Exclusion Principle Research Articles

CONTRADICTIONS OF INTERSTATE LEGISLATION REGULATING THE SECTOR OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT CONSTITUTIONAL REGULATIONS

This article is dedicated to the main provisions of the local self-government provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, which were not expressed or fully implemented at the level of the national legislation of the Republic of Armenia. The main goal of the article is to identify and highlight the legal contradictions between the Constitution and the Law on Local Self-Government, to present the constitutional norms that have not been implemented in domestic legislative acts. The article specifically refers to the legislative contradictions between the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia and the Law "On Local Self-Government", restrictions on the activities of communities and their local self-government bodies, as well as the need to eliminate them. These issues were also discussed in the light of the provisions of the European Charter of Local SelfGovernment, emphasizing the principle of exclusivity and completeness of the powers of local self-government bodies. In the article, according to individual components, the legal entity of public law, listening to the opinion of the community during the merger or division of communities, community problems and the powers of local self-government bodies, the status of the "Local Self-Government" law, the responsibility of the community leader before the council of elders, and the sources of financing defined for the purpose of solving the community's mandatory problems were presented, legal and professional control toolkits and the constitutional regulations defined in terms of inter-community associations and the problems of their implementation at the legislative level. In that context, the article made specific recommendations to improve the current legislation regulating the local self government sector.

A systematic investigation of chromium and vanadium impurities in a Janus Ga2SO monolayer towards spintronic applications.

Transition metals (TMs) have been employed as efficient sources of magnetism in non-magnetic two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, doping with chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) is proposed to induce feature-rich electronic and magnetic properties in a Janus Ga2SO monolayer towards spintronic applications. The Ga2SO monolayer is a 2D semiconductor material with an energy gap of 1.30 (2.12) eV obtained from PBE(HSE06)-based calculations. Considering the structural asymmetry, different vacancy and doping sites are considered. A single Ga vacancy and pair of Ga vacancies magnetize the monolayer with total magnetic moments between 0.69 and 3.13μB, where the half-metallic nature is induced by the single Ga1 vacancy (that bound to the S atom). In these cases, the magnetism is originated mainly from S and O atoms closest to the vacancy sites. Depending on the doping site, either half-metallicity or diluted magnetic semiconductor natures are obtained by doping with Cr and V atoms with total magnetic moments of 3.00 and 2.00μB, respectively. Herein, 3d TM impurities produce mainly the system magnetism. When substituting a pair of Ga atoms, TM atoms exhibit the antiparallel spin alignment to follow the Pauli exclusion principle, retaining the novel electronic characteristics induced by a single TM dopant. Except for the case of doping with a pair of V atoms, total magnetic moments of 2.00 and 1.00μB are obtained by doping with a pair or Cr atoms and Cr/V co-doping, respectively. The non-zero magnetic moment is derived from the different interactions of each TM atom with its neighboring atoms, which will also be studied by Bader charge analysis. Our results introduce new promising 2D spintronic candidates, which are made by structural modifications at Ga sites of a non-magnetic Janus Ga2SO monolayer.

Low-energy fusion hindrance in medium-light systems

Heavy-ion fusion reactions give fundamental information on the quantum tunnelling of many-body systems where several intrinsic degrees of freedom are contributing. Moreover, the existence of hindrance in the fusion of light systems is critical for a variety of stellar environments. Hindrance is often characterised by a maximum of the astrophysical S factor with decreasing energy, and is an interesting link between heavy-ion fusion and astrophysics. The underlying physical background is still under debate. Recently it has been pointed out that the Pauli exclusion principle influences the ion-ion potential and, as a consequence, low-energy fusion hindrance is produced because of the thicker and higher Coulomb barrier. We recently performed systematic investigations on the fusion of several medium-light systems to establish a reliable basis for the extrapolation to the lighter cases of astrophysical interest. The results obtained for 12C + 24,26Mg and 12C + 30Si are discussed here. Hindrance is observed in all cases, however, with differing features, so extrapolating to lighter systems is not straightforward. Additionally, oscillations are observed in the sub-barrier logarithmic slopes of the 12C + 24,26Mg excitation functions, which complicates identifying the hindrance threshold in those two cases. Coupled-channels calculations for all these systems have been performed. The results show that fusion cross sections are well reproduced by simple tunnelling through the potential barrier, at the lowest energies. An alternative way to represent the data is discussed, which helps identifying the various channel couplings.

Pauli energy contribution to nucleus-nucleus interaction

The investigation delves into understanding how the Pauli exclusion principle influences the bare potential between atomic nuclei through the application of advanced theoretical methodologies. Specifically, the application of the novel Frozen-Hartree-Fock (DCFHF) technique is employed. The resulting potentials demonstrate a noticeable repulsion at short distances, attributed to the effects of the Pauli exclusion principle. To account for dynamic phenomena, such as nucleon transfer processes, the density-constrained time-dependent Hartree-Fock (DC-TDHF) method is utilized. This approach integrates isovector contributions into the potential, shedding light on their influence on fusion reactions. Notably, the inclusion of isovector effects leads to a reduction or enhancement in the inner part of the potential, suggesting a nuanced role of transfer in the fusion process.

EQUALITY THROUGH EXCLUSION? TOWARDS A NEW CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DEMOCRATIC EXCLUSION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL PUBLIC VENUES

In order to hinder attacks on democratic norms and processes in digital public venues, designing strategies of exclusion is a pressing concern. Nevertheless, we lack systematic studies of how digital public venues should be governed to protect – rather than undermine – democratic values through exclusion. The purpose of this contribution is to offer a systematic theorization of the concept of democratic exclusion in the context of digital public venues. I will in particular draw on two strands of literature within democratic theory which have contributed greatly to the normative theorization of democratic exclusion, but have done so in relation to other types of political settings: the works within feminist political theory on exclusion of dominant groups within parliaments (e.g. Dovi 2009; Murray 2014) and the literature on hate speech regulation and democratic self-defence against (primarily) antidemocratic parties (e.g. Müller 2016; Invernizzi Accetti and Zuckerman 2017; Malkopoulou and Kirshner 2019). First, I will analyze if and how these previous contributions can be applied to the specific context of digital public venues, where special conditions of access and visibility apply. I will then assess to what extent the platforms’ existing governing strategies and policies concerning the exclusion of problematic content or accounts are compatible with the relevant exclusion principles formulated in these works. Building on this analysis, in its final parts the study will move on to carve out more specific suggestions for how exclusion on digital venues should be governed, and what principles should guide this governance.

Exclusion principle between the physicochemical properties of complementary nucleobases and symmetry breaking in double-stranded DNA conformations

The information contained in DNA is encoded in a double helix formed by two antiparallel and complementary sequences of nucleotides, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. At physiological conditions, each nucleobase possesses three main characteristics; molecular structure, functional group, and orientation in the double helix. These properties produce steric constraints that allow only complementary interactions between nucleobase pairs to form double or triple hydrogen bonds. In this work, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the pairing interactions between nucleobases according to their physicochemical properties (structure, functional group and orientation). The results suggest that stable hydrogen bonds derived from nucleobase interactions can be represented by a set of 4 hermitian matrices and a Clifford Algebra Cl(4,0). Moreover, it is shown that the allowed interactions between pairs of nucleobases enable the formulation of an exclusion principle between the states of the observables. Finally, the mathematical representation of the hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleobases suggests a preferential orientation (chirality), which could be associated with the major groove in the double helix structure of B-DNA.

Information sharing promotes bacterial diversity in oligotrophic environment with low-dose X-ray radiation based on modeling and simulation of agent-based model

It remains unclear why bacterial diversity was formed and maintained in oligotrophic environment (OE) with low-dose X-ray radiation (LDXR) due to violation of the competitive exclusion principle in ecology. Based on microbial ecology, bioinformatics, cybernetics, experimental phenomena and data, a new hypothesis was proposed to elucidate information sharing mechanisms driving bacterial community succession with high diversity in OE with LDXR. According to hypothesis, a valid agent-based model (ABM) of cellular automation (CA) was developed to quantitatively describe the hypothesis, and the agent-based simulation sufficiently proved that as the bacterial individuals conduct cooperation to indiscriminately share information of substrate positions with each other in OE with LDXR, it can effectively increase the survival probabilities of all bacterial species, alleviate interspecific competition, and prevent any bacterial species from being dominant, which is beneficial to the coexistence of most species and promotes bacterial diversity during community succession. The results of agent-based simulation are highly similar to the observed phenomena and data in the experiments, therefore sufficiently confirm the proposed hypothesis.This study could not only lay the theoretical foundation for understanding of the crucial role information sharing plays in formation and maintenance of bacterial diversity but also offer effective guidance for bacterial prevention and control as well as other ecological engineering applications.

SO(3)-Irreducible Geometry in Complex Dimension Five and Ternary Generalization of Pauli Exclusion Principle

Motivated by a ternary generalization of the Pauli exclusion principle proposed by R. Kerner, we propose a notion of a Z3-skew-symmetric covariant SO(3)-tensor of the third order, consider it as a 3-dimensional matrix, and study the geometry of the 10-dimensional complex space of these tensors. We split this 10-dimensional space into a direct sum of two 5-dimensional subspaces by means of a primitive third-order root of unity q, and in each subspace, there is an irreducible representation of the rotation group SO(3)↪SU(5). We find two SO(3)-invariants of Z3-skew-symmetric tensors: one is the canonical Hermitian metric in five-dimensional complex vector space and the other is a quadratic form denoted by K(z,z). We study the invariant properties of K(z,z) and find its stabilizer. Making use of these invariant properties, we define an SO(3)-irreducible geometric structure on a five-dimensional complex Hermitian manifold. We study a connection on a five-dimensional complex Hermitian manifold with an SO(3)-irreducible geometric structure and find its curvature and torsion.

Joint effects of resource supply and resource types on properties of population dynamic models

Abstract The Lotka–Volterra competition model is the foundation of many ecological theories including competitive exclusion principle, limiting similarity and modern coexistence theory. However, competition between species is often modelled phenomenologically without explicitly considering the underlying mechanisms (e.g. resource competition with various resource supply forms and resource types). Deriving phenomenological models from the first principles and linking parameters in phenomenological models to the mechanisms of competition are critical to advance our understanding of population dynamics and community assembly. Here, we used time‐scale separation to theoretically derive phenomenological competition models from mechanistic consumer‐resource models with different resource supply forms (logistic and chemostatic) and resource types (substitutable and essential). We then compared the performance of the resulting phenomenological models with simulation experiments and observational plant dynamic data during 50 years of succession. We further explored how the resource supply ratio such as nutrient imbalance induced by human activities affected the critical parameters, including species' intrinsic growth rate and interaction strength in phenomenological models and consequently the population dynamics. We found that consumer population dynamics can be described by the Lotka–Volterra competition model when consumers are competing for substitutable or essential resources under logistic supply. In contrast, a novel reciprocal model was derived when consumers are competing for essential resources under chemostatic supply. Results from simulation experiments supported the model derivations. We also found that the reciprocal model outperformed the Lotka–Volterra model in explaining and predicting the population growth of 90 herbaceous plants during 50 years of succession. Moreover, the resource supply ratio affected species' intrinsic growth rates and competitive strengths differently under various resource supply forms and resource types and thus determined competitive outcomes. Synthesis. Our study provides an alternative model (reciprocal model) when organisms compete for essential resources under chemostatic supply and sets up a basis for the selection of phenomenological competition models through the lens of ecological processes and contributes to a more accurate prediction of population dynamics, especially those driven by human‐induced nutrient imbalance.

What Is Psychological Spin? A Thermodynamic Framework for Emotions and Social Behavior

One of the most puzzling questions in neuroscience is the nature of emotions and their role in consciousness. The brain’s significant energy investment in maintaining the resting state indicates its essential role as the ground state of consciousness, the source of the sense of self. Emotions, the brain’s homeostatic master regulators, continuously measure and motivate the recovery of the psychological equilibrium. Moreover, perception’s information-energy exchange with the environment gives rise to a closed thermodynamic cycle, the reversible Carnot engine. The Carnot cycle forms an exothermic process; low entropy and reversible resting state turn the focus to the past, causing regret and remorse. The endothermic reversed Carnot cycle creates a high entropy resting state with irreversible activations generating novelty and intellect. We propose that the cycle’s direction represents psychological spin, where the endothermic cycle’s energy accumulation forms up-spin, and the energy-wasting exothermic cycle represents down-spin. Psychological spin corresponds to attitude, the determining factor in cognitive function and social life. By applying the Pauli exclusion principle for consciousness, we can explain the need for personal space and the formation of hierarchical social structures and animals’ territorial needs. Improving intuition about the brain’s intelligent computations may allow new treatments for mental diseases and novel applications in robotics and artificial intelligence.

Towards quantum black hole microstates

We study the cohomology of local BPS operators in N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 4 Yang-Mills theory. The finite N cohomologies consist of the graviton part (subject to the stringy exclusion principle) and the rest which may describe black hole microstates in quantum AdS/CFT. We construct an infinite tower of non-graviton cohomologies in the SU(2) theory and study to what extent they simulate quantum black holes. We find signals for partial no-hair behaviors by showing that certain gravitons are forbidden to dress these cohomologies. This is in qualitative agreement with the perturbative hairs allowed around black holes, which also leads us to a natural setup to construct hairy BPS black holes. The cohomologies are simpler to study in the BMN matrix model truncation of the classical field theory.

Novel machine learning and differentiable programming techniques applied to the VIP-2 underground experiment

In this work, we present novel machine learning and differentiable programming enhanced calibration techniques used to improve the energy resolution of the Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) of the VIP-2 underground experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory. We achieve for the first time a full width at half maximum in VIP-2 below 180 eV at 8 keV, improving around 10 eV on the previous state-of-the-art. SDDs energy resolution is a key parameter in the VIP-2 experiment, which is dedicated to searches for physics beyond the standard quantum theory, targeting Pauli exclusion principle violating atomic transitions. Additionally, we show that this method can correct for potential miscalibrations, requiring less fine-tuning with respect to standard methods.

Molecular size exclusion effect extending the cycling stability of a non-aqueous redox flow battery

Non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (NAORFBs) suffer from rapid capacity fading mainly due to the crossover of redox-active species across the membrane. Minimizing the crossover of redox-active species through ion exchange membranes remains a complex challenge in NAORFBs. To address the crossover issue, we approached the problem through a molecular size exclusion principle designing a dimer of viologen derivative as an anode material. Coupled with N-hexyl phenothiazine as a catholyte, a static cell was demonstrated, which exhibits an excellent cycling stability (100 cycles) with an average Coulombic efficiency of 90% at 10 mA cm−2 current density.

Colonization of chickens with competitive exclusion products results in extensive differences in metabolite composition in cecal digesta

The concept of competitive exclusion is well established in poultry and different products are used to suppress the multiplication of enteric pathogens in the chicken intestinal tract. While the effect has been repeatedly confirmed, the specific principles of competitive exclusion are less clear. The aim of the study was to compare metabolites in the cecal digesta of differently colonized chickens. Metabolites in the cecal contents of chickens treated with a commercial competitive exclusion product or with an experimental product consisting of 23 gut anaerobes or in control untreated chickens were determined by mass spectrometry. Extensive differences in metabolite composition among the digesta of all 3 groups of chickens were recorded. Out of 1,706 detected compounds, 495 and 279 were differently abundant in the chicks treated with a commercial or experimental competitive exclusion product in comparison to the control group, respectively. Soyasaponins, betaine, carnitine, glutamate, tyramine, phenylacetaldehyde, or 3-methyladenine were more abundant in the digesta of control chicks while 4-oxododecanedioic acid, nucleotides, dipeptides, amino acids (except for glutamate), and vitamins were enriched in the digesta of chickens colonized by competitive exclusion products. Metabolites enriched in the digesta of control chicks can be classified as of plant feed origin released in the digesta by degradative activities of the chicken. Some of these molecules disappeared from the digesta of chicks colonized by complex microbiota due to them being metabolized. Instead, nucleotides, amino acids, and vitamins increased in the digesta of colonized chicks as a consequence of the additional digestive potential brought to the cecum by microbiota from competitive exclusion products. It is therefore possible to affect metabolite profiles in the chicken cecum by its colonization with selected bacterial species.

L. T. Hobhouse's idea of a European Federation

AbstractThis article discusses L. T. Hobhouse's project for the creation of a new European Federation based on a social‐liberal model of the State without sacrificing the principle of national identity. The nineteenth century, according to Hobhouse, associated the idea of nationality and liberty, and the connection was genuine enough as long as it applied to subject peoples struggling to be free. But that very growth of national consciousness which inspired the struggle for freedom, turned to exclusiveness and imperiousness as soon as it had achieved its end. Nationality has thus turned into an exclusive principle and has become a dominating force in twentieth‐century politics. World War I proved that nationalism was Janus‐faced, promoting first freedom and self‐government, and then international aggression and militarism which are the product of an overstimulation of the sentiment of nationality. For this reason, Hobhouse distinguishes between a negative and a positive meaning of nationality, which he describes as patriotism. Patriotism is a more spontaneous, genuine and deeper feeling of national belonging. It is a part of a ‘sentimental education’ taking place within a national community. This positive conception of patriotism, borrowed from authors such as Thomas Hill Green and Giuseppe Mazzini, is the means by which, as Hobhouse believes, permanent tranquillity may be established in Europe. Using the philosophical idea behind the notion of patriotism, Hobhouse is able to overcome the arguments of the liberal economic cooperation, such as those exposed by Norman Angell, by mixing them with an ethical vision of the community.

Scattering of identical particles by a one-dimensional Dirac delta function barrier potential: The role of statistics

Scattering of non-interacting, identical bosons or fermions by a one-dimensional Dirac delta function barrier potential underlines the importance of the role of statistics (that is, whether the particles obey Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein statistics) in the scattering. We consider an initial wave function for the system that corresponds to one particle incident from the left and one from the right of the potential barrier. For bosons, both particles are scattered either to the left or to the right if the intensity reflection coefficient is 1/2, provided the left and right propagating wave packets fully overlap in the scattering region. For fermions, the particles “pass through” one another, provided the left and right propagating wave packets fully overlap in the scattering region, with zero probability that both particles are scattered to the left or right, consistent with the Pauli exclusion principle.

Trophic assessment of three sympatric batoid species in the Southern Gulf of California.

The competitive exclusion principle establishes that the coexistence of closely related species requires a certain degree of resource partitioning. However, populations have individuals with different morphological or behavioral traits (e.g., maturity stages, sexes, temporal or spatial segregation). This interaction often results in a multi-level differentiation in food preferences and habits. We explored such resource partitioning between and within three batoid species: Hypanus dipterurus, Narcine entemedor, and Rhinoptera steindachneri in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico, using a combination of stomach content (excluding R. steindachneri) and stable isotope analyses. We found a clear differentiation between H. dipterurus and N. entemedor, where the latter exhibited more benthic habitats, supported by a greater association to infaunal prey and higher δ13C values. Though the degree and patterns of intra-specific segregation varied among species, there was a notable differentiation in both sex and stage of maturity, corresponding to changes in specialization (i.e., isotopic niche breadth) or trophic spectrum (varying prey importance and isotopic values per group). This work is a promising step towards understanding the dietary niche dynamics of these species in a potentially important feeding area within the southern Gulf of California, as well as the biological and ecological mechanisms that facilitate their coexistence.

Children, Voting, and the Meaning of Universal Suffrage

Although universal suffrage is a broad franchise model, it allows for exclusions provided they are robustly justified. In practice, therefore, suffrage is never universal. Every modern democracy operates with its own exclusion principles, but they are all bounded by some sort of age exclusion screening for competence. However, there is another way to conceptualise universal suffrage – a conceptualisation that finds credence in existing international treaties, and which better fulfil democracies governing promise of political equality. In this model, inclusivity and universalism remain the default, and franchise exclusions are subjected to more rigorous testing. To demonstrate the potential of this framework, I apply it to questions of children’s suffrage, arguing that the theoretical grounds for excluding children are insufficient to overturn the default principles of universalism and inclusion.

Exclusion principle for nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence

Exclusion principle for nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence

Combinatorics of the quantum symmetric simple exclusion process, associahedra and free cumulants

The quantum symmetric simple exclusion process (QSSEP) is a model of quantum particles hopping on a finite interval and satisfying the exclusion principle. Recently, Bernard and Jin have studied the fluctuations of the invariant measure for this process, when the number of sites goes to infinity. These fluctuations are encoded into polynomials, for which they have given equations and proved that these equations determine the polynomials completely. In this paper, we give an explicit combinatorial formula for these polynomials, in terms of Schröder trees. We also show that, quite surprisingly, these polynomials can be interpreted as free cumulants of a family of commuting random variables.