Excessive Force Research Articles

Police Brutality and Endsars Protests in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

This study seeks to unravel the atrocities of the Nigeria Police Force on innocent Nigerians which led to a nationwide violent protest known as EndSARS. Survey research method was employed for this study and respondents were selected using multiple sampling techniques which include purposive, snowball and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through interview and participant observation, while secondary data were collected from extant literature. The study applied the Retributive Theory of Justice in order to explain the concept and empirical studies reviewed from other studies for conclusion and recommendations. The findings from the study showed that innocent Nigerians were killed and maimed by men of the Nigeria Police Force at any slightest provocation, without being punished by the law. The study recommends (amongst others) that the government should always ensure that erring police officers are punished to serve as a deterrent in order to reduce the menace of police brutality in Akwa Ibom State and Nigeria in general.

Global Reparations Agenda for Afrodescendants: An Overview of Recent Developments and the Way Forward

ABSTRACTThe push for reparations for Africans and people of African descent extends back generations, yet has gained substantial momentum since 2020 — a global inflection point that exemplified the polycrises facing the planet, including the global COVID‐19 pandemic, worldwide uprisings against state and police violence in response to the murder of George Floyd in the United States, stark income inequality, and multiple natural disasters. Against this backdrop, reparations advocacy became more visible and gained traction. This article explores the enabling factors that have contributed to this heightened visibility and the dynamics that have created a more global reparations agenda. It also provides a roadmap with emergent areas of caution and guidance for reparations advocates as they advance the work.

Research on adaptive penetration characteristics of space harpoon based on aluminum honeycomb buffer

To address the issues of high impact and limited adaptability in capturing space debris with space harpoons, a novel harpoon capture device based on aluminum honeycomb buffering was proposed. The issue of excessive impact force for harpoons could be effectively addressed by the excellent energy-absorbing characteristics of aluminum honeycomb. A simulation model was established to analyze the penetration of space harpoons into aluminum alloy target plates using Johnson-Cook’s dynamic constitutive model and fracture failure criteria. Ground experiments were conducted to validate the correctness of the simulation model. The impact of aluminum honeycomb was investigated by analyzing the simulation results of harpoons with and without aluminum honeycomb. With the introduction of aluminum honeycomb as a buffering component, the rebound velocity of the harpoon decreased by 76.2 %, and the impact force reduced by 78.6 %. Then the model was used to study the influence of different launching angles and different targets on the penetration characteristics of the space harpoon. The research findings indicate that space harpoons could successfully penetrate and capture aluminum alloy targets at a launch velocity of 53.1 m/s to 58.5 m/s, as determined through ground experiments and simulation analysis. The error in the crushing height of the aluminum honeycomb was found to be 2.19 %, while the error in the harpoon penetration depth was 9.02 %. Moreover, within a launch angle error of 10°, space harpoons also demonstrate the capability for adaptive capture of both aluminum alloy plates and aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels, with average correction capabilities of 92.5 % and 95.5 %. In conclusion, the analysis of the adaptive penetration characteristics of space harpoons provides a solid theoretical foundation and technical support for the design of harpoon capture systems.

Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on Endodontically Treated Teeth

ABSTRACT Background: This research has been conducted to assess the effect of orthodontic treatment on endodontically treated tooth. Materials and Methods: Overall, fifty subjects had been recruited. The participants received root canal therapy within 3 months as well as had an appointment for fixed orthodontic therapy. All candidates underwent an intraoral investigation. Radiographic evaluation as well as therapy planning were completed. Fixed orthodontic therapy had been initiated. All of the participants had been recalled. Endodontically restored teeth had been evaluated. All outcomes were assessed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: In this study, there were 25 males and 25 females. Pulp stones were seen in 15 subjects. Apical periodontitis was seen in nine subjects. Apical root resorption was seen in seven subjects, and enamel decalcification was seen in four subjects. Overall, 35 out of 50 subjects showed negative effects of orthodontic treatment on endodontically treated teeth. Conclusion: Excessive orthodontic force may result in increased pulp and peri-apical inflammation.

Manjolai Estate Conflict in Tirunelveli District - A Historical Survey

Abstract: The tea estates of Manjolai, Kakkachi, Nalumukku, Oothu and Kuthiravetti are situated in the hills of Ambasamudram in Tirunelveli District. Middlemen of the employers brought people of Scheduled Caste communities from Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi regions and the Ezhava people from various parts of Kerala to work as labourers in the estates. The labourers are overseen by the Supervisors addressed as ‘Kangani’ who in turn are answerable to field officers called as Ayya, and they work under Estate Managers respectfully called Durai. The Estate Managers are usually from other states such as Karnataka and Punjab, and the Officers are from other districts in the State. In the year 1948, the Tamil Nadu Estates (Abolition and Conversion to Ryotwari) Act was enacted, and consequentially the Singampatti Zamin’s lands too came under the control of the Government. As a result, in the year 1952, BBTC had to renew its lease contract with the then Congress-led government in Tamil Nadu. Even though decades have passed, many of the demands raised by the labourers still remain unfulfilled. In painful contrast to the fresh leaves of tea that they pluck in the scenic hills up in Manjolai, the lives of the Tea Estate labourers remain as barren as a desert. The deceased workers were employed at the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation’s (BBTC) tea estates in Manjolai. Manjolai labourers massacre or Thamirabarani massacre of 23 July 1999 was the death of 17 Dalit labourers, including two women and a two-year- old child, when they got into the river to escape Tamil Nadu Police lathi-charge. Public were going in procession to Tirunelveli Collectorate to submit a memorandum demanding wage settlement for the tea plantation workers of Manjolai estate. An altercation between the police and the marchers resulted in a lathi charge by police. When the marchers ran helter-skelter, many fell into the river and died.Human Rights Watch condemned the brutal police attack and killing of Dalit tea plantation workers

Sexual and violent police perpetrators: the institutional response to reporting victims

ABSTRACT Despite recent high-profile cases of police perpetrated violence against women, academic research in the UK on the nature and prevalence of police officers who are physically and sexually abusive towards female intimate partners is limited. Still less is known about the experience of these victims who seek to report police perpetrators to the police. This study presents the findings from interviews that we conducted in early 2023 with ten female intimate partner victims of male police perpetrators in England and Wales. The experiences shared by participants included the period 2018–2023 in all but one case. Four of the interview participants were themselves police officers. Using thematic analysis, we classify experiences of reporting as ‘hostile-obstructive’ and/or ‘collusive-minimising’. We discuss these findings in relation to the concept of ‘institutional betrayal’ and consider how the police can demonstrate urgent ‘institutional courage’ for reform.

Design of Tool Wear Monitoring System in Bone Material Drilling Process

Biological bone materials, complex and anisotropic, require precise machining in surgeries. Bone drilling, a key technique, is susceptible to increased friction from tool wear, leading to excessive forces and high temperatures that can damage bone and surrounding tissues, affecting recovery. This study develops a monitoring platform to assess tool wear during bone drilling, employing an experimental setup that gathers triaxial force and vibration data. A recognition model using a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BI-LSTM) with a multi-head attention mechanism identified wear levels. This model, termed ABI-LSTM, was optimized and benchmarked against SVR, RNN, and CNN models. The results from implementing the ABI-LSTM-based monitoring system demonstrated its efficacy in detecting tool wear, thereby potentially reducing surgical risks such as osteonecrosis and drill breakage, and enhancing surgical outcomes.

The Affective Forces of the State: Overcoming Biographies of Violence in Yejide Kilanko’s Daughters Who Walk this Path

This article delves into the abuses stemming from the Nigerian state forces and their failure to protect Nigerian citizens as illustrated in Yejide Kilanko’s Daughters Who Walk this Path (2012). The novel narrates the struggles undergone by young Morayo as she is repeatedly abused as a child by an elder cousin, Bros T. Here, I seek to trace a parallelism between the instances of physical and affective violence against Morayo and the episodes of “intra-societal violence” (Hill 2012: 15) occurring in Nigeria from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, when the country’s sociopolitical sphere was marked by the social chaos resulting from armed robberies, military coups, rigged elections, and instances of police brutality towards women. I shall analyze such episodes as instances of ‘forced intimacy’ within the public and private spheres, which translates into the impositions of negative forms of affect upon personal and collective development. In this context, the physical and psychological abuses suffered by Morayo will be presented as shaping what Ahmed refers to as one’s “biographies of violence” (2017: 23). My ultimate aim is to trace Morayo’s development of what I will describe as ‘affective resilience’ against the affective forces of the state.

Penatalaksanaan Fisioterapi Pada kasus Post ORIF Metacarpal IV Sinistra dengan modalitas Infra Red(IR) dan Terapi Latihan

Based on 2018 Riskesdas data, an average of 92,976 fractures occurred, totaling 5,144 people. A single trauma and sudden excess force can cause a fracture. Orif installation is carried out if the use of close reduction/plaster fails, Orif is installed on the right fracture fragment. In solving problems in post-orif cases, physiotherapy plays a role in restoring movement and function using infrared modalities and exercise therapy. The energy produced by IR can be absorbed by superficial tissue with a warm feeling, thereby reducing pain. Exercise therapy using active and passive body movements can increase the range of motion of joints, increase muscle strength values ​​to restore functional ability. This research method uses a case study of physiotherapy management in Post Orif Metacarpal IV cases with Infra Red (IR) and Exercise Therapy. Results were obtained such as pressure pain from T0:3 decreased to T6:1, movement pain T0:5 decreased to T6:1. The muscle strength value of left wrist flexor T0:3 increased to T6:5, extensor T0: 3 increased to T6: 5 in left wrist flexor T0: 3 increased to T6: 5, extensor T0: 3 increased to T6:4. Left wrist joint range of motion from T0 (S: 20°-0°-15°) increases to T6 (S: 50°-0°-50°) at T0 left mcp (S: 10°-0°-20°) increases to T6:(S:45°-0°-40°), functional activity from T0:(severe dependence) increases to T6:(light dependence). Being more careful in activities and not pushing your abilities can reduce the incidence of fractures.

A scoping review of policing and coercive control in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer plus intimate relationships

AbstractCoercive control is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) that encompasses non‐physical behaviors used to constrain and entrap a partner. Coercive control is especially relevant to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer plus (LGBTQ+) relationships when abusers target the gender and sexual identity of their partners. Victim‐survivors, community members, and service providers often struggle to identify and intervene with this form of abuse. The role of police responding to coercive control is poorly understood, despite laws and calls to criminalize coercive control. Police responses to physical abuse in LGBTQ + relationships have caused harm, and it is important to extend this knowledge to police responses to coercive control. We conducted a systematic scoping review of international academic and gray literature sources published from 2014 through 2022 on the topic of policing coercive control within LGBTQ+ intimate relationships. We identified four interrelated policing themes across 35 sources: (1) reluctance to seek help from the police, (2) low rates of reporting abuse to police, (3) police actions following reports of IPV and coercive control, and (4) police harassment and violence increasing the experience of coercive control. Our review confirms that more research is needed on LGBTQ+ survivors of coercive control and their help‐seeking, as laws and calls to criminalize coercive control may not benefit LGBTQ+ communities.

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Frequency Response to Discrete Adsorbates in Liquids.

Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has become a major tool enabling accurate investigation of the adsorption kinetics of nanometric objects such as DNA fragments, polypeptides, proteins, viruses, liposomes, polymer, and metal nanoparticles. However, in liquids, a quantitative analysis of the experimental results is often intricate because of the complex interplay of hydrodynamic and adhesion forces varying with the physicochemical properties of adsorbates and functionalized QCM-D sensors. In the present paper, we dissect the role of hydrodynamics for the analytically tractable case of stiff contact, whereas the adsorbed rigid particles oscillate with the resonator without rotation. Under the assumption of the low surface coverage, we theoretically study the excess shear force exerted on the resonator, which has two contributions: (i) the fluid-mediated force due to flow disturbance created by the particle and (ii) the force exerted on the particle by the fluid and transmitted to the sensor via contact. The theoretical analysis enables an accurate interpretation of the QCM-D impedance measurements. It is demonstrated inter alia that for particles of the size comparable with protein molecules, the hydrodynamic force dominates over the inertial force and that the apparent mass derived from QCM independently of the overtone is about 10 times the Sauerbrey (inertial) mass. The theoretical results show excellent agreement with the results of experiments and advanced numerical simulations for a wide range of particle sizes and oscillation frequencies.

Media coverage of sexual violence by police in colonial contexts: an explorative study

ABSTRACT When facing the inadequacy of the legal system, an initial impulse is to turn to non-legal accountability mechanisms, like the media. This research contends that the latter can also exhibit strong limitations. More precisely, the paper investigates how journalists shaped the Val-d’Or ‘crisis’. These events consisted of allegations of police (sexual) violence, mainly against Indigenous women, and were disclosed to the public by the media in 2015. This research relies on qualitative interviews with journalists and members of civil society. While participants confirmed the media’s capacity to bring allegations into the public sphere, they also decried the dismissal of some narratives, including the colonial context and the focus on one police force (i.e. the Sûreté du Québec) as opposed to police violence, as well as the revictimization of media informants. This exploratory study cautions that mediatic input can harm victims and prevent a complete comprehension of police sexual violence by silencing the role of settler colonialism.

California, Texas

Combining elements from Peter Watkins' Punishment Park (1971) and a 2020 anti-police brutality protest in Dallas, Texas. California, Texas is a videographic essay that aims to criticize the perpetual nature of police violence and brutality, while also highlighting the importance of (video) recording devices for accountability.

Police Brutality and the Endsars Saga: The Implication of Government’s Effort on Human Right Protection in Nigeria

The EndSARS protests in Nigeria brought to the forefront issues of police brutality and human rights abuses, prompting calls for government action. This study aimed to assess the level of government commitment in addressing human rights abuses, particularly police brutality, post-EndSARS. The main objective was to ascertain the level of government commitment in addressing human rights abuses, with specific objectives including assessing the effect of government policies post-EndSARS, examining the correlation between law-enforcement changes and institutional reforms, analyzing government commitments post-EndSARS in relation to substantive reforms, and investigating the link between government actions on police brutality and citizen perceptions of responsiveness. The study utilized a survey method, incorporating both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were collected through questionnaires utilizing a 4-point Likert scale, with a sample size of 381 respondents in Owerri, Imo state. Descriptive statistics, particularly means and standard deviation, were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed varying perceptions regarding the effectiveness of government policies post-EndSARS in addressing police brutality and safeguarding human rights in Nigeria. While some acknowledged positive progress, skepticism remained about the overall effectiveness of these policies. Law-enforcement changes post-EndSARS did not lead to increased transparency and accountability, nor did they align with international standards. Government commitments post-EndSARS were met with skepticism, indicating a need for more decisive action and communication. Moreover, there was no significant consensus regarding the link between government actions on police brutality and citizen perceptions of responsiveness. Based on the findings, recommendations include strengthening mechanisms for implementing and monitoring government policies, prioritizing institutional reforms within law ...

Neighborhood-level Fatal Police Violence and Severe Maternal Morbidity in California.

Police violence is a pervasive issue that may have adverse implications for severe maternal morbidity (SMM). We assessed how the occurrence of fatal police violence (FPV) in one's neighborhood before/during pregnancy may influence SMM risk. Hospital discharge records from California between 2002-2018 were linked with the Fatal Encounters database (N=2,608,682). We identified 2,184 neighborhoods (census-tracts) with at least one FPV incident during the study period and used neighborhood fixed-effects models adjusting for individual sociodemographic characteristics to estimate odds of SMM associated with experiencing FPV in one's neighborhood anytime within the 24-months before childbirth. We did not find conclusive evidence on the link between FPV occurrence before delivery and SMM. However, estimates show that birthing people residing in neighborhoods where one or more FPV events had occurred within the preceding 24-months of giving birth may have a mildly elevated odds of SMM than those residing in the same neighborhoods with no FPV occurrence during the 24-months preceding childbirth (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.99-1.05), particularly among those living in neighborhoods with fewer (1-2) FPV incidents throughout the study period (OR=1.03; 95% CI:1.00-1.06). Our findings provide evidence for the need to continue to examine the health consequences of police violence.

Black Woman Victimhood: An Intersectional Analysis of Meg Thee Stallion’s Testimony

The violent nature of Hip-Hop culture in tandem with racial injustice and sexism leaves Black women victims of Black male perpetrators feeling unheard, unprotected and conflicted. It is known that Black women are experiencing more domestic violence than their white counterparts yet reporting it less out of fear of prejudices and stereotyping. In this study, I engage in an intersectional textual analysis of rapper Megan Thee Stallion’s telling of violence enacted upon her by rapper Tory Lanez in 2020. Hip-hop concepts of violence and snitching, expectations about black womanhood, and issues of police brutality were all prominent themes of her storytelling. The analysis indicates that Black women who are domestic violence victims grapple with protecting the men of their community, protecting themselves from police, and endure doubt and criticism for speaking their truth.

Factors That Contribute to the Mental Health of Black Youth during COVID-19 Pandemic.

The mental health of Black youth during the COVID-19 pandemic is potentially influenced by various systemic factors, including racism, socioeconomic disparities, and access to culturally sensitive mental health support. Understanding these influences is essential for developing effective interventions to mitigate mental health disparities. Our project used a community-based participatory (CBP) research design with an intersectional theoretical perspective. An advisory committee consisting of fourteen Black youth supported all aspects of our project. The research team consisted of experienced Black researchers who also trained six Black youths as research assistants and co-researchers. The co-researchers conducted individual interviews, contributed to data analysis, and mobilized knowledge. Participants were recruited through the advisory committee members and networks of Black youth co-researchers and sent an email invitation to Black community organizations. Forty-eight Black identified were interviewed between the ages of 16 and 30 in Canada. The data was analyzed thematically. We kept a reflexive note throughout all aspects of the project. Participants reported significant challenges with online schooling, including a lack of support and access to resources. Lockdowns exacerbated stress, particularly for those living in toxic living/home environments. Financial burdens, such as food insecurity and precarious employment, were prevalent and exacerbated mental health challenges. Additionally, experiences of anti-Black racism and police brutality during the pandemic heightened stress and anxiety among participants. The findings underscore the complex interplay of systemic factors in shaping the mental health of Black youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions that address structural inequities and provide culturally competent support to mitigate the impact on mental well-being.

Beauty in the struggle: Insurgent safety and abolitionist commoning in Arizona

ABSTRACT Arizona is one of the most punitive places on the planet, with an incarceration rate of 868 per 100,000 people. State actors use criminalization, policing, prisons, and probation to respond to social and economic problems at an industrial scale. In Arizona and across the country, public safety is understood through the logics and material practices of carcerality. Over the past decade, a series of rebellions against police violence and mass incarceration have destabilized the United States’ punishment regime. This article an effort to examine counter-hegemonic conceptualizations of safety at scale, asking: What do non-carceral forms of safety look like in Southern Arizona, in one ward, in one city? To answer this question, we examine the results of the Barrio Centro Community Safety Project (BCCSP) and the emergent practices of one neighborhood collective, Flowers & Bullets. We employ the term ‘abolitionist commoning’ to describe the centrality of land and place-making to recovering and building relations free from domination. In doing so, we advocate alongside a flock of scholars, organizers, and cultural workers for abolitionist models of safety that are place-based and emphasize experimentation, healing, self-determination, and (re)new(ed) modes of sociality.

Deliberative forums in fragile contexts: Challenges from the field

What does it actually take to run a deliberative mini-public (DMP)? This article unmasks the taken-for-granted assumptions of one of the most popular democratic innovations in the past decade by applying their design features in fragile political contexts. Drawing on 3 years of fieldwork in communities recovering from armed conflict and police brutality in the Philippines, we identify foundational challenges to DMPs in relation to their core design features: sortition and long-form deliberation. Our goal in documenting these challenges is not to devalue DMPs but to spotlight limitations that cannot be overcome despite the best intentions. In so doing, this article hopes to advance an honest conversation about what these DMPs can reasonably achieve, as well as the harms they can potentially cause, especially in societies where precarity is the norm rather than the exception.

Yuille Suriel, Grace Watkins, Jude Paul Matias Dizon and John Joseph Sloan, III (eds): Cops on Campus: Rethinking Safety and Confronting Police Violence

Yuille Suriel, Grace Watkins, Jude Paul Matias Dizon and John Joseph Sloan, III (eds): Cops on Campus: Rethinking Safety and Confronting Police Violence