Excessive Rise Research Articles

Global Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe

We aimed to assess global trends in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and evaluate progress toward eradication since the inception of the pandemic. Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 update and the UNAIDS Data 2019. The datasets included annual figures from 1990 to 2019 for HIV/AIDS in 204 countries and all world regions. We analyzed rates and trends for prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability adjusted life years. Analysis of age and gender distribution in different regions was used to assess demographic changes. Forecasting was used to estimate disease burden up to 2040. Although many countries have witnessed a decrease in the incidence, for Russia, Ukraine, Portugal, Brazil, Spain and the United States, the rates of new cases are rising since 2010. This trend is present even in age-standardized analysis, indicating a rise in excess of population growth. Over 0.5% of the world’s population is infected. About 5000 new infections occur daily, of which 500 are children. Mortality rates are falling globally; currently at 11 deaths per 100,000 population, forecasted to decrease to 8.5 deaths by 2040. Prevalence continues to increase, with South Africa, Nigeria, Mozambique, India, Kenya and the United States having the highest burden. The total number as well as the rates of new HIV infections are rising every year in Europe, South America, North America and other regions over the last decade. Maternal-to-child transmission continues at high rates despite effective preventive regimens. There is an urgent need to develop programs to curb the rising incidence of HIV.

A review of thermal physics and management inside lithium-ion batteries for high energy density and fast charging

Traditionally it has been assumed that battery thermal management systems should be designed to maintain the battery temperature around room temperature. That is not always true as lithium-ion battery (LIB) R&D is pivoting towards the development of high energy density and fast charging batteries. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive review of thermal considerations for LIBs targeted for high energy density and fast charging, i.e., the optimal thermal condition, thermal physics (heat transport and generation) inside the battery, and thermal management strategies. As the energy density and charge rate increases, the optimal battery temperature can shift to be higher than room temperature. In the first part of the review various sources of heat generation inside LIBs and various approaches to minimizing battery heat generation are summarized. The importance of heat of mixing due to ion diffusion during fast charging is also highlighted. To improve the temperature uniformity and avoid excessive internal temperature rise, heat transfer inside the battery needs to be enhanced, and reducing the thermal contact resistance between the electrodes and separator can significantly increase the effective thermal conductivity of batteries. In the second part of the review various challenges and latest developments related to thermal transport and properties of LIBs are discussed. Finally, a summary of latest advancement on smart control of internal temperature of LIBs is discussed as depending on the ambient temperature and the optimal temperature; the battery heat needs to be retained or dissipated to elevate or avoid temperature rise.

Decontamination of Escherichia coli on dried onion flakes and black pepper using Infra-red, ultraviolet and ozone hurdle technologies

Among spices, onion flakes (OF) and black pepper (BP) are commonly used ingredients in domestic cooking; however, spices have been shown to be highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and bacterial spores. A novel method applying a treatments of Ozone Ultraviolet (UV, 255nm) and Infra-red (IR) light in different combinations was assessed for its efficiency in decontaminating OF and BP. In this study, untreated samples, as purchased, were inoculated with 9.5 × 105 cfu/mL Escherichia coli (MG1655) and exposed to each treatment alone and in combination of ozone sequentially followed by UV/IR, and UV/IR combined followed sequentially by ozone. A difference in response towards the treatment was shown among the types of spices, with a high efficacy for BP. Typically 3 log reductions were observed for ozone, UV and IR. The sequential treatments of ozone with UV and IR combined gave improved results than individual ones, with 99.99% of E. coli inactivation, and a shorter exposure duration with ozone (2.5 and 5 min) and UV and IR (2.5 and 5 min). The combined effect (ozone 2.5 min, UV and IR 10 min) yielded a log reduction of 2.69 and 4.20 for OF and BP respectively, greater than the additive effect of the individual treatments alone. The IR lamp was modulated to reduce excessive temperature rise. This novel prototype was shown to be very effective in decontaminating spices. Further studies should be conducted to validate the effectiveness of this method on decontamination of various bacterial strains.

Limiting Rise in Heat Load With an Ice Vest During Elite Female Rugby Sevens Warm-Ups.

To determine the effect of wearing a phase-change cooling vest in elite female rugby sevens athletes during (1) a simulated match-day warm-up in hot conditions prior to a training session and (2) a prematch warm-up during a tournament in cool conditions. This study consisted of 2 randomized independent group designs (separated by 16d) where athletes completed the same 23- to 25-minute match-day warm-up (1)in hot conditions (range = 28.0°C to 35.1°C wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT]) prior to training and (2)in cool conditions (range = 18.8°C to 20.1°C WBGT) prior to a World Rugby Women's Sevens Series match. In both conditions, athletes were randomly assigned to wearing either (1)the standardized training/playing ensemble (synthetic rugby shorts and training tee/jersey) or (2)the standardized training/playing ensemble plus a commercial phase-change athletic cooling vest. Group-wise differences in core temperature rise from baseline, global positioning system-measured external locomotive output, and perceptual thermal load were compared. Core temperature rise during a match warm-up was lower in the hot condition only (-0.65°C [95% confidence interval = -1.22°C to -0.08°C], ηp2=.23 [95% confidence interval = .00 to .51], P = .028). No differences in various external-load variables were observed. Phase-change cooling vests can be worn by athletes prior to, and during, a prematch warm-up in hot conditions to limit excess core temperature rise without adverse effects on thermal perceptions or external locomotion output.

24-hour blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity in the dynamics of antihypertensive treatment

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an additional method for examining patients with arterial hypertension (AH). The list of indications for its implementation is constantly expanding. One of the most important indications is the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment against the background of physical and emotional stress. Aim study of the parameters of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in patients with AH and AO in the dynamics of antihypertensive therapy. Methods 120 AH patients with AO were examined. All patients were prescribed a fixed combination of drugs: ACE inhibitors perindopril, thiazide diuretic indapamide and calcium antagonist amlodipine once in the morning at doses: 4 mg / 1.25 / 5 mg; 4 mg / 1.25 / 10 mg; 8 mg / 2.5 / 5 mg; 8 mg / 2.5 / 10 mg. ABPM was performed according to the standard method before and after 6 months of treatment. Results 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 24-diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in patients were 148 (141-158) / 97 (81-101) mm Hg. 24-hour pulse blood pressure - 59 (51-63) mm Hg. The SBP time index was 86 (67-96)%, the DBP time index was 84%. Daytime SBP variability in patients was 17 (11-20) mm Hg, daytime DBP variability was 13 (8-14) mm Hg. SBP variability at night was 14 (9-13) mm Hg, DBP variability at night was 10 (8-12) mm Hg. As a result of treatment, the target blood pressure level was achieved in 69% of the examined according to the data of the office measurement of blood pressure and in 50% of the patients according to the results of ABPM. The number of patients with pathological variability of blood pressure decreased from 47% to 25% (p <0.05). An excessive morning rise in SBP at the beginning of the study was noted in 30% of patients, and at the end of the observation - in 15% (p <0.05). Morning BP dynamics was in 43%, and after therapy in 23% (p <0.01). The number of patients with nocturnal hypertension decreased from 75% to 35% after 6 months of treatment (p <0.0001). The distribution of patients by blood pressure profiles revealed that at the beginning of the study, the "diper" type was in 44% of the patients, the "over-diper" type in 22% of the patients, the "non-diper" type was in 28%, and the "night-picker" type was observed at 6%. After 6 months of treatment, the number of patients with the "diper" profile increased to 73%, and the number of patients with the "over-diper" profile decreased to 7%, the number of patients with unfavorable non-diper and night-picker profiles changed to 5% and 1% of patients, respectively. Conclusion The fixed combination of perindopril, indopamide and amlodipine led to the normalization of all parameters of the 24-hour BP profile in hypertensive patients with AO. Treatment was not accompanied by metabolic disturbances in these patients.

Research on Optimal Control Strategy for Unpowered Downslope of High-Voltage Inspection Robot Based on Motor Temperature Rise in Complexity Microgrid Networks

In order to avoid the motor damage caused by excessive temperature rise of armature winding of the walking motor during braking of high-voltage inspection robot in complexity microgrid networks, an unpowered downhill speed and energy recovery optimization control strategy is proposed based on temperature rise characteristics of the walking motor. Firstly, the thermal equivalent circuit model of the walking motor is established, and the mapping relationship between the armature winding temperature of the walking motor and ambient temperature is solved; secondly, the influence of armature winding temperature on unpowered downhill speed and energy recovery control strategy of robot is analyzed; thirdly, according to the temperature of front and rear wheel walking motors and the temperature difference between them, the optimal control strategy of unpowered downhill speed and energy recovery of robot is put forward; fourthly, by adjusting the duty ratio u of the energy consumption speed control system and the front wheel feedback brake distribution factor λ , the temperature difference between the front and rear wheel walking motors is reduced. Through the experimental analysis on the simulated line, it is verified that the unpowered downhill speed and energy recovery optimization control method based on the temperature rise characteristics of the walking motor can effectively reduce the temperature difference between the front and rear wheels.

The Simulation Study on Temperature Field Distribution of 220 kV Gas Insulated Switchgear

Under working conditions, the conductive rods in the GIS flow through the power frequency alternating current. Due to the coupling effect of the magnetic field and electric field between the metal aluminum shell and the conductive rod, induced eddy currents are generated in the metal shell of the GIS. The heat generated by the current heating effect of the GIS conductive rod and the eddy current loss of the metal casing will cause the temperature rise of GIS equipment. Due to the limited volume, the heat dissipation capacity of GIS is poor. Excessive temperature rise will accelerate the insulation aging of GIS equipment, and even damage its insulation, which will affect safe operation. In order to obtain the temperature change law of GIS, related influencing factors such as eddy current loss, skin effect, proximity effect, convective heat transfer of SF6 gas, and gravity of SF6 gas are comprehensively considered. The finite element analysis is used to research and discuss GIS magnetic field distribution, eddy current, temperature distribution and SF6 gas velocity. The initial value of the temperature of each part is set to 293.15 K (20 °C), and the temperature in the GIS is calculated to gradually decrease from the inside to the outside under the rated AC current of 3150 A. The temperature at the conductive rod position is the highest at 335.32 K, and the temperature at the housing position is the lowest at 294.65 K.

Effect of reduction of heat using Kenaf fibrous pulverised fuel ash concrete in hydration process

Since early civilization, the toughness of concrete Pozzolanic materials, either naturally occurring or artificially produced, has long been in practice. The purpose of pozzolanic materials in the cement industry especially contributes to strengthening the concrete structure after its reaction with water. However, the increase in temperature of the cement mixture after the addition of water becomes a great concern. Which can affect the quality of the structure afterward. Therefore, this research mainly focuses on the study of the heat of hydration process in the early stages of a concrete mixture. Four types of concrete mixtures are used in this study are Ordinary Portland Cement concrete (OPC), pulverised fuel ash cement concrete (PFAC), Kenaf fibrous concrete (KFC), and Kenaf pulverised fuel ash concrete (KFPC). The temperature of all samples was recorded for 72 hours. The selection of pozzolanic material of PFA cement in the mixture was found to play an important role in controlling the heat. The result indicated that the replacement of 25% of PFA (for PFAC sample) and addition of Kenaf fiber (for KFC sample) in the concrete mixture reduced the heat of hydration by 5% and 3% respectively, compared to the conventional OPC mixture. Thus, the combination of PFA and Kenaf fiber in one concrete mixture can result in a 6% reduction of the heat of hydration. Hence, the partial replacement of cement with pulverised fuel ash and kenaf fiber is beneficial, especially for mass concrete where it can minimize the effect of thermal cracking of the structure due to excessive heat rise.

Comparison of Efficacy of First Haemodialysis Session for Correction of Metabolic Disturbances in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children


 
 
 
 Introduction: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease present with various complications like electrolyte disturbances, metabolic acidosis and fluid overload in children. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of the first session of haemodialysis in children with acute kidney injury stage 3 and chronic kidney disease G5 treated by dialysis for immediate recovery of renal functions in terms of reduction in the level of azotemia, correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, and improvement in clinical status.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative observational study conducted on 13 patients of acute kidney injury stage 3 and 46 patients with chronic kidney disease G5, who required haemodialysis. Their clinical assessment, fluid status, renal function tests, electrolyte, bicarbonate were done at admission and completion of the first session of heamodialysis.
 Results: The age group of children was six to 16 years (median 11.4 years). There were six males (46%) and seven females (54%) in the acute kidney injury group and 29 (63%) males and 17 (37%) females in chronic kidney disease G5 groups. Sepsis (31%) and glomerulonephritis (31%) were common etiologies detected for acute kidney injury while in chronic kidney disease G5, congenital anomalies of the kidney and the urinary tract were the commonest (50%). There were significant reductions in the levels of serum urea and creatinine and a rise in blood pH, bicarbonate level, and base excess following the first session of haemodialysis in comparison to pre-dialysis values in both AKI and CKD.
 Conclusions: The study demonstrated improvement in the clinical parameters and biochemical parameters equally after the first dialysis sessions in both groups. This is one of the effective renal replacement therapy and should be instituted wherever indicated to improve the immediate outcome of the patients.
 
 
 

Research on the influence of spindle temperature rise of drilling and tapping machine on machining accuracy

With the progress of science and technology, the improvement of product performance, as well as the improvement of user’s requirements for product experience, the accuracy of machine tools and equipment is required to be higher and higher. Spindle is an important component of high-speed drilling and tapping machine. The change of its temperature directly affects the accuracy of machining size and appearance of machine equipment. This paper mainly studies the causes of spindle temperature rise and the methods to prevent excessive temperature rise.

Continuous fabrication of polyethylene microfibrilar bundles for wearable personal thermal management fabric

Recently, the increasing demands of energy saving and various human thermoregulation equipment give rise to the resurgence of functional fabrics. Therefore, the fibers/microfibrilar bundles with thermal management ability, which can be woven into various functional fabrics, have aroused much attention. Unfortunately, reported techniques to fabricate such functional fibers/microfibrilar bundles often suffer from the low fabrication efficiency and high cost. Herein, a highly efficient, continuous but facile approach was employed to fabricate high density polyethylene microfibrilar bundles (PMBs) containing oriented microchannels. The as-prepared PMBs can be woven into fabrics with outstanding performances (e.g., thermal insulation, breathability, hydrophobicity, etc.), showing promising application in large-area personal thermal management. That is, it can not only prevent heat loss of human body to realize passive heating in indoor circumstance, but also can insulate the sunlight radiation to avoid the excessive rise of skin temperature in outdoor circumstance. This work proposes a promising strategy to fabricate multifunctional polymer microfibrilar bundles for wearable personal thermal management fabric by using common melt processing method.

Design and analysis of different cooling schemes of a flux‐modulated permanent magnet in‐wheel motor for electric vehicle applications

The flux-modulated permanent magnet (FMPM) in-wheel motor has provided a promising solution to drive electric vehicles (EVs) because of its salient features such as tight structure, high power (torque) density, and high transmission efficiency. But it easily causes excessive temperature rise and limits the torque output due to the poor heat dissipation capacity inside the in-wheel cavity. In this regard, a 3D fluidic-thermal coupled model integrating computational fluid dynamics and numerical heat transfer is proposed and validated by experimental results on a 2.1 kW, 1800 rpm PM motor prototype. The temperature rise distribution of a 22.6 kW, 600 rpm FMPM in-wheel motor under an existing natural cooling structure is then numerically investigated. It is revealed that it is difficult to satisfy the thermal requirements of the motor using only natural cooling approach. Consequently, a self-ventilated cooling system and a non-contact lead-in (NCLI) system are used to maintain the temperature rise. In addition, to further improve the heat dissipation capacity, the NCLI structure is modified with water cooling channels separated by orifice plates to limit the excessive motor temperature rise. The motor temperature rises under different cooling schemes are analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooling structures.

Effects of Thermal Conditioning on Changes in Hepatic and Muscular Tissue Associated With Reduced Heat Production and Body Temperature in Young Chickens.

Effects of increased summer temperatures on poultry production are becoming more pronounced due to global warming, so it is important to consider approaches that might reduce heat stress in chickens. Thermal conditioning in chickens in the neonatal period can improve thermotolerance and reduce body temperature increases when birds are exposed to high ambient temperature later in life. The objective of this study was to investigate physiological and molecular changes associated with heat production and hence body temperature regulation under high ambient temperatures in thermally conditioned chicks. Three-day-old broiler chicks (Chunky) were thermally conditioned by exposure to a high ambient temperature (40°C) for 12 h while control chicks were kept at 30°C. Four days after the treatment, both groups were exposed to 40°C for 15 or 90 min. The increase in rectal temperature during 90 min of exposure to a high ambient temperature was less in thermally conditioned than control chicks. At 15-min of re-exposure treatment, gene expression for uncoupling protein and carnitine palmitoyletransferase 1, key molecules in thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, were significantly higher in pectoral muscle of control chicks but not conditioned chicks. Hepatic argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) decreased and hepatic argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) increased after reexposure to a high temperature. The concentrations of hepatic arginosuccinic acid, and ASS and ASL expression, were upregulated in conditioned chicks compared with the control chicks, indicating activity of the urea cycle could be enhanced to trap more energy to reduce heat production in conditioned chicks. These results suggest thermal conditioning can reduce the increase in heat production in muscles of chickens that occurs in high ambient temperatures to promote sensible heat loss. Conditioning may also promote energy trapping process in the liver by altering the heat production system, resulting in an alleviation of the excessive rise of body temperature.

Body Core Temperature Estimation Using New Compartment Model With Vital Data From Wearable Devices

With increasing heat-wave frequency, the prevention and public awareness of heat-related illnesses has become an essential topic. In the standard for heat strain and stress, empirical guidelines to prevent excess core temperature rise above 1 °C have been prescribed for workers. However, measuring core temperature change in our daily life or working place is not straightforward. The estimation of core temperature from measured vital signals in a non-invasive manner is thus essential for the management of heat stress or strain. Here, we propose an estimation method for core temperature change by a simplified thermodynamics model with the measured heart rate and ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Our proposed model is based on a two-layer two-compartment model with tuned parameters, which were derived from comparison between the computations using high-resolution anatomical human body model. Our model exhibited good agreement with the measured core temperature rise; the computed and measured core temperature rise for the naked trial were 0.54 °C and 0.53 °C, whereas those for the clothed trial were 0.70 °C, and 0.71 °C, respectively. Furthermore, our compartment model with vital data measured from a wearable device achieved good estimation in real time for field measurement in addition to computational replication with a previous study.

Power Absorption and Skin Temperature Rise From Simultaneous Near-Field Exposure at 2 and 28 GHz

In international guidelines and standards for human protection from electromagnetic fields, mass-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) is used as a metric to prevent excessive temperature rise at frequencies from 100 kHz up to 6 GHz. Above this transition frequency, including the frequency region assigned to fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems, area-averaged absorbed power density (APD) or epithelial power density is used as a physical quantity to specify restrictions on human exposure. In 5G wireless systems, frequencies above and below 6 GHz may be used simultaneously. The effect of the superposition of SAR and APD on temperature rise should be considered, especially regarding the prevention of excessive surface temperature. Herein, we considered simultaneous exposure from inverted-F antenna and patch antenna array operating at 2 and 28 GHz, respectively. Computational results showed that the effect of superposition was marginal. This result is attributable to the heat diffusion length in biological tissues ( $\sim 10$ mm). The effect of the superposition was higher than 15% only when the patch antenna array and inverted-F antenna were separated by less than 50 mm for the 5 mm antenna-body separation.

Research on the thermal characteristics of steady-state energization of pressure-controlled materials used in transfer fault current limiters

In recent years, there have been more and more researches on fault current limiters. Pressure-controlled materials with piezoresistive effect can be used in current transfer type fault current limiters. Titanium diboride powder is a material with piezoresistive effect, and its resistance is negatively correlated with pressure changes. In the current transfer type fault current limiter, The pressure-controlled materials is the main branch of the current transfer circuit. A large amount of heat will be generated in the steady-state current working state, in turn, the temperature rise in the pressure-controlled materials container continues to increase. On the one hand, excessive temperature rise will affect the resistance of the titanium diboride powder, resulting in the actual flow capacity not reaching the design standard; On the other hand, the accumulation of heat in the material will accelerate the aging of the material and the outer container, thereby reducing the actual service life and even affecting the material's insulation performance and causing safety hazards. This article focuses on the characteristics of the piezoresistive effect of titanium diboride powder, use permanent magnet-repulsive mixing mechanism to provide holding pressure for it. Study the long-term through-flow heat effect with pressure under the cylindrical parallel through-flow container. According to its heating and structural characteristics, several heat dissipation methods are proposed in combination with simulation, and the experiments are carried out. Through simulation and experimentation, The installation of vertical heat sinks and the simultaneous application of industrial fan cooling can effectively reduce the current heating effect. It has important guiding significance for its use in the field of current transfer and current limiting to achieve long-term current flow.

Evaluating the effect of EPBM operational parameters on surface settlement in soft ground

Abstract The present study investigates the effects of some essential earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) operational parameters, including face, annulus and grout pressures, on ground surface settlement during tunnel excavation. A numerical soil-tunnel-fluid coupled model was developed using the finite difference method (FDM) in FLAC3D for the basis of this research. Hence, the effects of geostatic stress in the tunnel face and annulus and the grout pressure behind the segment on ground settlement were investigated by parametric analyses. The results indicated that a reduction in the boundary pressure (from 508 to 335 kPa) on the face and annulus space did not change the settlement significantly, altering the settlement from 1.18 to 1.48 mm. The results of parametric grout pressure analysis showed that applying a grout pressure equal to the vertical geostatic stress (i.e. 335 kPa) had a larger effect than applying horizontal geostatic stress (i.e. 357 kPa) to the tunnel face on controlling the ground settlement—i.e. 1.45 and 1.20 mm, respectively. A lateral earth pressure of below 1 (K0 < 1) led to the estimation of horizontal geostatic stress value that was lower than the vertical geostatic stress value, thereby applying a lower effect to controlling the ground settlement. Grout pressure increment relative to the vertical geostatic stress considerably reduced the ground settlement. However, an excessive rise in the grout pressure could lead to deformation and upward displacements in the form of ground heaving at a transverse distance of above 20 m from the tunnel axis.

Experimental assessment of the relationship between rainfall intensity and sinkholes caused by damaged sewer pipes

Abstract. In several countries, the rising occurrence of sinkholes has led to severe social and economic damage. Based on the mechanism of sinkhole development, researchers have investigated the correlation between rainfall intensity and sinkholes caused by damaged sewer pipes. In this study, the effect of rainfall intensity on the formation of eroded zones, as well as the occurrence of sinkholes caused by soil erosion due to groundwater infiltration through pipe defects, has been analyzed through model tests. The ground materials in Seoul were represented by weathered granite soil, which is generally used for backfill sewer pipes, and groundwater levels corresponding to three different rainfall intensity conditions were considered. The ground level changes and ground displacements were measured continuously, and the particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm was applied to measure the displacement at each position of the model ground. The results indicate that impeding the excessive rise in groundwater levels by securing sufficient sewage treatment facilities can effectively prevent the development of sinkholes caused by pipe defects.

The Hoge Raad judgment of 20 December 2019 in the Urgenda case: an overcautious policy for reducing GHG emissions breaches Articles 2 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

The judgment of the Hoge Raad (hereafter HR) given on 20 December 2019 in the Urgenda case upheld the Court of Appeal judgment of 9 October 2018 ruling on a collective interest action brought by the Urgenda Foundation on behalf of 886 Dutch citizens objecting to the inadequacy of measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Netherlands. The HR largely endorsed the particularly detailed advisory opinions delivered on 13 September 2019 by Procurator General F.F. Langemeijer and Advocate General M.H. Wissink. The HR judgment is of particular interest in view of the personal, temporal and substantive scope of Articles 2 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ECHR). In recent years there has been an increasing debate on the link between climate change and positive obligations of a preventive nature that are incumbent upon States under human rights law. In the landmark Urgenda case, the HR held that, given the severity of the impact of climate change, the Dutch State is subject to a duty of care in accordance with Articles 2 (right to life) and 8 (right to privacy and family life) ECHR, which have direct effect, and is required to adopt mitigating measures. These measures must involve a 25% reduction of GHG emissions by the end of 2020, instead of the government's projected reduction of 20%. This target is deemed to be necessary so as to limit the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere to 450 ppm in order to prevent the dangerous climate change that would be associated with any temperature rise in excess of 2°C.

Separate and combined effects of cold dialysis and intradialytic exercise on the thermoregulatory responses of hemodialysis patients: a randomized-cross-over study

BackgroundThe separate and combined effects of intradialytic exercise training (IET) and cold dialysis (CD) on patient thermoregulation remain unknown. This study assessed the thermoregulatory responses of hemodialysis patients under four different hemodialysis protocols: a) one typical dialysis (TD) protocol (dialysate temperature at 37 °C), b) one cold dialysis (CD) protocol (dialysate temperature at 35 °C), c) one typical dialysis protocol which included a single exercise bout (TD + E), d) one cold dialysis protocol which included a single exercise bout (CD + E).MethodsTen hemodialysis patients (57.2 ± 14.9 years) participated in this randomized, cross-over study. Core and skin temperatures were measured using an ingestible telemetric pill and by four wireless iButtons attached on the skin, respectively. Body heat storage (S) calculated using the thermometric method proposed by Burton.ResultsThe TD and TD + E protocols were associated with increased S leading to moderate effect size increases in core body temperature (as high as 0.4 °C). The low temperature of the dialysate during the CD and the CD + E protocols prevented the rise in S and core temperature (p > 0.05), even during the period that IET took place.ConclusionsTD and IET are accompanied by a moderate level of hyperthermia, which can be offset by CD. We recommended that CD or with IET can prevent the excessive rise of S.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registry number: NCT03905551 (clinicaltrials.gov), DOR: 05/04/2019,