Excessive Heat Research Articles

Bio-curvilinear shading device for cooling load reduction in office buildings assessed by a novel energy simulation framework

Excessive heat accumulation is one of the main challenges in office buildings with curtain wall systems. This challenge requires a staggering amount of cooling energy, especially in desert and temperate climate zones. Hence, an effective and practical shading device is necessary to address this issue using a bio-inspired strategy to reduce cooling energy consumption and enhance sustainability. This study uses a Bio-Curvilinear Shading Device (Bio-CSD) to improve cooling energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness and CO2 reduction in the desert and temperate climate zones in Iraq. To alleviate overheating issues, we designed a Bio-CSD and a modified Bio-Curvilinear Shading Device (mBio-CSD) from a cactus, namely the Ogonchu plant (Pilosocereus chrysostele). Fifty-one scenarios were investigated to examine the prevalence of three distinct office building typologies: linear [T1], concentric [T2], and courtyard [T3]. The Bio-CSD and the mBio-CSD were simulated using a novel energy simulation framework for curvilinear shading devices using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (ICE) software v4.8. Our findings revealed that the Bio-CSD outperforms a Rectilinear Shading Device (RSD) under identical conditions with the same surface area. The Bio-CSD allows maximum cooling energy savings of 31 %, 24 %, and 22 % and 23 %, 19 %, and 16 % for the three office building typologies (T1, T2 and T3) in temperate and desert climate zones, respectively. Our Bio-CSD can be a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to mitigate overheating issues while ensuring more natural light penetration during winter, with reduced material use and lower costs.

Analysis of the Effect of Temporal Changes on the Coolant Viscosity of the Pendinggin System on Motorcycles

A combustion motor is a machine that converts from chemical energy to motion energy, where in the working system of a combustion motor produces power or engine rotation which is produced from the process of combustion in the combustion chamber (cylinder). In addition to producing power and rotation, it also produces heat (thermal) as a result of the combustion process. Excessive heat generated by the combustion process can also cause problems if not overcome properly, can cause overheating. Therefore, a good cooling system such as radiator coolant is needed, in the fluid cooling system there is viscositic (viscosity of the substance) which can affect the absorption of heat. The following are the test results at temperatures of 27.8oC (0.35dpa.s), 70oC (0.275dpa.s), 90oC (0.25dpa.s). If the viscosity value is low, then in the flow rate the faster the heat absorption and heat transfer will be more effective, while if the viscosity value is high, then in the flow rate the slower the heat absorption and heat transfer process becomes ineffective.

Multi-Scale Study of a Phase Change Material on a Tropical Island for Evaluating Its Impact on Human Comfort in the Building Sector.

Our study explores the utilization of a phase change material (PCM) to optimize energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings in tropical climates. Employing a comprehensive multi-scale approach, this research encompasses both microscopic and macroscopic analyses to rigorously evaluate the PCM's performance under various environmental conditions. It evaluates the effect of PCMs on ambient conditions in the face of temperature variations and high humidity, utilizing experimental methods at different scales (microscopic and macroscopic). Microscopic analyses reveal the composite structure of the PCM, consisting of microencapsulated paraffin within a cellulose fiber matrix. At a macroscopic scale, experiments using two real-scale test cells evaluated thermal performance and its influence on thermal comfort. Temperature and humidity data were meticulously collected over an extended period to assess the PCM's impact on indoor regulation. We employed type T thermocouples and flux meters to monitor thermal dynamics and energy flux across the building walls. This setup facilitated a detailed comparison of temperature variations and thermal comfort metrics between the PCM-equipped test cell and a control cell. The results indicate a seasonal duality of the PCM: beneficial in winter for thermal regulation but problematic in summer due to excessive heat retention. The conclusions highlight the importance of carefully selecting and adapting PCMs for tropical climates, thus providing valuable insights for designing sustainable buildings in regions facing similar climatic challenges.

Critical environmental core temperature limits and heart rate thresholds across the adult age span (PSU HEAT Project).

The frequency, duration, and severity of extreme heat events have increased and are projected to continue to increase throughout the next century. As a result, there is an increased risk of excessive heat- and cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality during these extreme heat events. Therefore, the purposes of this investigation were to establish 1) critical environmental core temperature (Tc) limits for middle-aged adults (MA), 2) environmental thresholds that cause heart rate (HR) to progressively rise in MA and older (O) adults, and 3) examine critical environmental Tc limits and HR environmental thresholds across the adult age span. Thirty-three young (Y) (15 F; 23 ± 3 yr), 28 MA (17 F; 51 ± 6 yr), and 31 O (16 F; 70 ± 3 yr) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber in a warm-humid (WH, 34-36°C, 50-90% rh) and a hot-dry (HD, 38°C-52°C, <30% rh) environment while exercising at a low metabolic rate reflecting activities of daily living (∼1.8 METs). In both environments, there was a main effect of age on the critical environmental Tc limit and environmental HR thresholds (main effect of age all P < 0.001). Across the lifespan, critical environmental Tc and HR thresholds decline linearly with age in HD environments (R2 ≥ 0.3) and curvilinearly in WH environments (R2 ≥ 0.4). These data support an age-associated shift in critical environmental Tc limits and HR thresholds toward lower environmental conditions and can be used to develop evidence-based safety guidelines to minimize future heat-related morbidity and mortality across the adult age span.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to identify critical environmental core temperature and heart rate thresholds across the adult age spectrum. In addition, our data demonstrate that the rate of decline in Tc and HR limits with age is environmental-dependent. These findings provide strong empirical data for the development of safety guidelines and policy decisions to mitigate excessive heat- and cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality for impending heat events.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the intermittent heat transfer performance of phase change material (PCM)-based heat sink with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS)

The excessive heat generated during the operation of electronic components leads to significant temperature increases, posing a significant risk to their service life. For the problem of efficient thermal management of electronic devices in confined spaces experiencing high heat flow, a scheme using triply periodic minimal surfaces and a phase change material-based active–passive cooling heat sink is proposed to control the temperature of electronic equipment. The apparent heat capacity method is employed to simulate the intermittent process of the phase change material-based heat sink. The optimization based on Box-Behnken Design and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is analyzed to obtain an improved triply periodic minimal surface structure. The effect of thermal performance (including base temperature, liquid fraction, and Grashof number) of an intermittent heat sink based on an improved structure is discussed. Visualization and temperature testing platforms are established. Through visualization experiments, the internal temperature and liquid fraction distribution of the heat sink are obtained, and the simulation results are in good agreement with the test results. The results show that the base temperature, liquid fraction, and Grashof number achieve a steady periodic variation during the intermittent process. Specifically, the base temperature remains stable in the range of 314 K to 340 K, the liquid fraction stabilizes between 0.8 and 1.0, and the Grashof number stabilizes between 100 and 1000. At the heating power of 30 W or below, the base temperature of the heat sink exhibits a steady periodic variation. At the heating power of 40 W, the maximum base temperature of the heat sink exceeds 370 K.

Experimental study on flow optimization and thermal performance enhancement of an ultrathin silicon-based loop heat pipe

Excessive heat flux of integrated circuits (ICs) leads to the failure of electronic devices and the consumption of extra energy. Silicon-based loop heat pipe (sLHP) offers a simple, reliable and easily-integrate method for IC thermal management. In this study, the influence of two common wicks (micropillar arrays (MP) wick and microchannel (MC) wick) on fluid flow and performance of sLHP are systematically compared and studied through visual experiment. And two advanced wicks (in-line long rib (IR) wick and staggered long rib (SR) wick) are proposed to further optimize the sLHP. The results show that the fluctuant vapor-liquid interface in MP wick is beneficial to the supplement of working fluid from adjacent flow channel, but it also introduces the uncertainty of flow. The MC wick features the preset flow channel and stable fluid flow but limited heat transfer capacity. Notably, the IR wick and SR wick effectively enhance that capability of supplementing fluid by combining the advantages of the MP wick and MC wick showing better thermal performance. The effective thermal conductivity of SR-sLHP and IR-sLHP is better than that of MP-sLHP and MC-sLHP, with the maximum values of 860 W/(m·K) and 848 W/(m·K), respectively.

Impact of Nanoparticles in Water Coolant on Heat Transfer Rate in Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. The fluids can be single or two phases depending on the exchanger type and may be separated by in -direct contact (the two most common kinds of heat exchanger are the shell-and-tube and plate/fin). In this research work double pipe heat exchanger was used to analyze the performance of water coolant for industrial applications. In Heat Exchanger the water coolant temperature increases due to increase in the temperature of oil in the tubes. Therefore, it may decrease the overall efficiency of the equipment resulting from degradation of the lubricant oil. In this regard, it is required some additives to be mixed with water coolant so that to enhance the heat transfer rate of the unit. Due to the excessive heating of the hydraulic oil in the turbine bearings, the material of the bearing found damage and deteriorate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to remove the heat from bearing oil, so that overall efficiency of heating equipment could be increased. In this research work Hydraulic oil was heated at 600C and 700C as per requirements of the industry. The experiments were conducted at both parallel and counter flow directions. Initially, a baseline experiment was carried out between hot oil and water coolant (without additives or nanoparticles). Besides the heat transfer rate between hot oil and water coolant with the additives (CuO and Al2O3) were observed at 1-3% proportion. It was concluded that the heat transfer rate of CuO was increased more than Al2O3 and plain water coolant due to more uniform temperature difference maintained between the inlet and outlet of cold and hot fluids due to the higher thermal conductivity of CuO. The maximum heat transfer rate was found to be 36.6 % at 60℃ and 38% at 70℃ with 3% of CuO additive in water coolant in the counter-flow condition.

Analyzing the thermal performance of walling systems in low-income housing through computational fluid dynamics approach

The thermal properties of wall materials have a direct impact on the thermal performance of the indoor environment, by also influencing the occupant’s well-being. Coupled with airflow dynamics, the thermal performance of wall materials influences the indoor air temperature distribution thereby impacting thermal comfort, particularly in naturally ventilated (NV) spaces. However, defining the relationships between the wall characteristics, airflow dynamics, and thermal comfort for selecting the appropriate wall material for low-income NV buildings is still not evident in the current literature. Therefore, this study proposes a simulation-based framework that considers the relationships between wall materials, airflow dynamics, and thermal comfort using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach by spatially plotting the thermal comfort within the NV spaces.The study analyses locally accessible wall materials, subjecting them to different operating conditions within NV dwelling units of low-income housing in India. Out of the analyzed wall materials, aerated autoclaved blocks exhibited a significant indoor temperature reduction of 20.7 % compared to the compressed stabilized earth blocks, with constrained airflow exacerbating temperature fluctuations. The global implications of these findings are substantial for urban low-income dwellers experiencing excessive heat. Mass housing efforts worldwide can benefit from using thermally efficient materials in construction thereby improving living conditions, and mitigating the impact of climate change on thermal comfort and health.

Investigating the effect of heat flux on tetracycline absorption by bio-MOF-11 nanostructure: A molecular dynamics approach

Tetracycline is a type of antibiotic that falls under the category of antibiotics. Studying the absorption process of Tetracycline by bio-MOF-11 carrier is important for enhancing drug delivery efficiency, optimizing dosage, and increasing bioavailability, ultimately improving treatment outcomes and potentially leading to the development of new therapies. The present study examined the effect of variable amplitude heat flux (HF) on the bio-MOF-11 carriers' ability to absorb tetracycline. Various parameters were assessed and documented using molecular dynamics simulation and LAMMPS software, including the mean square displacement, number of drug particles, diffusion coefficient, and interaction energy. The results show that by increasing heat flux to 0.04 W/m2, the interaction energy became more negative, decreasing from −1376.35 to −1549.35 kcal/mol. Both mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient increased from 72.906 Å2 and 75.69 28 nm2/ns to 79.745 Å2 and 83.28 nm2/ns, respectively. Also, the number of penetrated Tetracycline-Drug in bio-MOF-11 carriers increased to 606, but it decreased to 520 with a further increase in HF to 0.08 W/m2. The different ways that heat affected adsorption process within the MOF structure may be the cause of this change. The first improvement in penetration can be a sign of improved drug binding and mobility at a moderate HFA. In contrast, the subsequent decrease at higher HFA levels could suggest that excessive heat disrupts the adsorption mechanism, potentially affecting the stability and efficiency of drug delivery within the system.

Mechanical stretching triggered smart Janus fabrics for dynamic personal moisture/heat management

Janus fabrics, exhibiting unidirectional liquid transportation capability to foster a comfortable microclimate for our human body, have become a new research hotspot. However, integrating intelligent, adaptable functionalities into Janus fabrics to suit fluctuating environmental conditions and personal thermal perceptions remains a challenge. Herein, we proposed a smart pore-actuated Janus fabric with tunable functions based on mechanical stretching. Specifically, when the human feels hot and sweaty, they can manually stretch the spandex fabric to “open” its pores (from ∼ 41 μm to ∼ 138 μm) according to the actual situation. Meanwhile, the stretching can significantly decrease the positive breakthrough pressure of the fabric from 9.5 to 0.8 cm H2O, which can facilitate one-way sweat transportation and rapid heat dissipation (0.3 ℃ lower than that of the original fabric). Moreover, timely stopping stretching can “close” the fabric’s pores, avoiding excessive evaporation-induced chill. For comparison, in cold or rainy weather, the pores of the unstretched fabric are set to be “closed” (diameter: ∼41 μm) to prevent excessive heat loss (2.4 ℃ higher than that covered by the spandex fabric) and safeguard against external rainwater intrusion. This innovative design can maximize human comfort in diverse environments, and the underlying concept holds promise for the development of new-generation smart fabrics.

Experimental study of a PV-PCM window under hot summer and warm winter climate

An energy-efficient PV-PCM (Photovoltaic-Phase change material) window is proposed in this study. During the day, a portion of the incident solar radiation is converted into electricity, while excessive heat from internal sources and solar radiation is stored within the PCM infill. At night, the stored heat can be released from the PCM. Unlike existing PV windows with PCM infill, the PCM is sealed in separate modules, allowing for easy adjustment or removal to better adapt to different weather conditions. In this study, the light, thermal and electrical performance of the PV-PCM window was tested in comparison with common clear glazing window, PV window and PCM-infill window under hot summer and warm winter climate.The experiment results demonstrated the ability of PV-PCM window in delaying and reducing the peak indoor temperature in hot summer. Compared with common clear glazing window, the peak temperature reduced by 8.67, 5.35 and 10.70 °C in the three days. Correspondingly, the indoor heat gains were reduced by 364.97, 265.96 and 301.10 kJ. SHGC of the proposed PV-PCM window was reduced to <0.30, whereas the U-value was reduced to <2.50 W/(m2·K). Compared with the PV window, more power generation were observed by PV-PCM window because of the cooling effect brought by the PCM module nearby. Whilst balancing thermal regulation, the daily power generations of the 0.36 m2 semi-transparent CdTe PV-PCM window were 548.33, 316.55 and 58.85 kJ.

Seattle's climate: The effects of global warming and possible remedies

Global warming-induced climate change is a severe worldwide issue that has far-reaching effects on the ecology and biological evolution of the planet. Numerous experts study how the climate is changing globally and even in particular areas. This essay's topic is an analysis of Seattle's climate change using literature and data. To determine if Seattle's climate has altered recently, this thesis first examined the city's precipitation, temperature, sea level, and urban excessive heat from four different perspectives. Next, using data on climate change, examine the connection between climate change and global warming. The findings: There is a connection between global warming and climatic change in Seattle. The conclusion is that people continue to underestimate how much the environment is deteriorating due to societal development. For the sake of the planet and all life on it, humanity should strike a balance between environmental preservation and economic growth. Nonetheless, the goal of this thesis is to shed light on environmental changes occurring in Seattle and to identify and address issues that improve the planet.

Predictive study of drying process for limonite pellets using MLP artificial neural network model

Due to the decline in high-grade iron ore production, the utilization of low-grade iron ore, such as limonite, has become necessary. Limonite contains a significant amount of bound water, which requires a drying process prior to use. Excessive heat stress caused by the evaporation of bound and free water during the drying of limonite pellets can lead to pellet disintegration and adversely affect gas-solid reactions. In recent years, artificial neural network (ANN) has been developing continuously in the fields of modeling and intelligent control, and has been widely used. Many predecessors used artificial neural network model to study the drying process of natural organic matter, and analyzed the factors affecting the drying rate of organic matter. In this study, we employed big data analysis, specifically Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural networks, to analyze the drying process of limonite pellets and successfully established a predictive drying model applicable to limonite pellets. The MLP artificial neural network demonstrated excellent fitting between predicted and experimental values, with a maxi-mum R2 value of 0.999. The artificial neural network for drying developed in this study provides technical guidance for industrial material drying, reduces the workload of manual measurements, and minimizes energy consumption.

Schaftoside from Plumula nelumbinis mitigates “Shanghuo” by inhibiting low‐grade inflammation, diminishing oxidative stress, and enhancing energy metabolism

AbstractThe study was focused on the therapeutic potential of schaftoside (SS), a key bioactive compound found in Plumula nelumbinis, in the context of “Shanghuo,” an excessive internal heat condition induced by the overconsumption of capsaicin. “Shanghuo” in traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by symptoms like skin and mucous membrane redness, swelling, fever, and discomfort. It is commonly used to describe symptoms such as intense thirst, constipation, and a rapid or surging pulse. In modern medicine, it is associated with various factors, including dietary irritants, stress, gut microbiota imbalances, and immunological issues. The concept of Yin–Yang balance is pivotal in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Yin embodies elements of stability and inhibition, whereas Yang is indicative of vitality and assertiveness. Excessive capsaicin intake can also trigger “Shanghuo” symptoms by disrupting the body's balance of “Yin and Yang.” In the present study, we isolated SS from P. nelumbinis and performed in vitro antioxidant assays. SS exhibited a concentration‐dependent increase in antioxidant activity, indicating its potential to combat oxidative stress. In animal experiments, rats exposed to a high dose of capsaicin showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers and reduced antioxidant levels. SS effectively mitigated these imbalances, restored antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, capsaicin‐treated rats showed decreased energy metabolism and altered gut microbiota. SS treatment enhanced energy metabolism and increased the abundance of intestinal flora, highlighting its potential to restore metabolic balance. In conclusion, SS from P. nelumbinis shows promise in alleviating “Shanghuo” induced by excessive capsaicin intake.

Improvement of mechanical properties by cold plasma treatment of bonded surfaces

In nature, matter is found in solid, liquid or gaseous form. At very high temperatures, molecules can absorb an enormous amount of energy, causing them to move in a disordered way. With the absorbed energy, they can dissociate into atoms, and because of their disordered motion, these molecules or atoms can split into ions and electrons. Excessive heating of matter is therefore always accompanied by ionisation, leaving the medium electrically neutral. This ionised state is known as plasma. It is sometimes called the fourth state of matter. Plasmas are therefore mixtures of neutral and/or excited ions, electrons, atoms, radicals or demodules with an internal energy above the neutral state. Sources of plasma can be as follows: naturally occurring in the ionosphere; produced by nuclear reactions; generated by a hyperfrequency source; formed by direct heating followed by confinement in a region of space by a magnetic field; and produced by electrical discharges. Plasma is characterised by the state of its components: density, which is defined by the number of particles per unit volume; kinetic temperature; and degree of ionisation. Plasma can be thermal or out of thermal equilibrium, or 'cold plasma'. Cold plasma is formed, for example, when a gas passes through strong electric fields - electrons are dissociated from the molecules and the gas becomes electrically conductive and glows blue. The paper describes the equipment used to create cold plasma, which was used to treat different surfaces. After treatment, they were bonded with different adhesives and tested for tensile strenght. An improvement in the mechanical properties mentioned above was observed when the surfaces to be bonded were treated with cold plasma compared to surfaces bonded normally. When the impact of cold plasma treatment on elongation, or ε, is examined, it is found that for Fiber Wood samples, cold plasma treatment considerably boosts elongation, increasing it from 0.35% for untreated samples to 0.81% for samples treated with cold plasma. For samples that have been treated with cold plasma, the average value increases significantly from 0.03% to 0.63% when ArbofillFichte material is used. In addition, the application of cold plasma treatment to the surfaces results in an increase in the modulus of elasticity. For example, the modulus of elasticity doubles for Arbofill Fichte samples, going from 113.56MPa for untreated samples to 227.43MPa for cold plasma treated samples; for Fiber Wood, it increases from an average value of 789.52MPa for untreated samples to an average value of 931.62MPa for treated samples.

Extreme heat adaptation in urban areas: a comparative case study of New York City and New Orleans

ABSTRACT As the risk of extreme heat in urban centres becomes more frequent and intense, a comparative case study of New York City, New York's and New Orleans, Louisiana's policy responses to dangerous heat highlights past approaches to protecting vulnerable populations, where improvements can be made to best suit local needs, and the areas where solutions may still be implemented. Two cities at the forefront of the climate crisis in the United States, their policy approaches are guided by their histories, their existing adaptations and behaviours, and the harsh reality the changing climate has wrought. New York City has prioritised cooling centres as a safety measure, as the city is regularly seeing hundreds of heat-related deaths per year, often in unairconditioned homes. New Orleans has prioritised the installation of back-up energy generation following mass blackouts caused by Hurricane Ida in 2021 and deaths of at least 10 residents in the resulting excessive heat exposure. In New York, census tracts with the highest percentage of Black, elderly, and foreign-born populations were most likely to have reduced access to a cooling centre. In New Orleans, tracts with the highest percentage of Black, elderly, unemployed, and impoverished populations were most likely to have reduced access to a cooling centre. Comparing both city's codes, regulations, and policies, reviewing their emergency management communication strategies on social media, and performing GIS analysis on cooling centre locations against vulnerability criteria paints a clear picture of where heat policy stands in both cities and where it could potentially expand.

Investigating the transient conditions of “Sabat” space and its influence on pedestrian sensations during thermal walks. Algiers’ Casbah case study

Cities are already witnessing the impacts of climate change. Prolonged heat exposure have a direct effect on pedestrians’ thermoregulatory system, causing serious heat-related issues in the form of fatigue and thermal exhaustion. While the human body is capable of maintaining heat balance, excessive heat exposure combined with increasing heat loads can deteriorate the thermoregulatory process which leads to discomfort. Walkability is one of the significant challenges for climate change mitigation. Balancing the dichotomy of walking to mitigate climate change, and mitigating climate change to walk emphasizes the importance of promoting resilient walkability. In this context, the term “resilience” is used to highlight the need to design urban spaces able to adapt to increased urban heat, enabling pedestrians to tolerate and recover from discomfort conditions. This study investigates the potential of the “Sabat”, a traditional semi-outdoor space with lift-up design, and its distribution in generating transient thermal aeraulic conditions, and reducing fatigue sensation, hence, supporting a positive walking experience. Thermal walks have been conducted in Casbah of Algiers during temperate and hot weather conditions, in the context of uphill walking. Results revealed the alliesthesial effect of cool-shaded and ventilated Sabats to reduce fatigue sensation, which was confirmed by the significant correlation at lag-(-1) (r = 0.504, p < 0.001). Findings shed light on the importance of maintaining dynamic alliesthesia to create modulated restorative opportunities and offer starting point for hypothesizing broader trends for future implementation of Sabat design in modern cities.

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of human head thermoregulation under motorbike helmet

Headgear including helmets are essential and law-enforced in many countries. However, one of the most main reasons drivers give for not wearing helmets is the discomfort and excessive heat that helmets create. More comfortable helmets can potentially increase helmet use among population, thus play a major role in people safety. In this study, a thermoregulation model of the human helmeted head was created using Finite Element Analysis (FEM) and based on an anatomically correct medical image-based CT-scan model. The model investigated three cases with different wind speeds namely; 1km/h, 20km/h, and 50km/h. In addition, the combined FEM Head-helmet model results is verified by an experimental trail. The compared results shown the ability of the model to predict the head temperature profile and results were in good agreement with experiment. The established model is to predict the thermal distribution of the head parts under helmet conditions. Results reflect the thermoregulatory responses of the rider parts, thus providing grounds for suggestions and recommendations for the helmet design and processing.

European vineyards and their cultural landscapes exposed to record drought and heat

CONTEXTEuropean vineyards, producing over 50% of the world's wine and hosting significant cultural landscapes, face threats from climate change and related severe weather events. The summer of 2022, especially July, posed significant challenges due to extreme drought and high temperatures. However, this period also provided an opportunity to study how such events might involve viticulture in Europe and to explore mitigation solutions. OBJECTIVEThe objectives are (1) to characterize the severity of the extreme event of July 2022 in European wine regions regarding primary climatic parameters, (2) map vineyards at risk due to agricultural drought and high land surface temperature, and (3) discuss the role of various water-related interventions for mitigating similar events. METHODSAfter identifying the locations of European vineyards using the Corine Land Cover 2018 (CLC2018), open-access satellite data were employed to: (1) assess anomalies in Maximum Air Temperature (NATm), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Precipitation (P), and Soil Moisture (SM) in July 2022 compared to long-term averages; (2) identify regions at higher risk that experienced extreme agricultural drought (Vegetation Health Index, VHI = Extreme) and LST > 35 °C. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSIn July 2022, European vineyards experienced an average increase of 11% in NATm, a 9% rise in LST, and a reduction of 47% in P and 30% in SM compared to historical averages. 18% of European vineyards were at risk of drought and excessive heat, particularly in Portugal (31%), France (27%), and Italy (21%), including 10 viticultural cultural landscapes. Findings highlight the urgent need for long-term sustainable water management practices over emergency interventions. This research supports informed decision-making, emphasizing that climate resilience is necessary for preserving the cultural heritage of European wine-growing areas. SIGNIFICANCEThis research provides an overview of the dynamics of extreme events on viticulture at a continental scale, promoting climate-aware viticultural systems and offering insight scalable to global viticulture under changing climatic conditions.

3D hierarchical graphene-based composite for ultra-high heat-conducting film

In order to pursue lightness and portability, modern electronic devices usually use a compact layout to place various components, but this highly integrated design increases the heat density of the device and causes heat accumulation. Excessive heat accumulation will reduce the reliability of the device and even cause thermal failure. The advantages of light weight, easy processing and low cost of polymer-based thermally conductive composites have become main concerns of modern thermal management materials, but the low thermal conductivity (TC) has seriously limited their application. Here, 3D hierarchical anisotropic oriented graphene-based composites with high TC are fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembling of one-dimensional carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF–C) and poly dopamine modified nickel particle-coated two-dimensional graphene nanosheets (PDA-Ni@GNS). Owing to the well-defined flaky packing layers and the hydrogen bonding, the composite exhibits not only sufficiently high in-plane TC of 28.8 W m−1 K−1 and tensile strength of 124 MPa, but also exhibits hydrophobic property. A generalized four-parameter model (FPM) is found to reasonably predict the entire CPU temperature evolution versus time. This work presents a facile strategy for constructing 3D hierarchical interfacial structure to obtain excellent versatility of anisotropic thermal management composites.