Labor Exchange Research Articles

Социально-демографические факторы проблем с трудоустройством региональной молодежи

The article presents the results of sociological monitoring conducted by the method of questioning in Saratov in 2022. According to the probabilistic quota sample, 480 people from 18 to 30 years old were interviewed. The selection criteria are gender and age. The results were processed in the SPSS program. The study showed that Saratov youth are mainly distinguished by paternalistic moods in employment, but, depending on gender, age and marital status, they have significant differences in their orientations and problems. So the gender factor is manifested in the fact that young men are more active in the regional labor market. However, they were more likely to face the problem of low wages with large amount of work. Describing the level of difficulty in finding a job, most girls noted that it is very difficult due to lack of experience. They would like to get help in finding employment from educational institutions, but in reality, when looking for a job, they often resort to the help of government agencies. Not less important is the age factor. Under its impact, young people under the age of 24 more often than the elders remained committed to their place of work, combining it with improving their education and finding a job in their specialty. They are more focused on individual achievements, reflected in the size of salaries. Problems with employment were less common among young Saratov residents than among mature youth. For them, the most problematic thing is the lack of experience. The main difficulty is to find a job with a flexible work schedule. 25–30 year olds are characterized by increased mobility and demanding work. Mature youth care more about the realization of their inner potential and social recognition from others. They more often stated a high level of complexity of employment. The older faced the problems of low wages, lack of experience and large amount of work more often. Only they are registered at the labor exchange, waiting for assistance in employment from the university. Marital status also affects the employment patterns of young people. It contributes to a stable attitude to work. Those who live without marriage registration, as well as non-family young people, often do not work and are looking for work in their specialty. They are 6 times more concerned about the amount of earnings than others. They are more often focused on independence in employment. Single and unmarried youth are more likely than others look for work aimed at career growth.

Occupational models from 42 million unstructured job postings

Structuring jobs into occupations is the first step for analysis tasks in many fields of research, including economics and public health, as well as for practical applications like matching job seekers to available jobs. We present a data resource, derived with natural language processing techniques from over 42 million unstructured job postings in the National Labor Exchange, that empirically models the associations between occupation codes (estimated initially by the Standardized Occupation Coding for Computer-assisted Epidemiological Research method), skill keywords, job titles, and full-text job descriptions in the United States during the years 2019 and 2021. We model the probability that a job title is associated with an occupation code and that a job description is associated with skill keywords and occupation codes. Our models are openly available in the sockit python package, which can assign occupation codes to job titles, parse skills from and assign occupation codes to job postings and resumes, and estimate occupational similarity among job postings, resumes, and occupation codes.

Belonging and Agrarian Labour Exchanges in Zimbabwe: Navigating Between Communal Areas and Fast Track Villagised Settlements

This article examines the nature of labour exchange between A1 farmers with people in communal areas of origin based on kinship and friendship relations. While agrarian labour in Zimbabwe has attracted considerable interest in land reform debates, limited attention has been paid to agrarian labour exchange and livelihoods based on belonging to communal areas of origin under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Using a qualitative case study from Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, I argue that belonging plays an important role in labour exchange and enabling livelihoods. This article illustrates that labour exchange in farm households still matter despite changes in land distribution and the economy. The article concludes that belonging-based labour exchange enhances agricultural production and livelihoods in a new land ownership and economic circumstances.

‘Wages for Work Done’: Is it Time to Legislate?

This study is designed to address one of the major issues regarding employment contracts that have been widely debated when most businesses were forced to shut down by the state authorities as part of the containment measures of the Covid-19 pandemic. The issue is on the entitlement of employees to secure their full wages while they can't perform their work at all or partially perform the assigned tasks from home. Therefore, this paper explores the issue by examining the legal position of 'wages' in employment contracts under the Malaysia employment legal framework. As a contract of employment is generally built on the exchange of labour for wages or is better known as the work for wages rule or work-wage bargain, it is pertinent to evaluate the extent the rule affects the contractual parties of employment in such circumstances. This research is purely doctrinal legal research that applies a critical analysis approach. Apart from the reference to the relevant statutory provisions and case laws within Malaysian and foreign jurisdictions in particular the United Kingdom and Australia, the issue is evaluated through the theory of employment relationship. This paper generally has found the inadequacy of the Malaysian labour law in dealing with the issue effectively and calls on the legislative to pursue considerable thoughts that enable statutory provisions for the same issues to be dealt with better in the future.

Theory and process of socialist migration: local enmities and international friendships in the Vietnam-Bulgaria relations (1975-1985)

ABSTRACT The essay explores the labor-exchange programs between postcolonial and socialist states as a form of moral economy that attempted to reconcile the notions of socialist internationalism and ‘mutually beneficial’ migration. Focusing on the relationship between Vietnam and Bulgaria, the article traces key logics of socialist migration and internationalism that informed, broke, and reshaped the relationships between different units of solidarity. These include links between the Party, mass organizations, and economic enterprises; between economic units, political organizations, and foreign workers; and essentially between the two countries, Vietnam and Bulgaria. The essay contends that the constant renegotiation of the meaning of internationalism between economic enterprises and ministries, on the one side, and the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party and foreign workers, on the other, produced two competing logics on whether labor-import from postcolonial states was politically valuable. To explore the clash, I concentrate on the years between 1975–1985, when some voices required the halt of labor exchange programs. This notwithstanding, in this period, the number of Vietnamese workers to arrive in Bulgaria more than tripled. The essay enters the spaces where socialist internationalist theory and the social practice of migration interacted, to make internationalism an open-ended domain.

Winston Churchill as a One Nation Conservative

Paradoxically the social reforms which entitle Churchill to the title of One Nation Conservative were enacted when he was a member of a Liberal Cabinet after 1908. Indeed, it was partly because he believed that the Conservatives had ceased to be a party of social reform that he crossed the floor to the Liberals in 1904.Churchill pioneered the welfare state – measures such as labour exchanges, minimum wages in sweated trades, and the world’s first system of unemployment insurance. All this was in his words “the untrodden field of politics”. To help him, he brought into government in an advisory role, William Beveridge, later to be author of the famous report on social insurance. Churchill is best remembered of course for his leadership in war from 1940 to 1945. But in 1951, he had a second innings as peacetime prime minister. Here too he made his contribution to One Nation Conservatism, not by action as had been the case before 1914, but by inaction. He preserved the welfare state measures enacted by Attlee’s Labour government after 1945, rather than dismantling them as some Conservatives had wished. His peacetime government cemented his reputation as a One Nation Conservative.

Het transnationale begin van de Nederlandse mijnwerkersvakbonden. Een voorbeeld van de nationalisering van arbeidersbewegingen (1907-1926)

The Transnational Origins of Dutch Miners’ Unionism. A Case-Study in the Nationalization of Labour Movements. Several authors have argued that from the late nineteenth century onwards labour markets became increasingly organized and regulated nationally, by national social security arrangements, collective agreements, systems of labour exchange and migration control. As a consequence, members of the working classes began to consider themselves, and to be considered, as national citizens, and labour movements became nationalized. The First World War marked a watershed in this process. In this article, I want to explore to what extent this development influenced attitudes of the two Dutch miners’ unions, of which the originally inter-confessional one would become the most prominent. Until the First World War labour markets in the Limburg coalmining district and in the adjacent German Aachen district were fully integrated, and so were the nascent miners’ unions. On the eve of the First World War the Dutch inter-confessional union even became a branch of the German Christliche Gewerkverein. This all changed after the War, until in 1922 all ties with the Germans were severed, and the soon to become officially Catholic union reoriented on the Dutch state and the Limburg region. This article describes the transnational origins of the miners’ unions against the background of the cross-border labour market in the borderlands, and the effects of the territorialisation of labour markets on the originally transnational orientation of the unions after the First World War.

HRM models of online labor platforms: Strategies of market and corporate logics.

Studies on online labor platforms (OLPs) have revealed that OLPs can have extensive managerial control over independent workers, which affects their autonomy and precariousness. The permeability of the management makes some OLPs' roles as neutral intermediaries in labor exchanges questionable. While there are several platform work studies on the effects of human resource management (HRM) activities, earlier studies have focused more on certain types of OLP companies. Earlier OLP classifications did not make systematic distinctions between HRM activities either. This paper offers a classification to view how HRM activities manifest in OLPs. The study utilizes terms of service and webpage data from 46 multinational and Finland-based OLPs. Based on these data, OLPs have been classified into six models with five governance principles and institutional logic. The study uses the idea of institutional complexity and claims that OLPs balance their operations between the complexity of two institutional logics, market, and corporation, by using varying strategies with their HRM activities. Differently managed OLPs are also often marketed to different worker groups. This indicates that workers' levels and quality of autonomy differ between OLPs. Hence, could be expected that platform workers' expectations toward OLPs, perceptions of fairness, and experiences of wellbeing may be influenced by the HRM activities in which they engage. The results contribute to the ongoing discussions of power asymmetries between OLPs and platform workers, and thus OLPs' roles as either marketplaces or hierarchical corporations. Formed models can be utilized to enrich studies on key issues of platform workers' autonomy, precariousness, and experiences in different types of OLPs.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКА ВАЛЮТНА СИСТЕМА: ПОЗИТИВНІ ТА НЕГАТИВНІ АСПЕКТИ

The development of the state, first of all, depends on the stability of the national and world currency systems, and their international relations. The functioning of the world economy is based on the establishment of an effective currency and monetary system of relations between states, leading to the strengthening of internationalization processes. One of the examples of the prevalence of internationalization processes is the creation of a single currency system within the European Union (EU). This, in turn, ensures the competitiveness of national economies based on an increase in the volume of production of goods and provision of services, making capital investments in the industry. The creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) means the exchange of goods, services, capital, and labor, as well as the establishment of a single monetary and currency policy, ensuring the economically advantageous positions of the member countries of this association on the world market. Therefore, the question arises of distinguishing the positive and negative aspects of the European monetary system, and its influence on the state of the global economy. The article covers the issue of the peculiarities of the formation of the European monetary system. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the features of currency integration in the European Monetary Union in today's conditions. As a result, the following tasks were set: to investigate the characteristic features of the creation of the EMU; to form the goal of creating a researched regional currency union; highlight the main elements of this European currency integration; to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the formation of the European Monetary System. The work presents the definition of the concept of "currency system", types of currency systems, and their constituent elements. The positive and negative aspects of the European monetary system are singled out, the stages of the introduction of the European Monetary Union are described, its main institutions and their functions are displayed, and statistical data on the percentage of the US dollar and euro in official currency reserves in the world during 1999–2021 are given.

Where are the Women? Gendered Indian Digital Production Cultures Post #metoo

My article examines the influence of platformization in labor exchanges to assess how gendered expectations impact digital production cultures. It investigates the socio-cultural transactions that marginalized communities, especially women, from above-the-line professions have to navigate as they seek work opportunities on streaming services. Drawing on feminist production studies and media studies scholarships, the article discusses how gendered expectations become the norm in hiring creator labor. Through analysis of the data-set on the gender representation of key creative professionals in the Indian web series produced between 2014 and 2020, semi-structured interviews with creative professionals, and trade press literature, this research offers a nuanced understanding of how and why Indian on-screen dynamic representations and democratic entrepreneurial working structures do not eradicate gendered production norms. On the contrary, gendered interpretation of algorithmic data, the #metoo movement, and newer forms of sexism emerge alongside existing gendered production cultures to hamper the participation of women and minorities.

Public Management of Employment at the Level of Territorial Communities in the Context of Ensuring the Development of Rural Areas

United territorial communities were formed by voluntary unification of adjacent territorial communities of villages, towns, and cities. The availability, working conditions, and the level and quality of life of the population of rural communities significantly affect the development possibilities of rural areas. Problematic issues are the growth of unemployment, the demographic crisis, the intensive outflow of young people from the countryside, etc. The primary issue for anti-crisis public administration in rural areas (at the level of rural territorial communities and rural districts) is ensuring employment and self-employment of the population, increasing the level of labor income of the rural population. The low capacity of the labor market in rural territorial communities determines the need for the population to find work outside their place of residence and, in this connection, the presence of significant financial costs. The introduction of new types of activities and areas of employment for residents of the rural community must meet the needs of the market and be economically feasible, because otherwise public policy measures to support such types of employment will have a short-term nature and insignificant results. The tools of the public employment policy are: unemployment benefits, insurance of the population against job loss; assistance in professional training and retraining of personnel, conducting advanced training courses, organization and regulation of labor exchanges, public employment services; regulation of the wage level, regularization of the dismissal of employees; subsidies and benefits from tax accounting for entrepreneurs, regarding the creation of new and preservation of old jobs. Public management of employment at the level of the territorial community should be aimed at ensuring the possibility of effective economic activity of the residents of the community. At the same time, they should receive sufficient financial support to motivate work. This requires: creation of procurement points with a wide range of products with the participation of territorial communities; combining them into a procurement network; active cooperation with public administration bodies; networks of procurement points to international supply chains; ensuring their access to foreign food markets.

Organic agriculture, labour exchange, and social networks: a case study of smallholder farming in Bhutan

We examine the informal exchange of labour in farming villages with the successful adoption of labour-intensive farming practices. Previous studies have characterised the network pattern of labour exchange to relate such cooperative behaviour to the community’s social structure. We use network patterns from the literature and recreate the internal network structure of the labour exchange in selected Bhutanese villages to determine the type of social enforcement mechanisms used. Results show that labour exchange networks in these villages are characterised by a high prevalence of triad closure as an underlying social structure. These are completely connected structures within the labour exchange network in which any two farmers exchanging labour have a common farmer with whom both share labour. The results from our random graph modelling imply that villages with well-functioning labour exchange institutions may be most suitable for being promoted as “organic villages” as they can adapt to the high labour requirement that comes with organic farming. Future research should analyse how villages with different network structures produce different farm outcomes and how the village and farm-specific attributes affect their social enforcement mechanisms.

Borderline politics: Reading Nepal-India relations as ‘energohistory’

ABSTRACT This article takes recent work on energy into an historical analysis of Nepal-India border relations to reveal the consequences of unequal geopolitical positions between Nepal and India. This helps explain the recurrent tensions between the countries, despite their cultural and historical closeness. The article makes two independent but mutually supporting arguments. First, the concept ‘energopower’ would be productively expanded by more clearly encompassing labour as a form of energy supply. Second, bringing this perspective to bear in historical analyses of energy exchange and labour migration makes a timely contribution to historical anthropology. I suggest that this framing be called ‘energohistory’. This is put into practice through historical analyses of Indian trade ‘blockades’ on Nepal and through two case studies on the exchange of energy commodities and labour between the countries. ‘Energohistory’ reveals how energopower melds with biopower, from the past through to the present, flowing through high state politics to the level of everyday discourse.

Программы обучения взрослого населения в условиях социального дистанцирования: анализ данных платформ-интеграторов непрерывного образования

This is a study of how vocational education was transformed to deal with social distancing due to coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation. Data was taken from online delivery platforms such as Coursera, Timepad, and Edumarket. The demand for educational courses in Russia increased by 2.5 times in the first half of 2020 due to the spread of COVID-19. Despite this only 19% of learners are prepared to continue their learning after the quarantine measures are lifted. In the first half of 2020 programs on these platforms were focused on soft skills. There was an increase in programs for stress resistance, leadership, productivity, business, hobbies and art, parent-child relationships, and foreign language learning. The proportion of programs reliant on social communications decreased significantly. However, there was an increase courses in IT (blog / website development, machine learning), and medicine (ensuring safety in case of coronavirus infection, prevention of COVID-19, etc.). The study is of interest to the heads of regional educational departments, specialists of the continuing education in universities, professional educational organizations, non-governmental organizations of continuing education, labor exchange and those who are involved in continuing education and self-learning.

Relationship between occupational injury and gig work experience in Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional internet survey.

This study evaluated the relationship between occupational injury risk and gig work, which included the exchange of labor for money between individuals or companies via digital platforms. As Japan has experienced a severe economic decline during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an increasing number of individuals have engaged in gig work. While few studies have evaluated occupational risks in gig work, several traffic accidents associated with food delivery gig work have been reported in the mass media. In this study, 18,317 individuals completed an internet survey that collected information pertaining to their involvement in gig work and experience of related occupational injuries; data regarding several confounding factors were also recorded. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that workers involved in gig work had a greater risk of any minor occupational injuries (odds ratio, 3.68; 95% confidence interval, 3.02–4.49) and activity-limiting injuries (odds ratio, 9.11; 95% confidence interval, 7.03–11.8) than those not involved in gig work, after adjusting for age, sex, household income, lifestyle factors, and work-related factors. The results of this study indicate that gig workers are exposed to greater occupational hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional studies are warranted to clarify the causal mechanism for this relationship.

Extending democracy to corporate governance and beyond: a theory of popular economic sovereignty

Objective:to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the impact of democratic governance principles in a state on corporate governance.Methods:dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.Results:the article proposes a different rationale for corporate democracy based on an equivalence, not an analogy. The equivalence is that subordination feels essentially the same to an individual whether a public or a private entity carries it out. In the political system, democracy counteracts subordination by giving everyone political autonomy, an independent voice in controlling the power structure. By the same reasoning, those who work for a living should arguably control the institutions for which they work. Thus, the norms of democracy, when translated into the economic realm, yield the principle that people should not work for their livelihood on terms another person establishes. This can be called the principle of popular economic sovereignty.Scientific novelty:for the first time, the work makes a conclusion that the modern understanding of both the state and the corporation developed from medieval corporativist thinking. This same mode of thought generated the idea of representation that enabled individuals who were not leaders of a structured hierarchy to participate in state decisions, certainly one of the great insights of Western political thought. Representation became the mechanism by which democratic government was instituted. As democracy developed, the scope of representation expanded to include all competent adults. This same expanded concept of representation can be extended to employment relations and would serve the same purposes as it serves in the political arena – individual autonomy and opposition to oppression. Corporations would be controlled by boards elected by the workers; small employers and individuals would be required to hire employees from labor exchanges run by the workers who are being provided. This proposal, although it sounds radical and impractical, could rather easily be implemented for both major corporations and all other employment relationships as well, and might well be more economically efficient than current modes of economic organization, as well as being more fair to the workers.Practical significance:the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the theory of popular economic sovereignty.

LEARNING A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE BASED ON ENGLISH

The topic of this scientific article is one of the most important issues in the field of education. In today's rapidly changing world, where yesterday's news is today's story, there has been an increase in the number of people who are eager to move forward and learn several languages in accordance with modern requirements. Because people today speak several languages. This article emphasizes the importance of learning German as a related language, based on the knowledge of this language after English, which is the main foreign language. At present, knowledge of the German language is one of the mandatory requirements for the professional world. There are a lot of people who speak English, and every student, every young specialist, satisfied with their knowledge and experience, clearly understands that, having mastered other languages, one can find a decent job on the global labor exchange. By teaching students German in higher education, we prepare them for the future. Instead of theory, we focused on discussing modern situations in practical classes. We hope that this will allow young professionals to use the knowledge gained in higher education with benefit in working conditions. However, very few hours are devoted to teaching German as a second foreign language in higher education. Therefore, teachers consider it necessary to use unique, effective, useful, understandable, simple methods of teaching the German language, relying on the knowledge of the main foreign language (English) of students on a comparative basis in German classes. In this article, we will talk about such useful and effective methods used in teaching German as a second foreign language based on linguistics.

The Need for a Black Feminist Climate Justice

The Need for a Black Feminist Climate Justice

Labor agglomeration and urban air pollution: research on labor force based on skill heterogeneity in China.

Labor agglomeration with heterogeneous skills has different effects on urban air pollution. Based on the panel data of 263 prefecture level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper constructs a Spatial Durbin Model to explore the impact of skill heterogeneous labor agglomeration and the interaction between skill heterogeneous labor agglomeration on urban air pollution. The results show that there is a positive U-shaped relationship between high-skilled labor agglomeration, low-skilled labor agglomeration, and urban air pollution. From the perspective of restraining urban air pollution, high-skilled labor agglomeration is stronger than low-skilled labor agglomeration. Under the influence of high skilled labor agglomeration, the inhibitory effect of low-skilled labor agglomeration on urban air pollution is enhanced. High-skilled labor agglomeration and low-skilled labor agglomeration reduce the degree of urban air pollution by promoting the improvement of urban innovation level. Based on this, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as further promoting urban labor agglomeration, formulating reasonable urban population management policies, strengthening labor exchange and learning, and carrying out labor knowledge and skills training.

Сохранение традиций земства в русской эмиграции 1917–1939 гг.: Земско-городской комитет помощи российским гражданам за границей (Земгор)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of emigrant zemstvo organizations in the context of their preservation of the traditions of the pre-revolutionary Russian zemstvo. The Russian post-revolutionary emigration caused by the October Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War numbered up to two million refugees who settled mainly in the countries of Central Europe, Slavic countries, newly formed border states, and the Far East. Many of the former zemstvo officials of various levels who had significant experience in organizing humanitarian assistance to refugees and the wounded during the First World War and the Civil War also emigrated. The article traces the continuity of emigrant zemstvo organizations, primarily the Russian Zemstvos and Towns Relief Committee of Russian Citizens Abroad and its branches, in relation to pre-revolutionary zemstvo institutions, such as the All-Russian Zemstvo Union. Russian emigrant organizations continued their former zemstvo activities, focusing on education (secondary and higher education), employment of Russian refugees (labor exchanges), medical care, and preservation of Russian culture in the new conditions, among other things, by means of organizing and holding the days of Russian culture as well as founding archives and libraries. To prove the idea of continuity of zemstvo organizations, the author considers the structure and composition of the Russian Zemstvos and Towns Relief Committee of Russian Citizens Abroad and its most significant offices in Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The article is mainly based on the materials from the Russian Historical Archive Abroad (RZIA) stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Archives of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, and publications of the Zemgor.