic, few studies have been able to directly address these questions. In this review, we explore the challenges involved in defining property and possession and suggest a two-step approach to interdisciplinary definitions. Next, we evaluate four core approaches to the study of property behavior: evolutionary game theory, ethology, comparative cognition, and developmental psychology. Finally, we propose an empirical study, using an ethological approach to test the presence of property and possessive behavior in a natural setting, using our closest living relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Overall, we argue that this field of research is at a turning point, where the novel integration of various methods may provide an explanation to the origin of property.

The Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program for JWST

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) presents the opportunity to transform our understanding of planets and the origins of life by revealing the atmospheric compositions, structures, and dynamics of transiting exoplanets in unprecedented detail. However, the high-precision, timeseries observations required for such investigations have unique technical challenges, and prior experience with Hubble, Spitzer, and other facilities indicates that there will be a steep learning curve when JWST becomes operational. In this paper, we describe the science objectives and detailed plans of the Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science (ERS) Program, which is a recently approved program for JWST observations early in Cycle 1. We also describe the simulations used to establish the program. The goal of this project, for which the obtained data will have no exclusive access period, is to accelerate the acquisition and diffusion of technical expertise for transiting exoplanet observations with JWST, while also providing a compelling set of representative data sets that will enable immediate scientific breakthroughs. The Transiting Exoplanet Community ERS Program will exercise the timeseries modes of all four JWST instruments that have been identified as the consensus highest priorities, observe the full suite of transiting planet characterization geometries (transits, eclipses, and phase curves), and target planets with host stars that span an illustrative range of brightnesses. The observations in this program were defined through an inclusive and transparent process that had participation from JWST instrument experts and international leaders in transiting exoplanet studies. The targets have been vetted with previous measurements, will be observable early in the mission, and have exceptional scientific merit. Community engagement in the project will be centered on a two-phase Data Challenge that culminates with the delivery of planetary spectra, timeseries instrument performance reports, and open-source data analysis toolkits in time to inform the agenda for Cycle 2 of the JWST mission.

Contemporary perspectives on the strategic role of information in internet of things-driven industrial services

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the debate related to the strategic role of information in the industrial service business, that is, whether information is a resource that could and should be protected. The connection between manufacturers’ servitization and management strategy literature is used in the analysis.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study on five new entrants to the industrial service market.FindingsThe results of the study provide new insights on both the characteristics and boundary conditions of new entrants’ approaches to strategically benefitting from information resources. Instead of aiming to possess and control data, the case companies prefer the access to large data volumes over exclusive access, render the question of data ownership to be largely irrelevant and perceive that the strategic relevance of information lies in novel data combinations.Practical implicationsThe study provides a contemporary perspective on the prevailing information resource protection doctrine in the context of industrial services. Most importantly, the results challenge the hitherto unquestionable strategic relevance of customer relationships in Internet of Things (IoT)-driven service businesses. Furthermore, the results identify the need for flexible organizational structures that aim to leverage the complexity of the market environment.Originality/valueThrough providing a theoretically grounded and empirically backed contemporary perspective on the role of information in IoT-driven service businesses, the study expands the strategic understanding of industrial service providers.

Saipem My Health Record: a model of an electronic health record for the management of workers' health

Introduction. Saipem is a contractor company in Oil and Gas industry. Saipem has developed an in-house medical department, whose main objective, apart the management of medical emergencies, is prevention, health protection and promotion. In order to make these principals available and applicable at all site worldwide Saipem decided to initiate and develop the implementation of e-medicine in its daily operations. Methods.The challenging goal of the Saipem Medical Service is to make available to all employees their health data, quickly, easily accessible and secure. The basis for achieving these objectives is the adoption of standards that allow the exchange of data between patient, public and private structures thus ensuring the interoperability of information.My Health Records (MHR) is the program that allows the visualization, consultation and sharing of health information and data that constitute the clinical and health history of each Saipem worker. My HR makes it possible to have secure and exclusive access to your healthcare profile, its portability and the consequent possibility to consult it and show it in case of need, even from remote extemporaneous stations from any device connected to the internet (PC, smartphone or tablet) . The digitization of health documents through MHR is aimed at ensuring a) faster and more direct communication between employer, medical staff and employee, b) immediate usability and portability of data c) the availability of a vast amount of data in a single space d) a reduction in costs through the dematerialization of the data Results. In order to assess the impact of MHR on the working population, Saipem has prepared to send a satisfaction questionnaire to approximately 6.000 employees in order to understand the impact on the working population and lead to even more innovative solutions. The purpose of the questionnaire is also to sensitize the user / employee in the autonomous and completely free of this application. The result are show and discussed. Conclusion. MHR was created to offer all Saipem employees the opportunity to access their health records. This project represents a model to be proposed to all Italian companies that, following the dictates of Legislative Decree 81/08, apply Health Surveillance to their workers. The advantages are represented by the dematerialization of the data, the relative cost saving (shipment of health documentation, reduction of hours / work dedicated to the expiry of visits, possibility for public health to use health data without repetition of clinical and instrumental tests, vaccinations, etc) and greater attention to all Italian workers, both EU and non-EU, with a definitely positive impact on Public Health. The strategy of the MHR launch is proving successful, and from 1 June 2017 to 1 June 2018 16,764 accesses were registered.

Orthogonal Dietary Niche Enables Reversible Engraftment of a Gut Bacterial Commensal

Interest in manipulating the gut microbiota to treat disease has led to a need for understanding how organisms can establish themselves when introduced into a host with an intact microbial community. Here, we employ the concept of orthogonal niche engineering: a resource typically absent fromthe diet, seaweed, creates a customized niche foran introduced organism. In the short term, co-introduction of this resource at 1% in the dietalong with an organism with exclusive access to this resource, Bacteroides plebeius DSM 17135, enables it to colonize at a median abundance of 1%and frequently up to 10 or more percent, both on pulsedand constant seaweed diets. In a two-monthfollow-up after the initial treatment period, B.plebeius stops responding to seaweed in mice initially on the constant seaweed diet, suggesting treatment regime will affect controllability. These results offer potential for diet-based intervention to introduce and control target organisms.

Abstract 2266: Development and validation of a cancer variant capture panel using the open-sourced CIViC database

Abstract Background: The Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer database (CIViC) mitigates the variant interpretation bottleneck currently hindering clinical adoption of customized treatment plans for oncology patients. The knowledgebase stores evidence items derived from peer-reviewed publications detailing the therapeutic, prognostic, predisposing, and diagnostic implications of genetic variants in cancer. The knowledgebase is freely accessible without login requirements, fees, or exclusive access, making it uniquely able to attract contributions from volunteer domain experts. Here we present a method to create a dynamic capture panel derived from a community consensus of clinically-relevant variants using the CIViC knowledgebase. Methods: Using curated Sequence Ontology IDs that specify the variant type (eg., missense mutation, fusion), we elucidated variants that could be evaluated by DNA-sequencing. A CIViC score was developed for each DNA-based variant to identify high-quality variants. This score takes into account the evidence level (eg. case-study, clinical data) and the curated trust rating of variant-associated evidence statements. Variants that attained a CIViC score &amp;gt; 20 were eligible for the CIViC capture panel. CIViC-curated variant coordinates were used to design single molecule molecular inversion probes (smMIPs) for all eligible variants. Sequencing data from 27 samples across five tumor subtypes were compared using both the smMIPs assay and whole exome sequencing to assess panel performance. Results: Of the 497 DNA-based variants in CIViC, 150 attained a CIViC score &amp;gt; 20 points and were targetable via smMIPs assay. Of these 150 variants, 134 had at least one evidence item that was derived from a clinical study, thereby supporting the CIViC score's ability to identify high quality variants. We designed 2,124 smMIPs to assess the 150 CIViC variants. This required tiling protein-coding exons for 41 genes and developing targeted smMIPs for 95 single nucleotide variants, insertions, and deletions. The CIViC panel design showed extensive overlap with variants identified in the 27 samples using whole exome sequencing. Predicted overlap ranged from 2-12 variants per sample with an average of 4.1 variants per sample. Discussion: Using expert crowd-sourced curation to drive production of the CIViC capture panel creates an impartial method for panel development. Future validation of the initial capture probe design will allow for automated development of probes for additional variants in the database as curated evidence increases. Citation Format: Erica K. Barnell, Malachi Griffith, Katie M. Campbell, Kilannin Krysiak, Joshua F. McMichael, Adam C. Coffman, Susanna Kiwala, Obi L. Griffith. Development and validation of a cancer variant capture panel using the open-sourced CIViC database [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2266.

Verification of Shared-Reading Synchronisers

Synchronisation classes are an important building block for shared memory concurrent programs. Thus to reason about such programs, it is important to be able to verify the implementation of these synchronisation classes, considering atomic operations as the synchronisation primitives on which the implementations are built. For synchronisation classes controlling exclusive access to a shared resource, such as locks, a technique has been proposed to reason about their behaviour. This paper proposes a technique to verify implementations of both exclusive access and shared-reading synchronisers. We use permission-based Separation Logic to describe the behaviour of the main atomic operations, and the basis for our technique is formed by a specification for class AtomicInteger, which is commonly used to implement synchronisation classes in java.util.concurrent. To demonstrate the applicability of our approach, we mechanically verify the implementation of various synchronisation classes like Semaphore, CountDownLatch and Lock.

Strategic Experimentation With Congestion

This paper considers a two-player game of strategic experimentation with competition. Each agent faces a two-armed bandit problem where she continually chooses between her private risky arm and a common, safe arm. Each agent has exclusive access to her private arm. However, the common arm can only be activated by one agent at a time. This congestion creates negative payoff externalities. Our main finding is that congestion gives rise to new strategic considerations: players perceive a strategic option value from occupying the common arm, making it more attractive than in the absence of competition or when switching is irreversible.