Excessive Soil Research Articles

Potential Environmental Impacts Caused by Sedimentation at the Tambakboyo Retention Basin D.I.Yogyakarta to Fulfill the Needs For Watershed

The use of the Tambakboyo Retention Basin for more than 10 years has led to sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir due to precipitated particles that are transported along with the water flow. Sedimentation of this reservoir can have several impacts on the environment. This study aims to analyze the possible environmental impacts that could occur in the Tambakboyo Retention Basin through the results of an analysis of the sedimentation rate and volume of water availability that has been carried out in previous studies. The results of previous studies indicate that the sedimentation rate in the Tambakboyo Retention Basin is included in category I or very light. However, several impacts may occur if there is no management, including reduced reservoir water holding capacity, flood hazard, excessive soil enrichment, lack of water so that the reservoir is no longer useful, and can even damage the reservoir. Thus, sediment management efforts need to be carried out, including repairing open land (greening), dredging sediments in the reservoir, and building sediment traps upstream of the reservoir.

Enhancing clay content estimation through hybrid CatBoost-GP with model class selection

Excessive soil swelling, triggered by variations in moisture content, is recognized as one of the most severe geo-hazards. Swelling Potential (SP) is closely correlated with Clay Content (CC), Plasticity Index (PI), and Activity (A = PI/CC), which are crucial input features for SP prediction models. Traditional methods for determining CC, such as the hydrometer and pipette methods, are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Employing easily accessible soil properties to predict CC directly not only enhances the modeling efficiency of SP prediction models but also mitigates the impact of laboratory test errors on model performance. This study leveraged two databases encompassing a broad spectrum of soil classifications and developed three ensemble learning models (RF, XGBoost, and CatBoost) to predict CC efficiently. Sequential model-based optimization algorithms (SMBO) were employed to effectively identify the optimal hyperparameters for these models. To further refine the model, the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) method was utilized to ascertain the most influential soil properties. The findings revealed that the CatBoost model, optimized via GP, achieved the highest level of predictive accuracy. Three easily measurable soil properties — the percentage of soil particles passing through 0.075 mm and 0.425 mm sieves, along with the plasticity index — were identified as key predictors for CC. The estimated CC values were instrumental in constructing various empirical and machine learning models to predict SP, all of which exhibited exceptional performance. This research advances the modeling efficiency of SP prediction models, making it particularly relevant for rapid-response scenarios in transportation infrastructure projects.

Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphic Loci and Candidate Genes for Seed Germination Percentage in Okra under Salt and No-Salt Stresses by Genome-Wide Association Study.

Excessive soil salinity is a major stressor inhibiting crops' growth, development, and yield. Seed germination is a critical stage of crop growth and development, as well as one of the most salt-sensitive stages. Salt stress has a significant inhibitory effect on seed germination. Okra is a nutritious vegetable, but its seed germination percentage (GP) is low, whether under salt stress conditions or suitable conditions. In this study, we used 180 okra accessions and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the germination percentage using 20,133,859 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers under 0 (CK, diluted water), 70 (treatment 1, T1), and 140 mmol/L (treatment 2, T2) NaCl conditions. Using the mixed linear model (MLM) in Efficient Mixed-model Association eXpedated (EMMAX) and Genome-wide Efficient Mixed Model Association (GEMMA) software, 511 SNP loci were significantly associated during germination, of which 167 SNP loci were detected simultaneously by both programs. Among the 167 SNPs, SNP2619493 on chromosome 59 and SNP2692266 on chromosome 44 were detected simultaneously under the CK, T1, and T2 conditions, and were key SNP loci regulating the GP of okra seeds. Linkage disequilibrium block analysis revealed that nsSNP2626294 (C/T) in Ae59G004900 was near SNP2619493, and the amino acid changes caused by nsSNP2626294 led to an increase in the phenotypic values in some okra accessions. There was an nsSNP2688406 (A/G) in Ae44G005470 near SNP2692266, and the amino acid change caused by nsSNP2688406 led to a decrease in phenotypic values in some okra accessions. These results indicate that Ae59G004900 and Ae44G005470 regulate the GP of okra seeds under salt and no-salt stresses. The gene expression analysis further demonstrated these results. The SNP markers and genes that were identified in this study will provide reference for further research on the GP of okra, as well as new genetic markers and candidate genes for cultivating new okra varieties with high GPs under salt and no-salt stress conditions.

Implications of tolerance to iron toxicity on root system architecture changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

IntroductionToxicity due to excess soil iron (Fe) is a significant concern for rice cultivation in lowland areas with acidic soils. Toxic levels of Fe adversely affect plant growth by disrupting the absorption of essential macronutrients, and by causing cellular damage. To understand the responses to excess Fe, particularly on seedling root system, this study evaluated rice genotypes under varying Fe levels.MethodsSixteen diverse rice genotypes were hydroponically screened under induced Fe levels, ranging from normal to excess. Morphological and root system characteristics were observed. The onset of leaf bronzing was monitored to identify the toxic response to the excess Fe. Additionally, agronomic and root characteristics were measured to classify genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories by computing a response stability index.ResultsOur results revealed that 460 ppm of Fe in the nutrient solution served as a critical threshold for screening genotypes during the seedling stage. Fe toxicity significantly affected root system traits, emphasizing the consequential impact on aerial biomass and nutrient deprivation. To classify genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories, leaf bronzing score was used as a major indicator of Fe stress. However, the response stability index provided a robust basis for classification for the growth performance. Apart from the established tolerant varieties, we could identify a previously unrecognized tolerant variety, ILS 12–5 in this study. Some of the popular mega varieties, including BPT 5204 and Pusa 44, were found to be highly sensitive.DiscussionOur findings suggest that root system damage, particularly in root length, surface area, and root volume, is the key factor contributing to the sensitivity responses under Fe toxicity. Tolerant genotypes were found to retain more healthy roots than the sensitive ones. Fe exclusion, by reducing Fe2+ uptake, may be a major mechanism for tolerance among these genotypes. Further field evaluations are necessary to confirm the behavior of identified tolerant and sensitive lines under natural conditions. Insights from the study provide potential scope for enhancement of tolerance through breeding programs as well as throw light on the role root system in conferring tolerance.

Designing salt stress-resilient crops: Current progress and future challenges.

Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has scientific importance and practical significance. In recent decades, studies have characterized hundreds of genes associated with plant responses to salt stress in different plant species. These studies have substantially advanced our molecular and genetic understanding of salt tolerance in plants and have introduced an era of molecular design breeding of salt-tolerant crops. This review summarizes our current knowledge of plant salt tolerance, emphasizing advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of osmotic stress tolerance, salt-ion transport and compartmentalization, oxidative stress tolerance, alkaline stress tolerance, and the trade-off between growth and salt tolerance. We also examine recent advances in understanding natural variation in the salt tolerance of crops and discuss possible strategies and challenges for designing salt stress-resilient crops. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the four most-studied crops: rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max).

Monitoring land subsidence in the Peshawar District, Pakistan, with a multi-track PS-InSAR technique.

Peshawar is one of the most densely populated cities of Pakistan with high urbanization rate. The city overexploits groundwater resources for household and commercial usage which has caused land subsidence. Land subsidence has long been an issue in Peshawar due to insufficient groundwater removal. In this research, we employ the persistent scatterer interferometry synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) technique with Sentinel-1 imaging data to observe the yearly land subsidence and generate accumulative time-series maps for the years (2018 to 2020) using the SAR PROcessing tool (SARPROZ). The PS-InSAR findings from two contiguous paths are combined by considering the variance over the overlapping area. The subsidence rates in the Peshawar are from -59 to 17 mm/yr. The results show that subsidence is -28.48 mm/yr in 2018, the subsidence reached -49.02 mm/yr in 2019, while in 2020, the subsidence reached -49.90 mm/yr. The findings indicate a notable rise in land subsidence between the years 2018 and 2020. Subsidence is predicted in the research region primarily due to excessive groundwater removal and soil consolidation induced by surficial loads. The correlation of land subsidence observations with groundwater levels and precipitation data revealed some relationships. Overall, the proposed method efficiently monitors, maps, and detects subsidence-prone areas. The utilization of land subsidence maps will enhance the efficiency of urban planning, construction of surface infrastructure, and the management of risks associated with subsidence.

Management of excessive soil H+ ion induced toxicities by application of organic seaweed amendment enhances photosynthesis and resource use efficiencies in rice (Oryza sativa)

Globally, soil acidification is a serious environmental issue that reduces commercial agricultural production. Rice is subjected to nutritional stress due to acidic soil, which is a major impediment to rice production. Since acid soil threatens rice plants with soil compaction, nutrient loss, and plant stress-induced oxidative cell damage that results in affecting the photosynthetic system, restricting the availability of water, and reducing overall plant growth and productivity. Since contemporary soil acidification management strategies provide mediocre results, the use of Sargassum wightii seaweed-based biostimulants (BS) and soil amendments is sought as an environmentally friendly alternative strategy, and therefore its potential isevaluated in this study. BS was able to mediate soil quality by improving soil pH and structure along with facilitating nitrogen phytoavailability. BS also increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, superoxide dismutase ((48%), peroxidase (76.6%), and ascorbate peroxidase (63.5%), aggregating the monaldehyde-mediating accumulation of osmoprotective proline in roots, that was evident from rapid initiation of root hair growth in treated seedlings. BS was also able to physiologically modulate photosynthetic activities and chlorophyll production (24.31%) in leaves, maintaining the efficiency of plant water use by regulating the stomatal conductance (0.91 mol/m/s) and the transpiration rate (13.2 mM/m/s). The BS compounds were also successful in facilitating nitrogen uptake resulting in improved plant growth (59%), tiller-panicle number, and yield (52.57%), demonstrating a resourceful nitrogen use efficiency (71.96%) previously affected by stress induced by acid soil. Therefore, the study affirms the competent potential of S. wightii-based soil amendment to be applied not only to improve soil quality, but also to increase plant production and yield.

Validation of critical soil-test phosphorus values from the Better Fertiliser Decisions for Pastures meta-analysis

Context Historical application of phosphorus (P) fertilisers has enabled grazing agriculture in south-west Western Australia but has led to excessive soil P levels that pose a eutrophication risk. However, adoption of critical soil-test P values for pastures determined from the Better Fertiliser Decisions for Pastures (BFDP) meta-analysis of historical Australian trials has been poor because of perceived lack of relevance to the soils and contemporary pasture species in the region. Aims We aimed to validate critical Colwell P values from the BFDP project for soils and contemporary pasture species of south-west Western Australia. Methods Fifty P-rate response trials were performed with contemporary pasture species, and the results compared with BFDP. Key results Trial results were consistent with BFDP and fell within 95% prediction intervals of response calibrations of Colwell P and relative yield pairs for different P buffering index (PBI) ranges. Soils with PBI <15 required lower critical Colwell P values. Responsiveness to P application was 8% (±4%), consistent with a 5% response expected for Colwell P levels supporting 95% relative yield. Application of nitrogen, potassium and sulfur significantly increased yield while increasing basal cover of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and reducing that of clover (Trifolium spp.) in the sward. Response calibration coefficients and critical Colwell P values before and after addition of the trial data to BFDP showed a strong correlation (r2 >0.99), although critical values were slightly lower for lower soil PBI. Conclusions Critical Colwell P values from BFDP are relevant and applicable to soils and contemporary pasture species of south-west Western Australia. Implications Agronomic advice and application of P should be based on interpretation of Colwell P values, with P applied only when levels are below the critical value. Pasture composition should also be considered when interpreting Colwell P values. This approach minimises risks of P loss and improves economic outcomes for growers.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The main reasons for the reduction of plowing volumes worldwide have been presented, among which, especially for the conditions of the Republic of Armenia, the high energy costs and negative environmental consequences have been highlighted particularly the large volumes of slope erosion, excessive soil compaction under tractor tracks, and the formation of a compacted plow pan layer, which negatively affects plant growth and development. Alternative soil cultivation technologies have been discussed specifically minimum and zero tillage. Several other technologies that do not have widespread application have also been considered. A comparative analysis of new and old soil cultivation technologies has been conducted. It has been clarified that the duration of scientific research related to minimum and zero tillage does not exceed 10-12 years; therefore, a logical question has arisen: is it possible to permanently apply no-till cultivation technologies? The idea of minimizing the damage inflicted on the agro-ecosystem has been set as the basis for choosing soil cultivation technologies. By combining the positive and negative aspects of different plowing and no-till cultivation technologies, an intermediate solution has been proposed: to perform plowing periodically once every 3-5 years (depending on soil-climatic conditions) and to mitigate the negative consequences of plowing, it is planned to perform it only with combined machines equipped with a plow. An environmental assessment of the proposed combined machine has been provided. For this purpose, indicators such as soil loss, mechanical and wind erosion, as well as mechanical soil degradation have been selected. For the latter, soil compaction under tractor tracks has been considered. Using the patterns developed in previous scientific research on mechanical soil degradation, it has been clarified that when using the proposed combined machine, the soil density under tractor tracks will decrease by about 0.17 g/cm³, as a result of which the yield will increase by up to 14%, and during slope cultivation (mechanical erosion) by about 60 cm. Wind erosion will also be significantly reduced.

Weather risks, crop losses, and risk proneness: An examination of evolving risk preferences of rice farmers in Bangladesh

Changing climate poses significant challenges for smallholder rice farmers. Weather-related deviations from longer-term patterns and crop losses due to abiotic hazards can affect farmer risk preferences and drive adaptive responses. In addition, farmers’ proneness to and past experiences with crop risks such as drought, submergence, and excess soil salinity can impact their baseline risk preferences and their response to changing risks. Using data for Bangladesh from two waves of the Rice Monitoring Survey, climate-related data (precipitation and temperature), farmer reports of crop losses, and measures of proneness to abiotic risks, this article estimates how weather deviations from longer-term trends, crop losses, and proneness to crop risks (submergence, drought, and soil salinity) affect elicited risk preferences over time. This research finds evidence in favor of the hypothesis that larger absolute seasonal deviations from past patterns of seasonal mean daily minimum temperature and seasonal total precipitation yield increased risk aversion. In addition, the research provides mixed evidence with respect to risk proneness and farmers’ change in risk preferences over time. Contrary to our original hypothesis, individuals with land more prone to soil salinity become more risk averse rather than less, but, consistent with our hypothesis, those with land more prone to crop submergence become more risk preferring over time. Because of differences in crop experiences and degrees of proneness to risk, risk preferences for farmers in different regions are predicted to evolve along different pathways. This article contributes to the literature on risk preference formation by considering the possibility that less significant deviations than shocks might also contribute to evolving risk preferences. In addition, the article emphasizes the regional heterogeneity of changing preferences. An ancillary finding of this work suggests that risk preferences are only weakly related over time, contrary to other findings in the literature on the stability of risk preferences. Of policy relevance, the differential experiences in weather variability at the regional and local levels yield important differences in changes in preferences and should give rise to careful, regional-level policies to support adaptation to changing weather.

Structural Analysis of High-rise Buildings Under Lateral Loads

With the advanced development of modern society, the structural analysis towards high-rise buildings becomes more and more important to ensure stability for service purposes. Foundations of high-rise buildings provide fundamental support to the structure and transfer lateral loads from the upper portion of the building to soil and deep underground sublayers. While taking multiple factors such as soil-structure interaction, foundation layout configuration, and dampers, into consideration, the foundation must resist seismic energy and prevent excessive soil settlement. Compared to different structure systems, each high-rise building has different design and construction, such as rigid-frame, diagrid frame, and shear wall structure system. Structural analysis about each of the structure systems is conducted in this paper. Structure could dissipate and absorb lateral loads using different mechanics and materials. In addition, the exterior shape would affect the stability of the structure using analysis with fluid mechanics. Finding the most suitable structure system needs collaboration between engineers to achieve the best design with highest safety factor and stability.

Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to low pH stress in citrus junos seedlings

ABSTRACT Excessive soil acidity negatively affects citrus growth and development worldwide. However, less information has been presented on its tolerance to low pH stress (LPS). Here, the way in which citrus plants respond to LPS was investigated at morphological, physiological and molecular levels. Under LPS, the root length and diameter were significantly decreased. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly enhanced. LPS increased the root indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins (GAs) contents, and leaf chlorophyll content. Additionally, nutrient uptake was significantly affected by LPS. RNA-seq data revealed that a total of 1319 genes responded to LPS, of which 573 and 746 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly linked to carbon metabolism, reactive oxygen species scavenging, nutrient uptake and transport, and hormone synthesis/signalling. Taken together, our data provided an essential foundation for future elucidation of the LPS tolerance of citrus plants.

Effect of spent tea waste, compost and biochar on some growth parameters and concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under salinity stress

Salinity is a major environmental problem that adversely affects plant growth by increasing soil osmotic pressure and disrupting plant nutrition. Using organic amendments is a viable tool for reducing physiological and morphological effects of excessive soil salinity on plants. To show the impacts of tea waste, compost and biochar on nutrient status and growth parameters of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) raised in salinity conditions, this study has employed factorial CRD with two treatments involving soil salinity (2.5 and 8 dS m−1) and organic materials (spent tea waste (STW), spent tea waste compost (STWC) and spent tea waste biochar (STWB)) at 0 and 3% w/w in three replications. As soil salinity increased from 2.5 to 8 dS m−1, fresh weight and dry matter production decreased by 31.5% and 30.4%, respectively. Phosphorous and potassium concentrations in plant tissue also decreased significantly due to the increase in salinity. Organic amendments (except STW) due to their physicochemical properties increased the nutrients uptake and growth parameters of the plant. Compared to other amendments, biochar reduced salinity effects on plant growth more effectively, which is possibly due to its high nutrient adsorbing and water holding capacity. In saline conditions, the highest potassium to sodium ratio belonged to the biochar treatment, which was 3.22 and 2.78 times greater than spent tea waste and compost, respectively. Therefore, it was preferred to change the spent tea waste into biochar before being used as soil amendment.

Soil water components control plant water uptake along a subalpine elevation gradient on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Soil water is crucial for maintaining forest health by providing plants with a dependable water source. However, the understanding of the impact of soil moisture on plant water uptake, particularly in conditions of excess soil water, is limited. In this study, we investigated root water uptake strategies of dominant species along an elevational gradient in the subalpine region of the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Our results demonstrated divergent relationships between soil moisture and water uptake fractions in the shallow soil layer, where moisture generally exceeds field capacity (θfc) during the growing season, and in the deep soil layer, showing negative and positive associations, respectively. This disparity is linked to soil water components: when plants mainly used shallow soil water, the relative proportion of plant–available water (the part of water between wilting coefficient and θfc) in the shallow soil was smaller compared to instances where plants mainly used deep soil water. Conversely, the pattern for gravity water was the opposite. This phenomenon is attributed to precipitation replenishing shallow soil with gravity water and deep soil with plant–available water, leading to poor aeration in the shallow soil and an abundance of plant–available water in the deep soil, and plants tended to shift to deep soil water as a result. Furthermore, the decrease in the relative proportion of plant–available water in the shallow soil along the elevational gradient results in plants in the lowest-altitude broadleaf forest obtaining more shallow soil water and less deep soil water, which can also enhance our understanding of how soil moisture components influence plant water–use strategies. Additionally, no hydrological niche segregation was observed among species in this humid environment. These results can improve our comprehension of soil–plant interactions in subalpine areas.

Evaluation of Sustainable Strategies for Mechanical Under-Row Weed Control in the Vineyard

Mechanical under-row weed control in the vineyard emerges as a sustainable choice compared to chemical control, with tillage-based approaches proving especially efficient. A rollhacke, finger weeder, and blade weeder are valid alternatives to commonly used implements that cause excessive soil disruption and display suboptimal efficiency. The trial aimed to compare different under-row weed control strategies in terms of weed control efficacy and operational performance. Among these, in ST1, a tool-holder equipped with both a rollhacke and finger weeder was used at the first and second intervention; in ST2, a rollhacke was used at the first intervention and blade weeder at the second one; in ST3, firstly the tool-holder equipped with a rollhacke and finger weeder was used, then the blade weeder; in ST4, a rollhacke was used first and then the tool-holder equipped with a rollhacke and finger weeder. Weed height, weed cover, and weed biomass were evaluated before the first and after the second intervention. Total field time, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions of each strategy were assessed. ST1 proved to be the best compromise in terms of weed control effectiveness and operational performance compared to the other strategies. Indeed, ST1 tendentially achieved a lower weed height (20.42 cm) and weed biomass around vine trunks (105.33 g d.m. m−2) compared to the other strategies. In terms of total field time, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, ST1 recorded intermediate values equal to 3.85 h ha−1, 15.29 kg ha−1, and 48.72 kg ha−1, respectively. Further studies are needed to evaluate these strategies in different vineyard conditions, considering their effect on weed flora composition. Furthermore, exploring automation technology for real-time implement adjustments based on weed infestation levels could further improve the intervention effectiveness and efficiency.

MODELING OF WORKING BODIES FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SUGAR BEET ROOTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE DYNAMICS OF SOIL STICKING ON THEIR SURFACE

This article is devoted to the study of the process of the formation of soil adhesion on the surface of the root crop during digging, which allows in the process of modeling and designing the surfaces of the active working organs of root harvesting machines. Analyzing scientific research on this topic, it is possible to observe little attention paid to this problem, therefore the work on this topic is quite relevant. The purpose of this work is to simulate the process of soil taring, which can lead to root crop damage and a decrease in product quality. The article provides a dynamic analysis of this process, taking into account various factors, such as moisture, stickiness and other physical and mechanical properties of the soil, digging speed, shape and geometric parameters of the root crop. The Mohr-Coulomb method was chosen as the model, which made it possible to solve certain problems of the root crop extraction process and perform simulation of soil behavior for a wide range of load systems based on parameters, agricultural soils. Determination of the main characteristics of the soil in the simulation of beet extraction was carried out for a moderately heavy loam in a wet state, for which most of the input parameters for the PLAXIS software were known. These samples were subjected to standard rapid triaxial tests at an initial stress of 3 kPa, up to σ3 200 kPa. possible methods of avoiding excessive soil sticking and increasing the efficiency of harvesting root crops are substantiated. The results of the research can be useful for agricultural enterprises and sugar beet producers to optimize the process, which will allow to improve the quality of the products. Summing up, modeling the root crop extraction process is an important tool for optimizing the parameters of the harvesting machine and reducing the energy component of the digging process. This can improve the efficiency and quality of root crop production, which is important for agricultural enterprises and root crop producers. Additional research and development in this field can contribute to the continuous improvement of the root crop extraction process, which will make it possible to take into account the obtained data when designing the working bodies of beet harvesting machines.

Soil Moisture Monitoring in Banjarnegara Regency Using SMAP imagery

One of the places in Indonesia where landslides occur relatively frequently, is Banjarnegara Regency. Landslides with significant losses are observed in the study area almost annually. The preceding soil wetness is one of the elements that trigger landslides. In this study, we determine high and low soil wetness by classifying soil moisture and observing how it relates between soil moisture and the occurrence of landslides. Temporary and spatial processing was done on historical soil moisture imaging data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite. The soil moisture variability in each of the 20 grids in the study area was compared. The highest and lowest soil moisture distribution is noticeable using the high-frequency approach. The findings demonstrate that the historical soil water content trend often follows a similar pattern. When divided by the number of samples (n), the Very High-Frequency method has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 25.4mm. In this value range, there are five different classes of soil moisture: very low (0–5mm), low (5.1–10mm), medium (10.1–15mm), high (15.1–20mm), and very high (20.1-25.4mm). Despite not being the highest value from very high-frequency computations, the Banjarnegara Regency is in the high class, ranging from 16.12mm to 20.03mm. The elements causing the frequent landslides in Banjarnegara Regency are excessive and antecedent soil moisture. From 894 historical data records, entire grids with very-high and high classes cumulatively have between 51% and 85% incidences of soil moisture value.

Sustainability approach in cropping intensity (CI) 400 through optimizing the dosage of compost and chemical fertilizers to early-maturing rice varieties based on multivariate analysis

The development of early maturing rice varieties in the cropping intensity 400 program is one of the alternatives in overcoming the challenges of rice production against land conversion and dynamic climate change. Optimization of the program is feasible through composting and reduction of chemical and synthetic substances in order to avoid excessive soil damage. Therefore, evaluation in the combination of compost and chemical fertilizers is important with evaluation criteria through multivariate analysis. This research aimed to identify evaluation criteria, fertilizer packages and potential of early maturing varieties in supporting the cropping intensity 400 concept on rice. This research was conducted in two locations in South Sulawesi, Indonesia with different environmental conditions … This study employed a nested split-plot design with a group randomized design as the environmental design. The main plot was the fertilizer package (FP) consisting of 5 levels. The subplots consisted of 7 rice varieties. Each combination of fertilizer package and variety was repeated three times. The results showed that reducing the dose of NPK fertilizer together with compost application is generally effective in the growth of early maturing rice. This study also revealed the characters of chlorophyll a, harvest age, panicle length, 1000-grain weight and yield were effective in evaluating the effect of fertilizer packages on early maturing varieties. The 75 % dose of N:P:K and 3 tons.ha−1 of compost is effective fertilizer packages to the growth and production of early maturing rice in supporting cropping intensity 400. The Cakrabuana, and Inpari 13 varieties are good early maturing varieties used with the FP3 fertilization packages. Conclusively, the results of this research are important for recommending optimization of rice cultivation with the CI 400 concept, especially in the South Sulawesi region.

Good practices of post mining land rehabilitation works in the southern region of East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Open-pit/cut/cast mining is a method of extracting coal directly from the surface using a series of level benches to reach the deposit close to the surface overlain by relatively thin vegetation, topsoil, and rocks. During the year of 2010 - 2017 PT Kideco Jaya Agung (KJA) has rehabilitated post mining land 1.379,54 ha in area. The objective of this study was to examine practices of degraded land rehabilitation works and understand good practices of post mining land rehabilitation at minedout forest lands. A number of 750 plots (25mx40m) were established in 2022 to evaluate practices of land arrangement, soil erosion and sedimentation control, and land revegetation works. Rehabilitation activities that have been going well based on established plan were: waste dump arrangement, topsoil spreading, cover crops planting, plant growth rate, number of plant per-Ha, and plant health. However, rehabilitation works that still require improvement were slope stabilization, number and benefits of soil and water conservation infrastructures, excessive soil eronsion, and the composition of long life and fast growing plant species. The evaluation score of post mining rehabilitation works was 22,5 for land arrangement, 17,5 for soil erosion and sedimentation control, and 48 for land revegetation respectively with the total score 87,5. The total score indicates that forest rehabilitation works has been carried out properly based on good practices of coal mining principles.

Biofortification of Iron and Zinc in Field Crops Through Plant Microbe Interaction: A Review

Micronutrient deficiency is a big concern around the world since it causes serious social and health problems. Micronutrient availability is low on millions of hectares of land around the world, including India. Zn deficiency in Indian soils has reached 47% and Fe deficiency has reached 13%. The main causes of micronutrient deficit in soil are excessive fertilizer use (over the RDF), soil erosion and other agronomic practices that obstruct the movement of micronutrients. A promising and sustainable agriculture-based method called biofortification aims to reduce Zn and Fe deficiencies in dietary food ingredients. The plant breeding method to create biofortified crops and agronomic supplementation of micronutrients, such as foliar/soil application together with chemical fertilisers, have drawn the most attention among the various strategies used. Interactions between plants and microbes are recognised to be essential for enhancing the nutrient status of the soil and enriching micronutrients through the solubilization, mobilisation and translocation of metals to various parts of the plant. This symbiotic relationship enhances the quality and yield of crops, while innovative food processing techniques can offer cost-effective biofortified food solutions to address the nutritional needs of undernourished populations.Micronutrient deficiency is a big concern around the world since it causes serious social and health problems. Micronutrient availability is low on millions of hectares of land around the world, including India. Zn deficiency in Indian soils has reached 47% and Fe deficiency has reached 13%. The main causes of micronutrient deficit in soil are excessive fertilizer use (over the RDF), soil erosion and other agronomic practices that obstruct the movement of micronutrients. A promising and sustainable agriculture-based method called biofortification aims to reduce Zn and Fe deficiencies in dietary food ingredients. The plant breeding method to create biofortified crops and agronomic supplementation of micronutrients, such as foliar/soil application together with chemical fertilisers, have drawn the most attention among the various strategies used. Interactions between plants and microbes are recognised to be essential for enhancing the nutrient status of the soil and enriching micronutrients through the solubilization, mobilisation and translocation of metals to various parts of the plant. This symbiotic relationship enhances the quality and yield of crops, while innovative food processing techniques can offer cost-effective biofortified food solutions to address the nutritional needs of undernourished populations.