Exchange Transformation Research Articles

From ink to influence: analyzing the impact of media translations in late Qing China through media system dependency theory

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of periodicals in late Qing China through Media System Dependency theory. It emphasizes the synergy between media and translation studies, exploring how this combination influenced public discourse and catalyzed social reforms. It also focuses on how periodicals – as exclusive access to foreign knowledge – created a dependency among readers. This exclusivity and dependency empowered these publications to shape the intellectual and cultural milieu through strategically embedded translations. After analyzing cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects, this study demonstrates how media messages, particularly translations, introduced progressive concepts and advocated for social reforms, ultimately driving social and cultural shifts. By applying Media System Dependency theory, this study underlines the role of media as an agent of social change, extending insights beyond the historical context of late Qing China to contemporary media dynamics. This interdisciplinary approach contributes to a deeper appreciation of how media and translations collectively function as catalysts for cultural exchange and social transformation.

Quantitative study of competitive and selective immobilization of Pb(II)-Ni(II)-Zn(II)-MB(I) by biogenic monohydrocalcite composite and its potential environmental effects.

The study of the competitive and selective immobilization properties and mechanisms of pollutants immobilized by metastable biogenic monohydrocalcite is of great importance for the assessment of the eco-environmental effects and applications of hydrated calcite at the Earth's poles. Microbial culture technology was used to induce the synthesis of biogenic monohydrocalcite (BMHC), and mineral characterization, batch adsorption experiments and chemical analyses were further used to investigate the sequestration characteristics, mechanism of action, and environmental effects of BMHC on Pb(II)-Ni(II)-Zn(II)-methylene blue (MB) compound pollution. The results show that BMHC is an organic-inorganic mineral composite (about 3.60 % organic matter, Mg/Ca ≈ 0.07). The adsorption and immobilization processes of Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and MB(I) by BMHC are all better fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The passivation ability of BMHC for contaminants is ranked as Pb(II) ≫ Zn(II) > Ni(II) > MB(I). BMHC exhibits an excellent selective sequestration capacity of Pb(II) (k ≥ 31.89), which is related to the solubility product of the carbonate minerals, the initial concentration of Pb(II), ion exchange and mineral phase transformation. Studies have shown that the synthesis and transformation of monohydrocalcite at the Earth's poles may regulate the biogeochemical cycling of environmental pollutants. The study provides a theoretical basis for the environmental effects and geochemical action of biogenic monohydrocalcite and its applications.

Metric ultraproducts of groups — Simplicity, perfectness and torsion

We characterise the simplicity of metric ultraproducts of a family of metric groups. We also present several new examples of simple groups, such as metric ultraproducts of finite and infinite symmetric groups, linear groups, and interval exchange transformation groups. Using similar methods, we also examine concepts such as genericity, perfectness, and torsion.

Exploring Anion Exchange Phase Transformations in 1D Solid Systems

Phase transformations through ion exchange reactions represent a relatively new strategy, offering a promising route for synthesizing complex and metastable morphologies and phases in nanoscaled solid ionic materials, which are challenging or even impossible to achieve through standard bottom-up approaches. Moreover, they provide a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms and new, yet unexplored phenomena accompanying the chemical modifications in the solid state. These mechanisms remain largely unknown and unexplored, thereby limiting the full potential of ion exchange reactions as one of the primary synthesis or modification strategies for complex ionic nanomaterials. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) nanowires were prepared via thermal oxidation method and used as a template material to explore oxide-sulfide anion exchange transformation mechanism. Following the synthesis, CuO nanowires underwent treatment with sulfur-containing gases in both thermal and non-thermal environments under various conditions to achieve a controllable exchange of oxygen anions with sulfur. The mechanisms underlying these transformations were unraveled with the use of electron microscopy. The copper oxide–sulfide system is particularly intriguing due to the promising properties of copper oxide and sulfide in gas sensing, solar cells, energy storage systems, and photocatalysis. The full or partial transformation between the two phases can therefore represent a route to manipulate and enhance the properties desired for each application.

Divergence of Phyllosphere Microbial Community Assemblies and Components of Volatile Organic Compounds between the Invasive Sphagneticola trilobata, the Native Sphagneticola calendulacea and Their Hybrids, and Its Implications for Invasiveness.

Closely-related plant groups with distinct microbiomes, chemistries and ecological characteristics represent tractable models to explore mechanisms shaping species spread, competitive dynamics and community assembly at the interface of native and introduced ranges. We investigated phyllosphere microbial communities, volatile organic compound (VOC) compositions, and potential interactions among introduced S. trilobata, native S. calendulacea and their hybrid in South China. S. trilobata exhibited higher α diversity but significantly different community composition compared to the native and hybrid groups. However, S. calendulacea and the hybrid shared certain microbial taxa, suggesting potential gene flow or co-existence. The potent antimicrobial VOC profile of S. trilobata, including unique compounds like p-cymene (13.33%), likely contributes to its invasion success. The hybrid's intermediate microbial and VOC profiles suggest possible consequences for species distribution, genetic exchange, and community assembly in heterogeneous environments. This hybrid deserves further study as both an opportunity for and threat to diversity maintenance. These differentiating yet connected plant groups provide insight into ecological and evolutionary dynamics shaping microbiome structure, species co-occurrence and competitive outcomes during biological exchange and habitat transformation. An interdisciplinary approach combining chemical and microbial ecology may reveal mechanisms underlying community stability and change, informing management of species spread in a globalized world.

Flow views and infinite interval exchange transformations for recognizable substitutions

A flow view is the graph of a measurable conjugacy Φ between a substitution or S-adic subshift (Σ,σ,μ) and an exchange of infinitely many intervals in ([0,1],F,m), where m is Lebesgue measure. A natural refining sequence of partitions of Σ is transferred to ([0,1],m) using a canonical addressing scheme, a fixed dual substitution S∗, and a shift-invariant probability measure μ. On the flow view, τ∈Σ is shown horizontally at a height of Φ(τ) using colored unit intervals to represent the letters.The infinite interval exchange transformation F is well approximated by exchanges of finitely many intervals, making numeric and graphic methods possible. We prove that in certain cases a choice of dual substitution guarantees that Φ is self-similar. We discuss why the spectral type of Φ∈L2(Σ,μ), is of particular interest. As an example of utility, some spectral results for constant-length substitutions are included.

Beyond Words

Beyond Words

Porewater exchange and iron transformation in a coastal groundwater system: a field investigation, driving mechanisms analysis, and conceptual model

The high concentration of dissolved iron (Fe) in coastal waters triggers Lyngbya blooms in the Moreton Bay region of Southeast Queensland, Australia. Previous studies have provided a restricted understanding of how land-derived Fe is transported and then transformed into other forms (e.g., Fe oxides) before its release into the ocean. Here, a field investigation was conducted at a sandy beach on the northern end of Deception Bay, Queensland, Australia, focusing on porewater exchange and Fe transformation. This study revealed that tides provided a significant mechanism for driving the groundwater-seawater mixing in the intertidal area. Such forcing formed an upper saline plume (USP) with high dissolved oxygen (DO), creating a dynamic reaction zone for Fe oxidation and precipitation beneath the USP. The spatial distribution of Fe oxides highlighted a substantial Fe content in the subsurface, providing concrete evidence for the transformation of Fe from an aqueous state to a solid form. It also exhibited a low-permeable area that served as a geochemical barrier, absorbing chemical components like phosphate. These findings can assist in constructing a more accurate transport model that couples physical and geochemical processes to quantify the mechanisms driving Fe transformation in coastal areas and further deepen our comprehension of the hydrogeochemical functionalities in land-ocean connectivity via groundwater.

A Journey between West and East: Edward H. Hume in Hunan, 1905–27

This study examines the significant contributions of Hume in the early twentieth-century, focusing on his establishment of the first Western medical institutions in China and his deep engagement with Chinese medical communities. It explores how Hume's experiences led to a profound appreciation for Chinese culture and medicine, marking him as a key figure in the introduction of Chinese medicine to the West. Through analysis of Hume's interactions and the historical context of China's modernization, the paper offers fresh insights into the East–West exchange and Hume's transformation from a missionary to a pioneering advocate of Chinese medicine.

Tiling billards on triangle tilings, and interval exchange transformations

AbstractWe consider the dynamics of light rays in triangle tilings where triangles are transparent and adjacent triangles have equal but opposite indices of refraction. We find that the behavior of a trajectory on a triangle tiling is described by an orientation‐reversing three‐interval exchange transformation on the circle, and that the behavior of all the trajectories on a given triangle tiling is described by a polygon exchange transformation. We observe that, for a particular choice of triangle tiling, certain trajectories appear to approach the Rauzy fractal, under rescaling.

Relations with a fixed interval exchange transformation

Relations with a fixed interval exchange transformation

Porous 3D and 2D frameworks differentiation induced by metal doping: Structure flexibility, capture behaviors, post-synthetic metal exchange and amorphous electrocatalyst transformation

The obtaining of high porosity and understanding the dynamic pore responses to various inclusion guests represents one main focus in the functionalization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). A new solvothermally generated MOF of {(Me2NH2)[Ni3(μ3OH)(tzba)3(H2O)3]}·8DMF (Ni3−MOF, H2tzba = 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzoic acid) processes negative charged, new triangular [Ni3(μ3OH)(COO)3(tz)3(H2O)3] node based, MIL-88-topology resembled framework, with high void fraction of 73.3%. While the introduction of equivalent Mn2+ will greatly change the coordination assembly, leading to 2D (3,6)-grid layer of [Ni1.4Mn1.6(tzba)3(H2O)6]·12DMF (NiMn-MOF) as the first example of synergistical construction of rare [M2(tz)3(H2O)3] and [M(COO)3] nodes. The 2D layers parallelly stacked in ABAB fashion through interlayer hydrogen bonding, and generated a neutral framework with high void fraction of 72.9% and 1D mesoporous hexagonal channels with diameter of 24.0 Å. The Ni3−MOF is highly flexible and tends to close its pores after full guest removing, yet its gas accessible porosity is sensitive to residual guest in the pores and the porosity are fully reserved in organic solution phase to capture Methylene Blue and iodine. The inherent strong structure dynamic of Ni3−MOF facilitates post-synthetic metal exchange of the Ni2+ by Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+, as well as the in-situ formation of amorphous Ni(OH)2 electrocatalyst for dual water splitting with full recovery of costly organic ligands. For the NiMn-MOF, large gas accessible porosity with Langmuir surface area of 1052 m2 g−1, as well as guest dependent shrink-swell behavior was obtained. The NiMn-MOF is found to be an effective porous adsorbent to capture the iodine in either solution or gaseous phase, with uptake up to 2.4 mol iodine per mol of MOFs and capture of iodine with concentration lower to 5.0 × 10−5 mol/L.

Electron Transfer, Atom Exchange, and Transformation of Iron Minerals in Soils: The Influence of Soil Organic Matter.

Despite substantial experimental evidence of electron transfer, atom exchange, and mineralogical transformation during the reaction of Fe(II)aq with synthetic Fe(III) minerals, these processes are rarely investigated in natural soils. Here, we used an enriched Fe isotope approach and Mössbauer spectroscopy to evaluate how soil organic matter (OM) influences Fe(II)/Fe(III) electron transfer and atom exchange in surface soils collected from Luquillo and Calhoun Experimental Forests and how this reaction might affect Fe mineral composition. Following the reaction of 57Fe-enriched Fe(II)aq with soils for 33 days, Mössbauer spectra demonstrated marked electron transfer between sorbed Fe(II) and the underlying Fe(III) oxides in soils. Comparing the untreated and OM-removed soils indicates that soil OM largely attenuated Fe(II)/Fe(III) electron transfer in goethite, whereas electron transfer to ferrihydrite was unaffected. Soil OM also reduced the extent of Fe atom exchange. Following reaction with Fe(II)aq for 33 days, no measurable mineralogical changes were found for the Calhoun soils enriched with high-crystallinity goethite, while Fe(II) did drive an increase in Fe oxide crystallinity in OM-removed LCZO soils having low-crystallinity ferrihydrite and goethite. However, the presence of soil OM largely inhibited Fe(II)-catalyzed increases in Fe mineral crystallinity in the LCZO soil. Fe atom exchange appears to be commonplace in soils exposed to anoxic conditions, but its resulting Fe(II)-induced recrystallization and mineral transformation depend strongly on soil OM content and the existing soil Fe phases.

Joint ergodicity of piecewise monotone interval maps

For , let µ i be a Borel probability measure on which is equivalent to the Lebesgue measure λ and let be µ i -preserving ergodic transformations. We say that transformations are uniformly jointly ergodic with respect to if for any , limN−M→∞1N−M∑n=MN−1f0(T0 nx)⋅f1(T1 nx)⋯fk(Tk nx)=∏i=0k∫fidμi in L2(λ). We establish convenient criteria for uniform joint ergodicity and obtain numerous applications, most of which deal with interval maps. Here is a description of one such application. Let T G denote the Gauss map, , and, for β > 1, let T β denote the β-transformation defined by . Let T 0 be an ergodic interval exchange transformation. Let be distinct real numbers with and assume that for all . Then for any , limN−M→∞1N−M∑n=MN−1f0(T0nx)⋅f1(Tβ1nx)⋯fk(Tβknx)⋅fk+1(TGnx)=∫f0dλ⋅∏i=1k∫fidμβi⋅∫fk+1dμGin L2(λ). We also study the phenomenon of joint mixing. Among other things we establish joint mixing for skew tent maps and for restrictions of finite Blaschke products to the unit circle.

Transformation of Cs3Bi2Br9 to Cs2AgBiBr6 Lead‐Free Perovskite Microcrystals Through Cation Exchange

AbstractAll‐inorganic lead‐free Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskites have gained significant attention due to their potential as stable and nontoxic photoactive semiconductors. Currently, it remains challenging to synthesize homogeneous microcrystals (MCs) exhibiting excellent properties, which are necessary for large‐area device integration. This work proposes a two‐step synthesis approach involving the introduction of a foreign silver cation to transform the 0D layered Cs3Bi2Br9 to 3D Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite structure. This work has studied the cation exchange (CE) transformation mechanism by isolating intermediates to be able to follow the evolution of the crystal lattice as well as the structural and optical properties over time. Moreover, complete CE results in phase‐pure, highly crystalline Cs2AgBiBr6 MCs exhibiting excellent photonic properties, superior to their counterparts synthesized by anti‐solvent precipitation. These findings highlight the potential of CE‐induced transformation as a means of synthesizing novel, stable perovskites.

Extremal values of semi‐regular continuants and codings of interval exchange transformations

AbstractGiven a set consisting of positive integers and a k‐term partition , find the extremal denominators of the regular and semi‐regular continued fraction with partial quotients and where each occurs precisely times in the sequence . In 1983, G. Ramharter gave an explicit description of the extremal arrangements of the regular continued fraction and the minimizing arrangement for the semi‐regular continued fraction and showed that in each case the arrangement is unique up to reversal and independent of the actual values of the positive integers . However, an explicit determination of a maximizing arrangement for the semi‐regular continuant turned out to be substantially more difficult. Ramharter conjectured that as in the other three cases, the maximizing arrangement is unique (up to reversal) and depends only on the partition P and not on the actual values of the . He further verified the conjecture in the special case of a binary alphabet. In this paper, we confirm Ramharter's conjecture for sets with and give an algorithmic procedure for constructing the unique maximizing arrangement. We also show that Ramharter's conjecture fails for sets with in that the maximizing arrangement is in general neither unique nor independent of the values of the digits in . The central idea is that the extremal arrangements satisfy a strong combinatorial condition. This combinatorial condition may also be stated more or less verbatum in the context of infinite sequences on an ordered set. We show that in the context of bi‐infinite binary words, this condition coincides with the Markoff property, discovered by A. A. Markoff in 1879 in his study of minima of binary quadratic forms. We further show that this same combinatorial condition is the fundamental property which describes the orbit structure of the natural codings of points under a symmetric k‐interval exchange transformation.

The investigation of modification in structural flexibility and coordination modes in a solvent free β-diketone Cu(II) complex by crystal structure and DFT studies

Coordination-driven self-assembly in inorganic complexes is a viable methodology to construct supramolecular coordination complexes. Crystal engineering of β-diketone Cu(II) coordination complexes can be achieved via the host–guest complexation method. The effect of metal–ligand interactions (coordination polyhedra) on the supramolecular framework has been analysed by crystal structure and computational studies. A new crystal form of a Cu(II) complex with 4,4,4-trifluoro-naphthyl butanedione has been identified and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction studies unveiled that complex 1, [Cu(TFNB)2], crystallized in the monoclinic (P21/n) space group and its solvent-induced crystal forms, complex 2, [Cu(TFNB)2DMSO] (Database Identifier: IVAKIC), and complex 3, [Cu(TFNB)2DMF] (Database Identifier: ZOCHOR), which were reported earlier, are in the triclinic (P1¯) crystal system. The previously reported crystal forms (complexes 2 and 3) are examples of a single crystal coordinated solvent exchange (SCCSE) transformation. In complex 1, the β-diketone molecules are attached to the metal ion in an equatorial form with a perfect square planar geometry, whilst complexes 2 and 3 feature a slightly distorted square pyramidal geometry with chelated donor oxygen atoms of the β-diketone ligands in equatorial sites and the crystallizing DMSO and DMF solvents are apically coordinated to the metal centre, respectively. Interestingly, the oxygen donors of the β-diketone ligands in complex 1 are inclined in a trans configuration, whereas in the solvent-induced pseudopolymorphic forms of complexes 2 and 3, a cis configuration is observed. The variation in the supramolecular framework with the coordination geometry in different crystal forms is analysed using the crystal structures and compared with quantum computational (Hirshfeld surface, enrichment ratio, energy framework, NCI index model and DFT) results. Molecular docking analysis was performed for all the complexes against the SARS-CoV2 main protease to explore the structure–property relationship.

Facet-specific cation exchange and heterogeneous transformation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles induced by Cu(ii)

Cu(ii) ions promotes the dissolution of CdS-NPs with different morphologies by Cd/Cu cation exchange, which is further complicated by environmental matrix effects.

Rotated odometers and actions on rooted trees

A rotated odometer is an infinite interval exchange transformation (IET) obtained as a composition of the von Neumann–Kakutani map and a finite IET of intervals of equal length. In this paper, we consider rotated odometers for which the finite IET is of i

Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Data and Machine Learning Algorithms

Soil moisture is a key factor in the water and heat exchange and energy transformation of the ecological systems and is of critical importance to the accurate obtainment of the soil moisture content for supervising water resources and protecting regional and global eco environments. In this study, we selected the soil moisture monitoring networks of Naqu, Maqu, and Tianjun on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau as the research areas, and we established a database of surface microwave scattering with the AIEM (advanced integral equation model) and the mathematical expressions for the backscattering coefficient, soil moisture, and surface roughness of the VV and VH polarizations.We proposed the soil moisture retrieval models of empirical and machine learnings algorithms (backpropagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and random forest (RF)) for the ascending and descending orbits using Sentinel-1 and measurement data, and we also validated the accuracies of the retrieval model in the research areas. According to the results, there is a substantial logarithmic correlation among the backscattering coefficient, soil moisture, and combined roughness. Generally, we can use empirical models to estimate the soil moisture content, with an R² of 0.609, RMSE of 0.08, and MAE of 0.064 for the ascending orbit model and an R² of 0.554, RMSE of 0.086, and MAE of 0.071 for the descending orbit model. The soil moisture contents are underestimated when the volumetric water content is high. The soil moisture retrieval accuracy is improved with machine learning algorithms compared to the empirical model, and the performance of the RF algorithm is superior to those of the other machine learning algorithms. The RF algorithm also achieved satisfactory performances for the Maqu and Tianjun networks. The accuracies of the inversion models for the ascending orbit in the three soil moisture monitoring networks were better than those for the descending orbit.