Excessive Discharge Research Articles

Analysis of the Charging and Discharging Process of LiFePO4 Battery Pack

A serious issue relative to the construction of electronic devices is proper power source selection. This problem is of particular importance when we are dealing with portable devices operating in varying environmental conditions, such as military equipment. A serious problem in the construction of electronic devices is the correct selection of the power source. In these types of devices, lithium-ion batteries are commonly used nowadays, and in particular their variety—lithium iron phosphate battery—LiFePO4. Apart from the many advantages of this type of battery offers, such as high power and energy density, a high number of charge and discharge cycles, and low self-discharge. They also have a major drawback—a risk of damage due to excessive discharge or overcharge. This article studies the process of charging and discharging a battery pack composed of cells with different initial charge levels. An attempt was made to determine the risk of damage to the cells relative to the differences in the initial charge level of the battery pack cells. It was verified, whether the successive charging and discharging cycles reduce or increase the differences in the amount of energy stored in individual cells of the pack.

Brain Symptoms of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Pathogenesis and Treatment.

The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) system plays multiple, important roles in the brain, regulating both morphology, such as cellular size, shape, and position, and function, such as learning, memory, and social interaction. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a congenital disorder caused by a defective suppressor of the mTOR system, the TSC1/TSC2 complex. Almost all brain symptoms of TSC are manifestations of an excessive activity of the mTOR system. Many children with TSC are afflicted by intractable epilepsy, intellectual disability, and/or autism. In the brains of infants with TSC, a vicious cycle of epileptic encephalopathy is formed by mTOR hyperactivity, abnormal synaptic structure/function, and excessive epileptic discharges, further worsening epilepsy and intellectual/behavioral disorders. Molecular target therapy with mTOR inhibitors has recently been proved to be efficacious for epilepsy in human TSC patients, and for autism in TSC model mice, indicating the possibility for pharmacological treatment of developmental synaptic disorders.

Synthesis of 2D NiFe2O4 nanoplates/2D Bi2WO6 nanoflakes heterostructure: An enhanced Z-scheme charge transfer and separation for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of toxic pollutants

Water pollution is a worldwide concern due to excessive discharge of toxic contaminants to water streams. Effective treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater by utilizing visible-light is a promising method to resolve environmental problems. In the present work, we have demonstrated a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy for the synthesis of a binary NiFe2O4/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanocomposite. Further, the utility towards photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) and methylene blue (MB) has been evaluated. The characterization results revealed that the two-dimensional (2D) Bi2WO6 nanoflakes were inserted upon 2D NiFe2O4 nanoplates, which enhanced the interfacial contact and improved visible-light absorption efficiency, resulting in excellent photogenerated charges separation and transfer. The NiFe2O4/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanocomposite exhibited higher TC degradation (96.81%) in 96 min and MB degradation (99.16%) in 60 min than the pure samples and remained stable for four successive cycles. The apparent reaction rate constant (k) of 20 mg loading of Bi2WO6 over NiFe2O4 (NFBW-20) exhibited the best photocatalytic performance among the all prepared materials, which was 7.15 (TC) and 9.19 (MB) times that of pristine Bi2WO6, and 6.02 (TC) and 6.41 (MB) times that of pure NiFe2O4. Radical trapping experiments confirmed •O2−, and •OH radicals were critical active species in the degradation mechanism, which supports the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism. Mott–Schottky measurements were used determine the positions of the conduction and valence bands of the samples, and a possible photocatalytic mechanism for TC and MB degradation was proposed according to experimental results. This study offers a novel effective avenue to design efficient binary heterostructured nanocomposites with superior visible-light response for environmental remediations.

Role of Ayurved in the Management of Wound Dehiscence - A Case Report

Wound dehiscence is the common problem which is faced by most of the surgeons in case of obese people. As we know, in case of post-operative wound management, avascularity and excessive adipose tissue lysis can lead to fluid collection which leads to gapping of sutured wound. This may also cause Dushta vrana i.e. secondary infection to the wound. Wound dehiscence in surgical field leads to most fatal outcome which can lead to cause local as well as systemic sepsis in the patient. Present case report reveals a treatment modality which involves multidisciplinary team approach such as management of wound as well as obesity by using Ayurvedic perspective. Whereas modern technique of resuturing the gapped wound exposes patient to another surgical procedure which is expensive and increases the hospital stay. The local and oral drugs formulations were proven effective in reducing excessive wound discharge as well as they stimulate the wound healing mechanism when administered in both local and systemic ways. The cost and benefit ratio was found high as there is no re-exposure to the surgical procedure and patient will get benefitted with non-invasive technique along with minimal expenses and hospital stay.

Prevalence of common urogenital infections among menstrual cup users

There has been an increased awareness among girls and women in India, especially from middle and higher income group on menstrual cup, due to health or environmental reasons. Use of various sanitary products during menstruation can impact menstrual health with incidence of urogenital infection like rashes, irritation etc. being common among women. To determine prevalence of symptoms related to urogenital infections before and after switching to menstrual cups. In this retrospective self-reported study, females using menstrual cup were administered a questionnaire consisting of questions related to symptoms of urogenital infections in their lifetime. A total of 301 menstrual cup users were included in this study. The most common symptom reported by the respondents included rashes (48%), itching (48%), abdominal pain (40%.), foul smelling white discharge (22%), excessive white discharge (20.6%) and burning sensation while passing urine (15%). The prevalence of the symptoms was lower after switching to menstrual cups. Among the most common symptoms, 92% women were relieved from rashes, 79% from symptoms of itching and 42% from abdominal pain. Approximately, 1-5% women reported symptoms only after switching to menstrual cups.The results demonstrate lower prevalence of symptoms of urogenital infections among women when compared to their previously used menstrual product. Symptoms of urogenital infections did not affect the acceptance and continuance of menstrual cups usage. Additional clinical studies will be required to compare changes in occurrence of symptoms post switching to menstrual cups and develop linkage between these symptoms with usage of menstrual cup.

Adsorption of azo dyes by a novel bio-nanocomposite based on whey protein nanofibrils and nano-clay: Equilibrium isotherm and kinetic modeling

Excessive discharge of synthetic azo dyes into the aquatic ecosystem is a global concern. Here, we develop a green approach to remediate dye pollutants by fabricating an easily separable bio-nanocomposite, based on nanofibrils from whey protein concentrate together with montmorillonite. The nanocomposite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and surface area analysis. Nanofibrils lead to a uniform dispersion of montmorillonite in the matrix and also reinforce the nanocomposite. The adsorption efficacy was monitored using cationic (Chrysoidine-G, Bismarck brown-R), reactive (reactive black-5, reactive orange-16), acidic (acid red-88, acid red-114) and direct (direct violet-51, Congo red) dyes. The nanocomposite adsorbed different dyes with different kinetics, cationic dyes quicker and reactive dyes slower. Greater than 93% of Chrysoidine-G was adsorbed over a wide range of dye concentration and pH. Acidic pH and higher temperature are more favorable for the process. Equilibrium adsorption data were reasonably fitted with a linear (Nernst) isotherm model indicating the existence of an unlimited number of adsorption sites which is consistent with the high experimental uptake of 731 mg/g. Kinetic data were well-described by pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. We conclude that this environmentally friendly nanocomposite has good potential for use in wastewater treatment and related purposes.

Comparison by multivariate auto-regressive method of seizure prediction for real patients and virtual patients

Epilepsy is one of the most widespread neurological pathologies, which is characterized by localized or generalized brain dysfunction due to abnormal or excessive paroxysmal electrical discharges. These discharges lead to neuronal hyperactivities causing prolonged and involuntary muscle contractions or periods of loss or altered consciousness. A patient's quality of life could be greatly improved with an effective alarm system able to predict future crises. Our article presents a fully specified model for automated seizure prediction based on autoregressive multivariate modeling and stability state analysis from clinical and simulated electroencephalography (EEG) data. Our model allows the calculation of a stability index whose analysis in content makes it possible to predict crises. The approach is validated on 29 crises recorded for 8 patients from a database available in free access and 14 simulated subjects also called virtual patients generated by neuro-computer platform TVB (The Virtual Brain:www.thevirtualbrain.org) using Epileptor as mass neural model for gray matter and “john Doe” matrix as white matter. Our preliminary results exhibit a detection accuracy of 97.87 %, a sensitivity of 100 % and an average prediction time for the eight real patients of 237.21 s and a detection accuracy of 100 %, a sensitivity of 93 % and an average prediction time of 4.427 s for the simulated subjects.

Synergistic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Bacteria Reduce Heavy Metals Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plant.

Heavy metals (HMs) are toxic elements which contaminate the water bodies in developing countries because of their excessive discharge from industrial zones. Rice (Oryza sativa L) crops are submerged for a longer period of time in water, so irrigation with HMs polluted water possesses toxic effects on plant growth. This study was initiated to observe the synergistic effect of bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Lysinibacillus macroides) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/L) on the rice that were grown in HMs contaminated water. Current findings have revealed that bacteria, along with ZnO NPs at lower concentration, showed maximum removal of HMs from polluted water at pH 8 (90 min) as compared with higher concentrations. Seeds primed with bacteria grown in HM polluted water containing ZnO NPs (5 mg/L) showed reduced uptake of HMs in root, shoot and leaf, thus resulting in increased plant growth. Furthermore, their combined effects also reduced the bioaccumulation index and metallothionine (MTs) content and enhanced the tolerance index of plants. This study suggested that synergistic treatment of bacteria with lower concentrations of ZnO NPs helped plants to reduce heavy metal toxicity, especially Pb and Cu, and enhanced plant growth.

Deep learning based efficient epileptic seizure prediction with EEG channel optimization

A seizure is an unstable situation in epilepsy patients due to excessive electrical discharge by brain cells. An efficient seizure prediction method is required to reduce the lifetime risk of epilepsy patients. In state-of-the-art works, either the prediction accuracy is low or the number of EEG channels used is more, but the use of 22 channels in seizure prediction is not efficient in terms of complexity, comfortability, and cost. This article depicts an efficient seizure prediction technique using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with minimizing the channels. CNN has been used for automatic feature extraction and classification of states of epilepsy patients. The proposed method is capable to achieve an average classification accuracy of 99.47 % (≈100 %) by optimizing the EEG channels to 6 from 22, i.e., 72.73 % of channel reduction. The proposed method claims a satisfactory result of 97.83 % and 92.36 % in terms of average sensitivity and specificity respectively with a false positive rate of 0.0764. The aforesaid results have been obtained with a prediction of ten minutes in advance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is better than the state-of-the-art works. The work can be extended to design a transportable seizure prediction device to use in real-time.

Application of Iron and Sulfate-Modified Biochar in Phosphorus Removal from Water

The excessive discharge of phosphate into natural water has caused serious environmental problems. Adsorption is an efficient technology for phosphorus removal from water. In this study, a novel biochar modified by chitosan, ferrous sulfate, and sodium sulfide was synthesized and performed well in phosphorus adsorption. The results of batch experiments showed that the optimum synthesized composite could adsorb 49.32 mg·g-1 of phosphate at 298 K. Meanwhile, the simulation results showed better fitting with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model. The adsorption rate was dominated by three-dimensional diffusion within the inner pores. The adsorption process was defined as physic/chemisorption, while the adsorption mechanism was concluded to be electrostatic adsorption, porous filling, surface chemical precipitation, hydrogen binding, and the ligand effect. This study showed that the composite is effective in phosphorus removal from water, and we anticipate that our research will offer guidelines for adsorbent design and reveal the adsorption mechanism.

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF SWETAPRADARA (LEUCORRHOEA): A CASE STUDY

Leucorrhoea means unusual excessive vaginal discharge, commonly known as white discharge. Sometimes it is physiological but when it turns into pathological, causes various problem. Ayurveda mentioned this disorder as ‘Swetapradara’ and described clearly its causes, symptoms, pathology and management. The term ‘Swetapradara’ is not described by ‘Brihatrayee’ (Great Trios), but it is mentioned in Commentary on Charaka Samhita by Acharya Chakrapani “Pandure Pradare iti Swetapradare”. According to Modern Science Leucorrhoea is strictly defined as an excessive normal vaginal discharge and should fulfil the following criteria- the excess secretion is evident from persistent vulva moistness, non-purulent and non- offensive, non-irritant and never causes pruritus, which is due to unhygienic toilet habits, impaired immune functions, pelvic inflammatory disease, psychosomatic cause, hormonal imbalance, genital wound etc. The excessive secretion has 3 main causes- physiological excess, cervical cause and vaginal cause. It is a Kaphaja disorder along with rasa dhatu dushti (vitiation) and Apana vayu vaigunya (vitiation). In this case report, a female patient of 38 years age suffering from Swetapradara for 2 years complaints of white discharge associated with katisula (lower back pain), daurbalya (weakness), kandu (mild itching) and sometimes daha (burning sensation). She was treated by Shamana therapy (palliative treatment) for 1 month, and it shows significant result.

Increasing nutrient inputs risk a surge of nitrous oxide emissions from global mangrove ecosystems

<h2>Summary</h2> We document a substantial increase in global N₂O emissions from mangroves. Based on our analysis of two decades of mangrove N₂O emission studies, we estimate N₂O emission of 0.023 Tg N year⁻¹ from global mangrove ecosystems. N₂O fluxes from mangrove ecosystems are strongly increased by sediment dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration transported from river catchments to coastal waters. Continuing growth of nutrient inputs from anthropogenic sources, i.e., agricultural intensification, excessive fertilizer use and waste water discharge, will appreciably increase DIN loading and consequently global N₂O emission from mangroves. Based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios of riverine DIN inputs into mangrove ecosystems coupled with our estimates of DIN-controlled emissions rates, we expect N₂O emission to increase by 20%–51% by 2030 and 27%–74% by 2050 compared with estimated emissions in the year 2000. These forecasts underline the urgency of improvements in catchment-scale nitrogen management strategies.

One cadmium (II)-based metal−organic framework as high-efficiency multi-functional fluorescence chemosensor targeting for the determination of Fe3+, Cr2O72– and CrO42– in aqueous phase

Excessive discharge of metal ions, such as Fe3+ and Cr2O72–/CrO42– may bring about potential threats to human health and the ecological environment. Consequently, the assembly of function-oriented materials as effective chemosensors has the vital practical significance. In this article, four metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, {[Co(bptb)0.5(bibp)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (Ι), [Mn4(bptb)2(bibp)3(H2O)4]n (Ⅱ), [Ni2(bptb)(bipy)2(H2O)3]n (Ⅲ) and [Cd3(bptb)2(bipb)3(H2O)4]n (Ⅳ) (H4bptb = 2,4,4′,6-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid, bibp = 4,4′-bis (imidazolyl) biphenyl, and bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) have been hydrothermally synthesized, and their structures and physicochemical properties have been characterized and investigated. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that they present fascinating three-dimensional configurations. Powder X-ray diffraction as well with thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that Cd-MOF (Ⅳ) exhibits a high chemical and thermal stability. The studies of fluorescence properties show that Ⅳ may serve as a multi-responsive sensor for Fe3+ and Cr2O72–/CrO42– ions with high sensitivity, selectivity and efficiency. Moreover, the fluorescence quenching mechanisms have been studied systematically depend on the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, PXRD analysis, FT-IR spectra, UV–vis spectra and SEM mapping (scanning electron microscope). In addition, magnetic and cyclic voltammetry (CV) properties of Ι−Ⅲ have also been investigated.

Magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite: One-pot preparation, adsorption performance and mechanism for aqueous Mn(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)

Excessive discharge of heavy metals by industrial activities has caused severe environmental problem. In this work, a magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite (MGON) based on graphene oxide-Fe3O4 framework was prepared, characterized and employed as adsorbent to remove aqueous Mn(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) efficiently. The adsorption performance and mechanism were investigated carefully. Results suggest, the mutual enhancement between GO and Fe3O4 brings synergistic effect on adsorption performance, which enables MGON to outperform either of the two single phase. In particular, MGON efficiently adsorbs 399.67 mg g−1, 372.98 mg g−1 of Mn(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) in 4 min, 6 min, respectively. What is more, MGON can be readily recovered via magnetic separation for further recycling. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorptions under 298.15 K are: ΔH = 20.86 kJ mol−1, ΔS = 108.84 J K−1 mol−1, ΔG = −11.59 kJ mol−1 for Mn(Ⅱ) and ΔH = 20.99 kJ mol−1, ΔS = 96.04 J K−1 mol−1, ΔG = −7.64 kJ mol−1 for Zn(Ⅱ), respectively, indicating spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increasing features. Both adsorptions fit well by the Freundlich, pseudo second order, and intra-particle diffusion models. Furthermore, adsorption mechanism is based on the chemical interaction of the oxygen atoms in CO, C-O related groups with Mn(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ). The high adsorption efficiency suggests that MGON has promising application in heavy metal treatment.

Multi-Objective Energy Management Strategy Based on PSO Optimization for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The hybrid electric vehicle is equipped with an internal combustion engine and motor as the driving source, which can solve the problems of short driving range and slow charging of the electric vehicle. Making an effective energy management control strategy can reasonably distribute the output power of the engine and motor, improve engine efficiency, and reduce battery damage. To reduce vehicle energy consumption and excessive battery discharge at the same time, a multi-objective energy management strategy based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. First, a simulation platform was built based on a compound power-split vehicle model. Then, the ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy) was used to realize the real-time control of the model, and the penalty function was added to modify the objective function based on the current SOC (State of Charge) to maintain the SOC balance. Finally, the key parameters of ECMS were optimized by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the effectiveness of the control strategy was verified under the WLTC (Worldwide Light-Duty Test Cycle) and the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). The results show that under the WLTC test cycle, the overall fuel consumption of the whole vehicle was 6.88 L/100 km, which was 7.7% lower than that before optimization; under the NEDC test cycle, the fuel consumption of the whole vehicle was 5.88 L/100 km, which was 9.8% lower than that before optimization.

Population‐specific resilience of Halophila ovalis seagrass habitat to unseasonal rainfall, an extreme climate event in estuaries

Abstract Extreme climate events are predicted to alter estuarine salinity gradients exposing habitat‐forming species to more frequent salinity variations. The intensity and duration of these variations, rather than the mean salinity values ecosystems are exposed to, may be more important in influencing resilience but requires further investigation. Precipitation, including the frequency, intensity and timing of occurrence, is shifting due to climate change. A global analysis on the timing of rainfall in estuarine catchments was conducted. In 80% of the case studies, the maximum daily rainfall occurred in the dry season at least once over the 40‐year period and could be classified as an extreme event. We selected an estuary in southwestern Australia and investigated the effects of an extreme rainfall event in 2017 resulting in an excess discharge of freshwater on seagrass Halophila ovalis. Adapting an approach applied for marine heatwaves using salinity data, we quantified metrics and characterised the event along the estuarine gradient. We assessed seagrass resilience by calculating resistance times based on the comparisons of biomass and leaf density data prior to, and during the event, and recovery times through assessment against historical condition. Where salinity is historically more variable, reductions in biomass were lower (higher resistance via plasticity in salinity tolerance) and meadows recovered within 9–11 months. Where salinity is historically more stable, loss of biomass was greatest (low resistance) post‐event and recovery may exceed 22 months, and potentially due to the rapid decline in salinity (−3 PSU/day). As estuaries become more hydrologically variable, these metrics provide a baseline for retrospective and future comparisons. Our results suggest seagrass resilience to hyposalinity is population specific. This understanding enables more accurate predictions about ecological responses to climate change and identifies which populations may ‘future proof’ ecosystem resilience. Synthesis. Following an extreme rainfall event, we found seagrass populations that are exposed to variable salinities recovered while those from a stable salinity environment were unable to recover within the study time frame. These findings expand upon existing evidence, derived primarily from other ecosystems, that show new sources of resilience may be uncovered by accounting for between‐population variation.

Dose-response relationships of intestinal organs and excessive mucus discharge after gynaecological radiotherapy.

BackgroundThe study aims to determine possible dose-volume response relationships between the rectum, sigmoid colon and small intestine and the ‘excessive mucus discharge’ syndrome after pelvic radiotherapy for gynaecological cancer.Methods and materialsFrom a larger cohort, 98 gynaecological cancer survivors were included in this study. These survivors, who were followed for 2 to 14 years, received external beam radiation therapy but not brachytherapy and not did not have stoma. Thirteen of the 98 developed excessive mucus discharge syndrome. Three self-assessed symptoms were weighted together to produce a score interpreted as ‘excessive mucus discharge’ syndrome based on the factor loadings from factor analysis. The dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for rectum, sigmoid colon, small intestine for each survivor were exported from the treatment planning systems. The dose-volume response relationships for excessive mucus discharge and each organ at risk were estimated by fitting the data to the Probit, RS, LKB and gEUD models.ResultsThe small intestine was found to have steep dose-response curves, having estimated dose-response parameters: γ50: 1.28, 1.23, 1.32, D50: 61.6, 63.1, 60.2 for Probit, RS and LKB respectively. The sigmoid colon (AUC: 0.68) and the small intestine (AUC: 0.65) had the highest AUC values. For the small intestine, the DVHs for survivors with and without excessive mucus discharge were well separated for low to intermediate doses; this was not true for the sigmoid colon. Based on all results, we interpret the results for the small intestine to reflect a relevant link.ConclusionAn association was found between the mean dose to the small intestine and the occurrence of ‘excessive mucus discharge’. When trying to reduce and even eliminate the incidence of ‘excessive mucus discharge’, it would be useful and important to separately delineate the small intestine and implement the dose-response estimations reported in the study.

Impact of Advanced Load-Frequency Control on Optimal Size of Battery Energy Storage in Islanded Microgrid System

The application of battery energy storage (BES) in microgrid systems has attracted much attention in recent years. It is because the BES is able to store excess power and discharge its power when needed. In islanded microgrid systems, BES is starting to be considered as a unit that can regulate the system frequency. The control used in the BES to display frequency regulation performance is called load-frequency control (LFC). However, this participation resulted in the large size of the battery and high expansion planning cost. In this paper, an advanced LFC control that has frequency limitation compared to traditional LFC is proposed. The proposed control implies droop control as the base and has frequency limitations. Compared to the traditional LFC, the proposed control can reduce the system expansion planning costs. A performance simulation was done to validate battery performance. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the proposed control participated in reducing the operation cost. It directly led to a reduction in the expansion planning cost. A study of battery selection was conducted to draw the practicality of the BES sizing solutions.

Community-Based Study of Abortion Complications and Care Sought by Rural Tribal Women of an Extremely Low Resource Setting

OBJECTIVE: Knowing about complications, care sought by women is essential for understanding the risks, services, programs, and policies for abortion care. This study aimed to know the magnitude of abortion complications and to define the care sought by rural tribal women. STUDY DESIGN: Rural community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in villages near Sewagram Wardha and Melghat, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. RESULTS: Spontaneous abortions rate was 3.30% in villages around Sewagram and 0.32% in villages of Melghat. The reported complications rate for induced abortions was 1% in Sewagram villages and 0.1%in Melghat villages. In Sewagram villages, among 24 (4.3%) women who had complications with spontaneous abortions, the reported complications were: vaginal bleeding in 33.3% (1.4% of all spontaneous abortions), abdominal pain in 33.3%, weakness in 29.16% (1.2% all spontaneous abortions), backache in16.6% (0.7%of spontaneous abortions), fever in 12.5%(0.5% of spontaneous abortions), excessive vaginal discharge in 8.33% (0.3% of spontaneous abortions), and other complications in 8.33% (0.36% of spontaneous abortions) women. Among 7 women (3.9% of all 177), who reported complications after induced abortions, 57.1% (2.2% of all induced abortions) reported, vaginal bleeding and 28.5% (1.1% of induced abortions) reported abdominal pain. In Melghat villages only 4 women reported complications with spontaneous abortions (0.32% spontaneous abortions): two (0.16% spontaneous abortions) reported abdominal pain, one (0.08% spontaneous abortions) reported vaginal bleeding, and one (0.08% of spontaneous abortions) reported backache. In villages of Melghat 2 women (3.7%) out of 27 induced abortions cases had complications: one had vaginal bleeding, discharge, pain, weakness, another only vaginal bleeding. In villages of Melghat 2 of the total 6 sought health facility care, however, no one reported to specialists despite complications. Nevertheless, there was neither abortion-related mortality nor near-miss morbidity or severe morbidity during the same duration. CONCLUSION: Research is needed about traditional therapies, reverse pharmacology, socio-behavioral issues in addition to creating awareness in women about abortion complications, long-term squeal, and the necessity of care-seeking.

Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Modifying Biochar for Ammonia Nitrogen Removal from Water

A significant factor for eutrophication is the excessive discharge of ammonia nitrogen. Unfortunately, traditional methods to remove ammonia nitrogen are ineffective when facing gradually strict rules. Recently, adsorption has gained interest from scholars due to its efficiency and safety in ammonia nitrogen treatment. In this study, a novel biochar, modified with magnetic iron, was synthesized through co-precipitation, which performed well in ammonia nitrogen removal. The maximum adsorption amount at 293 K of the composite that was synthesized at 80℃(MB80) was 17.52 mg·g-1. Meanwhile, the simulation results displayed a good fitting with the pseudo second order model and Langmuir model. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism could be attributed to electrostatic adsorption, porous filling, ion exchange, and hydrogen bonding. Noticeably, MB80 maintained a good performance after 5 cycles, with desirable adsorption amount of 3.18 mg·g-1. This study aimed to provide an efficient method to treat ammonia nitrogen as well as a new way to dispose of municipal sludge.