Excess Of Maximum Permissible Concentrations Research Articles

Comprehensive Hygienic Assessment of Anthropogenic Load on the Territory of the Voronezh Region

Introduction: A comprehensive assessment of adverse human health effects of environmental pollutants found in residential areas has been carried out in the Voronezh Region. Objective: To conduct a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the anthropogenic load on the territory of the Voronezh Region. Materials and methods: We analyzed the results of ambient air, drinking water, and soil quality monitoring collected by the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region in 2018–2022 for compliance with the maximum permissible concentrations specified in Regulations SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. The complex load was estimated in accordance with method guidelines MR 01-19/17-17. Results: We established that pollution of ambient air in residential areas contributed the most (69.8 %) to the total anthropogenic load in the town Pavlovsk; drinking water – to that in the Semiluksky district (36.5 %), and soil – in the Rossoshansky district (10.5 %). In the city of Voronezh, the level of complex anthropogenic load exceeded both the regional and district averages. The problem of ambient air pollution dominates in all districts; it should be noted, however, that air sampling is carried out only in urban areas and urban-type settlements. In rural areas, effects of agriculture-associated nitrate pollution of drinking water is more pronounced. The impact of soil pollution is more pronounced in urban residential areas. At the same time, the excess of maximum permissible concentrations of soil pollutants were registered neither in rural nor in urban areas over the study period. Conclusion: In Voronezh, the level of complex anthropogenic load exceeds the average values estimated for the region and districts. Ambient air pollution with vehicle and industrial emissions make the greatest contributions to this load both on the territory of Voronezh and in the districts. Nitrate pollution of potable water associated with agriculture is a challenge in rural areas.

Edaphic growth conditions of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. in Nikitsky Botanical Garden

A soil survey was carried out under the collection plantings of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., growing on the experimental site of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. During the research, the morphological structure, granulometric composition, pH, content of carbonates, humus, exchangeable potassium, oxalate-soluble (amorphous) iron were studied using generally accepted methods of soil analysis. The content of mobile forms of micronutrients and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd) was determined in ammonium acetate extract at pH=4.8. It was revealed that the soils of the experimental site are characterized by favorable physical, chemical properties and agrochemical parameters for cherry plum plants, including uniform distribution of humus along the profile, slightly alkaline reaction, low content of carbonates, high content of available potassium. Among the mobile forms of trace elements and heavy metals, exceeding of the maximum permissible concentration was found only for copper, the source of which is copper-containing fungicides. The slightly alkaline reaction of the soil contributes to a decrease in the mobility of micronutrients and heavy metals, therefore, even with their excessive content in the soil, there was no excess of maximum permissible concentration in cherry plum fruits.

Technogenic Influence of the Composition of Ash Waste of the Zmiiv Power Plant on the Pedosphere

Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze the geochemical composition of ash and slag waste at the Zmiiv Thermal Power Plant (TPP) and to identify the features of migration of heavy metals (HM) from the place of storage of ash and slag waste into the ecosystem. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: geochemical analysis of ash and slag waste at Zmiiv TPP; study of the reliability of HM migration into the soil in the places of ash and slag waste storage. Methods. The content of heavy metals in ash, slag and soil were investigated using atomic absorption analysis (AAA) on a spectrophotometer S-115. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the solid inorganic part of ash and slag. Results. Ash and slag of Zmiiv TPP contain Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb in quantities that are several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). For ash and slag waste, the total pollution index is Zc = 43, which corresponds to a high level. That is, this artificially created horizon is dangerous. HM migrate into groundwater and into the soil near the ash dump due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, emissions from water pipelines, filtration of water through the base of the ash dump of the Zmiiv TPP. To determine soil contamination near the ash dump, soil analyzes were performed at a distance of 0 ... 100 meters. At a distance of up to 100 meters from the dump, there is an excess of MPC in the soil for the content of Ni, Cu, As, Cr. At a distance of up to 100 meters from the dump, an excess of the MPC in the content of Ni, Cu, As, Cr is observed. Concentration factor exceeds unity for Cr, As, Cu, Cd, Ni. The content of Pb and Zn reaches background values only at a distance of more than 100 meters. The calculation of the total soil pollution indicator allows us to classify these soils as moderately hazardous and permissible. However, there are several significant disadvantages of the Zc indicator. First of all, it does not take into account the differences in the potential hazard of chemical elements, and, most importantly, the synergistic effects of polymetallic pollution. The coefficient of the synergistic effect of heavy metals is 26.64 (in the soil of the ash dump), then it decreases, but even at a distance of 100 meters it is 11.23, that is, at a distance of 0 ... 100 m from the ash dumps, the condition of the coefficient of synergistic effect is less than one. It has been established that Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr are characterized by low mobility in the soil near the ash dump, therefore they accumulate in the ecosystem near the ash dump, which is explained by the neutral and slightly alkaline soil pH values (pH = 8.0 ... 8.5). The ratio of mineral phases to glass is unstable; however, it should be noted that aluminosilicates, calcium silicates and glass predominate in ash and slag. Сompounds with HM are confined mainly to amorphous clay aggregates and sooty-carbon formations of ash, to a lesser extent to slag glass and even less to grains of quartz sand. Conclusions. Since the ash contains such fractions that can be easily carried by wind, it should be assumed that the HM entry into the ecosystem is also by air, which also contributes to air pollution. The solution to the problem of ash and slag waste disposal should be found in the production of building materials, in road construction, but it is necessary to study the composition of ash and slag and the probability of HM migration depending on the conditions of use.

Contemporary ecological state of waters of the Caspian Sea during development of oil and gas deposits

Aim. This study was an attempt by the authors to identify the impact of oil production in the Caspian Sea on the quality of waters surrounding oil and gas-production platforms.Material and Methods. In 2018, by order of the Committee for Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazekoproekt carried out comprehensive marine research to assess the state of biological resources in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea. All studies were carried out according to standard methods accepted in international practice. Samples were collected in summer (July-August) 2018 and autumn (September) 2018.Results. An analysis of the materials of environmental studies carried out in the water area of the eastern part of the Caspian Sea in 2018 established the absence of biogenic concentrations in sea water in excess of the standard indicators. It was found that in the waters surrounding several stations in summer and autumn, concentrations of oil products were exceeded. The concentrations of pesticides in the waters of the northern Caspian Sea recorded in 2018 were not detected.Conclusion. It was found that in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea in 2018 there was no concentration of biogenic elements in sea water above the standard indicators. Of the heavy metals, an excess of maximum permissible concentrations was found only at one station - of copper in the summer over 159 sq. m and in the autumn over 121 sq. m. Of particular concern is the fact that at several stations in summer and autumn excessive concentrations of petroleum products were recorded. The concentrations of pesticides in the waters of the northern Caspian Sea recorded in 2018 were not detected.

ГІСТОЛОГІЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЗЯБЕР ТА НИРОК КАРАСЯ СРІБЛЯСТОГО З ЗАПОРІЗЬКОГО (ДНІПРОВСЬКОГО) ВОДОСХОВИЩА

In this article the histological structure of gills and kidneys of the Prussian carp is considered and researched. The research was conducted in the waters of the Zaporizhian (Dnipro) reservoir, namely in the Samara Bay and the lower part of the reservoir (near the village of Viiskove) during 2017–2019. Previous studies have revealed the excess of maximum permissible concentrations of heavy metals in the water of the Samara Bay compared to the lower part of the Zaporozhian reservoir. High levels of nickel and cadmium were observed in the Samara Bay. Statistically significant differences were found between the content of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and cadmium in the two areas of the reservoir (p

СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В ЗОНЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ГОРНО‑ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ООО «ЛОВОЗЕРСКИЙ ГОК»

Introduction. This extended study is the first to analyze the chemical composition of the surface waters and bottom sediments of the lakes affected to various extents by Lovozersky Mining and Processing Plant (Revda urban settlement, Murmansk Region) performing mining and processing of rare metal ores. Methods. During the study, we used data obtained in the course of research in 1995–2005 and 2019–2020. Water and bottom sediment samples were analyzed using various methods. The total contents of elements in the bottom sediments were compared with the background values or, in their absence, with the clarke contents of elements in the Earth’s crust. To assess the level of pollution in the Sergevan River receiving wastewater from the plant, the maximum pollution index was calculated. Results. Over the past 35 years, the chemical composition of the surface waters of nearby water bodies underwent minor changes. No significant excess of maximum permissible concentrations for fishery water bodies was found. The comparison of the contents of heavy metals in the bottom sediments collected from Lakes Ilma and Krivoye with the background values revealed contamination of the Lake Ilma with strontium, zinc and manganese. Besides, a multiple excess of the content of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd), Nb and Ta was established in the bottom sediments of Lake Ilma in comparison with that in Lake Krivoye. The analysis of the river water samples taken at different distances upstream and downstream the site of wastewater discharge confirmed the assumption about the pollution of the Sergevan River by wastewater from the plant. Conclusion. The pollution of the water bodies is mainly caused by wastewater discharged from the plant, however, the increased content of rare earth elements in the bottom sediments of Lake Ilma may be due to air transport of particles of loparite ore concentration tailings, drainage from tailing dams, or degradation of underlying rocks.

Гігієнічна оцінка умов праці працівників процесу механічної переробки відходів ПЕТФ-пляшки

Polymer processing belongs to the category of hazardous industries and requires a deep and comprehensive analysis of the production environment from a hygienic point of view in order to minimize the negative impact on human health and components of the biosphere. The purpose of the study. It is important to study a set of adverse factors that affect employees in the process of processing polymer waste, to establish the relationship with the development of general and occupational diseases. Results and discussion. It has been established that the working conditions of the process of processing polymer waste have a combined effect on the body caused by a set of adverse production factors of different actions. The main ones are: dust in the air of the working area with polymer dust with mixed and unstable composition over time, noise, cooling microclimate, difficulty of work. The excess of maximum permissible concentration for dust load on the body of workers in the process of mechanical processing of PPV is from 1.35 times to 1.74 times, at the workplaces of the baler and shredder and unloading-packing operator (working conditions class 3.1). Exceedance of the sound pressure level in the range from 2 dBA to 15 dBA was recorded at all workplaces (working conditions class 3.2). The parameters of the microclimate at all workplaces, except for the forklift operator, belong to the harmful class of working conditions 3.1. According to the severity of the labor process, the working conditions of employees vary from allowable 2 (operator of the technological process) to harmful 3.2 (baler and shredder operator). In terms of intensity, the working conditions of all employees belong to harmful class 3.2, due to the significant noise load, which prevents the capture and transmission of information between participants in the processing process, as well as timely receipt of audio signals from the process operator and equipment. Mostly working conditions of employees in the process of processing PPV mixtures belong to class 3.2, except for the forklift operator (class 3.4). As for the integrated assessment, according to the hygienic classification, working conditions of operators of unloading-packing, crushing, technological process and baler are evaluated according to class 3.2, and the truck operator - 3.4 according to state sanitary rules and regulations "Hygienic classification of labor according to the indicators of harmfulness and danger and the intensity of the labor process" (order of the Ministry of Health dated 08.04.2014 No.248,), which can lead to the development of work-related diseases

Environmental monitoring of natural waters in the zone of impact of an enterprise producing explosives

Production of explosives, as part of chemical industry, has a significant anthropogenic impact on components of environment. The greatest negative impact due to water requirements of the industry enterprises have on hydrosphere. Generally pollutants of this group of enterprises are nitroesters – one of the most important components of products that determine energy properties of powders. In article considers the need for water quality monitoring of water bodies located in zone of influence of enterprises for contamination with nitroesters, in particular nitroglycerine (1,2,3-trinitrooxypropane). As a rule, such enterprises are located on the largest water bodies. Low solubility of the substance in water determines its risk to aquatic organisms and population. The Kama river was selected as the water object of the research in area of impact of the gunpowder production enterprise on territory of a large industrial and residential agglomeration of Perm. According to the results of environmental monitoring, which consisted in sewage and natural water, a significant excess of maximum permissible concentration of nitroglycerin in natural waters was detected, which is unacceptable for water bodies of the highest fishing category of water consumption. To reduce the anthropogenic impact on the water body, it is proposed to introduce a system for wastewater treatment from the source pollutant by ozonation of industrial wastewater with introduction of an alkaline reagent. The revealed high efficiency of the method of wastewater treatment to the content of nitroester at level of trace concentrations makes it possible to exclude the impact of the enterprise on the watercourse.

The Water Quality of White Lake and the Species Composition of Phytoplankton Organisms

the article presents data on the assessment of water quality and coastal soil, and the state of the phytoplankton of lake White, part of the system Kosinski lakes. The revealed excess of maximum permissible concentrations for heavy metals, arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene in the soil and deterioration of water quality dynamics. Discovered the dominance of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), whose share reaches 70% of the total number of installed types. As a result of the study identified the main indicators defining features of the ecological-geochemical anomalies of White lake and the surrounding soils of the coastal strip. The resulting research data may be the basis for the organization of environmental monitoring system and used to develop the strategy of rational nature management within the Natural-historical Park “Kosinki”.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD COMPOSITION IN FATTENING STEERS INDUSTRIAL AREA BY THE FEEDING OF THE ADSORBENT AND ENZYME PREPARATION

To reduce the risk of accumulation of heavy metals in the meat of fattened young cattle successfully used adsorbents that bind toxins and removed from the digestive tract. The detoxification effect of adsorbents increases with the skillful selection of enzyme preparations due to the synergy of action. The aim of the research is to study the effect of toxfin adsorbent and the enzyme preparation celloviridin G20x in the diets with high content of heavy metals on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood of fattened bulls. According to the principle of pairs-analogues (taking into account the origin, sex, age, live weight) were formed 4 groups of 10 heads each. The research material is processed statistically using the software package «Microsoft Excel». In the composition of the winter diet of animals of all groups there was an excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in zinc level by 67.3–67.5 %, lead –by 63.4–64.6 % and cadmium – by 62.9–63.1 %, in the summer diet – by 66.4–66.6 %, 61.4–61.6 % and 60.6–60.8 %. This article presents experimental material showing that to optimize the morphological and biochemical composition of blood and increase the detoxification effect in the body of bulls on fattening should be in the diet with high levels of heavy metals together to introduce IEC celloviridin G20h at a dose of 70 g/t feed and adsorbent toxfin at a dose of 1 kg/t feed. At the same time, animals of the 3rd experimental group showed improvement of morphological and biochemical composition of blood and optimization of protective properties of their organism. The highest detoxification effect was obtained by co-feeding the tested drugs, so that in the blood of bulls of the 3 experimental group there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the concentration of zinc by 2.23 times, lead by 2.43 and cadmium by 3.00 times. At the same time, in no case in animals of the 3 experimental group in the blood there was no excess of MPC in terms of zinc, lead and cadmium.

Determination of the level of toxicity of the soils of recreational areas of Odessa city by biotesting methods

The aim of the research – assessment of the level of chemical contamination of soils with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and assessment of the toxicity of the soils of the recreational areas of Odessa as an indicator of unfavorable effect on the health of the population by the integral method of analyzing the quality of the environment object - the biotesting method, during which laboratory standardized test objects are used.Materials and methods. In this research biotesting of different soil samples was done to determine their phytotoxicity according to SSU ISO 11269-1: 2004 and SSU ISO 11269-2: 2002. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn was determined according to SSU 4770.3: 2007, SSU 4770.9: 2007, SSU 4770.6: 2007, SSU 4770.2: 2007 with ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.8 on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS 115. Also determined: the content of humus according to Tyurin (SSU 4289: 2004), nitrogen by nitrifying ability (GOST 26951-86), phosphorus and potassium according to Machigin (SSU 4114-2002); pHN2O (SSU 8346: 2015), the composition of the salt extract (according to SSU 7943: 2015, SSU 7908: 2015, SSU 7909: 2015, SSU 7944: 2015, SSU 7945: 2015); granulometric composition according to Kaczynski (SSU 4730: 2007); the composition of the absorbed bases Ca, Mg, Na (according to GOST 26487-85, SSU 7912: 2015).Results. Soils of the coastal slopes and the largest parks of Odessa, which are located in the areas of influence of highways different in traffic intensity and load, was selected as the objects of the research. In the key areas 8 full-profile soil sections and two diggings were laid according to generally accepted methods. In recreazems, the maximum permissible concentration of Zinc content was found to be three times higher (key areas 14-PP, section P9), 74 % of the selected samples had a very high level of Lead content, the maximum permissible concentration was exceeded. Exceedance of the maximum permissible concentration of Cadmium and Copper was not detected. In the research soft wheat seeds Triticum aestivum, Antonovka sort and barley Hordéum vulgáre, Dostoiniy variety, was selected as test cultures, test reactions in response to anthropogenic impact (laboratory germination, vigor, length of underground and aboveground part of seedlings) were recorded. The influence on morphological and physiological characteristics of test cultures, which are shown in inhibition of plant, yellowing elevated part of some test cultures was revealed. The toxicity of the soils, that was studied for growth inhibition of the aboveground part is assessed by phytotoxic activity mainly as highly toxic (Іс = 64-72 %). According to growth inhibition of the underground part of wheat is moderately toxic (Ik = 48-58 %). With regard to barley, a non-toxic effect by phytotoxic activity was revealed (Ic = 27-44 % and Ik = 39-49 %), which is indicative of the greater durability of barley seeds to contamination by heavy metals. When determining soils toxicity, the most indicative is the use of wheat in biotesting compared to barley.Conclusions. Soils according to the mean values of growth inhibition indices have the following toxicity: recreazems (Ic = -65 %, Ik = -55 %) - hillozems (Ic = -64 %, Ik = -57 %). Recreazems, in which an excess of maximum permissible concentration of Zinc was found (4 times more in the Victory park, 2 times in “Airport’s”, 1.5 times in parks “named after M. Gorky” and "named after T. Shevchenko"), and of Lead (6 times more in the park “Dukivskiy Sad”), have the highest indicators of phytotoxicity of aboveground part of wheat and are assessed as highly toxic (Ic = 64-72 %). It was revealed that the high content of nutrients in the soils of parks (recreazems) does not eliminate the toxic effects of heavy metals

MONITORING OF ARSENIC, LEAD, CADMIUM, ZINC, AND COPPER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF THE SHERLOVAYA GORA VILLAGE (EASTERN TRANSBAIKALIA)

Introduction. The content of heavy metals (such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) and arsenic in soils, snow cover, and water has been monitored in the Sherlova Gora mining area. The geochemical specificity of mining landscapes directly determines the incidence in the local population. Establishing a dependency between these two indices is an important medical and biological task. Material and methods. The 120 soil samples were analyzed for the total content of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper during 2012-2015. The analysis of the newly diagnosed incidence in childhood (0-14 years) and adolescent (15-18 years) population of the village Sherlova Gora was carried out according to statistical form No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area of medical organization service” for 2012-2015. Results. The excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of arsenic and cadmium in samples of drinking water were revealed. For samples of soil, snow and surface water of the tailings dump ponds located near the settlement, a significant excess of arsenic and metals MPC was established. The total soil contamination index (Zc) at monitoring points was calculated taking into account the average concentrations, and it is less than 16 units, which corresponds to the “permissible” category of soil contamination. Conclusion. The children of the village were found to have cardiovascular morbidity by 7.0-15.3 times and a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) by 3.07-5.06 times more if compared with the administrative area. For adolescents, there was an excess of the incidence of cardiovascular pathology by 2.33-5.0 times, CNS - by 3.01-5.57 times, gastrointestinal tract by 2.6-4.9 times, urogenital system in 2.0-2.2 times. The prevalence of congenital anomalies is 6.9-15.6 times higher than the average margin.

ОЦЕНКА ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРИРОДНО-ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ ПРИ ГОРНОПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ ТЕХНОГЕНЕЗЕ

Актуальность. Структуризация и формирование природно-территориальных комплексов происходит на протяжении длительного времени. За весь период преобразования и установления стабильно устойчивых территорий ландшафты претерпевают значительные изменения. Одним из факторов аналогичной трансформации является техногенная деятельность горнопромышленной отрасли, в связи с чем проводится оценка преобразованности, изучение процессов и схем преобразованности ландшафтов под действием техногенеза как одного из главных критериев, учитывающих месторасположение и расширение данных отраслей промышленности, что и обуславливает актуальность данной работы. Цель: произвести оценку экологической напряженности и видоизмененности ландшафтов, подверженных интенсивной техногенной нагрузке, в районе деятельности медеплавильного комбината. Объекты: компоненты ландшафтного комплекса и почвенный покров в районе интенсивной техногенной нагрузки, расположенные в окрестностях города Красноуральск, Свердловской области. Методы: оценка экологической напряженности территории; расчет коэффициента экологической защищенности ландшафтов по методике Б.И. Кочурова; расчет коэффициента радиальной дифференциации мышьяка в почвенном покрове в зоне интенсивной техногенной нагрузки. Результаты. Произведен анализ отдельных компонентов ландшафтных комплексов. Выявлены характеристики процессов видоизменения территорий, подверженных техногенной нагрузке. После расчетов коэффициента экологической стабильности по методике Б.И. Кочурова выявлено, что исследуемые ландшафты имеют острую экологическую ситуацию и обладают малой стабильностью. В качестве подтверждения техногенной нагрузки измерялась концентрация мышьяка в почвах исследуемых территорий, в результате чего зафиксированы превышения предельно допустимой концентрации в видоизмененных ландшафтах. В ходе подсчета коэффициента радиальной миграции мышьяка в почве объясняются процессы техногенной нагрузки.

Hygienic Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Quality in the Zabaykalsky Krai

Introduction. The supply of high quality potable water to the population living within the geochemical provinces remains an important problem since the imbalance of chemical elements is a risk factor for various diseases and syndromes. The purpose of the study was to analyze the quality of surface and groundwater related to the geochemical characteristics of the region and to assess public health risks. Materials and methods. Water quality was analyzed in the areas of the Zabaykalsky Krai characterized by the presence of geochemical anomalies. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals in drinking water was carried out in accordance with the requirements of R 2.1.10.1920–04. Results. We established the excess of maximum permissible concentrations for such elements as iron (1.1–5.1 MPC), fluorides (1.1–2 MPC), nitrates (2.2 MPC), manganese (5.1 MPC), zinc (2.5–4.6 MPC), and cadmium (1.3–1.5 MPC). Higher than acceptable values of non-carcinogenic hazard quotients were attributed to the effects of nitrites (HQ = 1.5) and arsenic (HQ = 3.4) on the child population in the Kirinsky district. The total hazard index (THI) exceeded the permissible one for children in the Kyrinsky (5.05), Borzinsky (1.92), Chitinsky (1.19), and Tungokochensky (1.24) districts, the urban-type settlements of Zabaykalsk (2.07) and Priargunsk (1.62), and the towns of Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (1.1) and Chita (1.87). Arsenic, fluorine, iron, and nitrites in water contributed the most to the risk level. Conclusions. The priority water pollutants included heavy metals, nitrites, arsenic, manganese, iron salts, and fluorides due to local natural geochemical features and industrial pollution. The assessment of the total non-carcinogenic risk based on hazard quotients showed that the children were at higher risk for toxic effects of those chemicals on the immune system, teeth, bone tissue, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, reproductive, respiratory, and hematopoietic systems, liver, kidney, central nervous and musculoskeletal systems.

Анализ и прогноз экологического состояния поверхностных вод в Узбекистане

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, an increasing shortage of water resources and insufficient supply of clean drinking water is forcing the population to use river water for domestic and drinking needs. Moreover, the health of the population largely depends on the quality of surface waters. This fact makes it relevant to monitor surface water, identify areas with high pollution, identify the most dangerous ingredients for the health of the population and take measures to minimize them. The hydrometeorological service of the Republic of Uzbekistan currently uses a methodology for assessing the quality of surface water that was developed back in 1988 and does not meet modern requirements. For this reason, in the operational practice of Russia since 2002, the “Method of a comprehensive assessment of the degree of pollution of surface waters by hydrochemical indicators” has been used, which is more promising. A method for assessing the quality of surface water is proposed, based on an analysis of the source information for all gauging stations and ingredients. This article presents the results of the development of a map of hydroecological zoning based on materials for 1997–2006 and a forecast map of hydroecological zoning for 2015. The forecast is based on hydrochemical data, which included information on the hydrochemical composition of surface waters for 1997–2006 for all posts of the republic. According to the research results, areas with increased pollution of surface water and ingredients with a significant excess of maximum permissible concentrations were identified. Among them, mercury occupies a special place. A comparative analysis of the forecast map with a map of the actual state of surface water quality, developed by us based on the materials of the hydrometeorological service of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2014–2015, is carried out. The analysis showed a good agreement between the forecast data on the location of areas with unsatisfactory surface water quality and the actual materials, which makes it possible to use a forecast map to identify problem areas with high surface water pollution. Studies have revealed the need for high-quality laboratory chemical analyzes of water for all the ingredients included in the database of the hydrometeorological service of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this case, special attention should be paid to such highly toxic ingredients as mercury. Urgent measures must be taken to inventory mercury sources in surface waters and measures should be developed to minimize its release.

The gasoline vapors spread from “small” spills in an urban environment at low wind speeds

It is noted that the urban environment is polluted by oil products; in particular, there is a large pollution of atmospheric air. It is indicated that one of the pollution sources is the “small” spills, which are characteristic of urban areas. Experimental studies have been carried out on the gasoline distribution in atmospheric air at “small” spills. A single experiment at a low wind speed is considered. Data were obtained on the dependence of gasoline concentration in atmospheric air on the distance from the spill, the height above the level of the spill and the time of the spill. The component composition was studied using chromatographic studies. It is indicated that the distribution of gasoline vapors in the atmosphere is influenced by the ambient temperature, wind speed, surface area of the spill, time from the moment of spilling and the distance above the level of the spill. The gasoline dispersion in atmospheric air was calculated with the software using experimental and calculated data on the surface area of the spill. It is indicated that at low wind speeds (up to 0.5 m/s) from “small” spills of gasoline (up to 3 liters), significant excesses of standards for the content of harmful substances in the atmospheric air can be observed. It was determined that during spilling there is an excess of maximum permissible concentrations of single, hazardous substances such as ethyl benzene, m-xylene and amyl alcohol in the air.

Ecological and Functional Properties of Steppe Soils under Moderate Anthropogenic Impact

Steppe soils of a small industrialized city with moderate anthropogenic impact for example Krasny Kut, Saratov region were analysed to ascertain their ecological and functional state. In the course of this work, the concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) was determined in the soil samples, including the hazard coefficient (Kо) and the total contamination coefficient (Zc). Magnetic susceptibility, magnetic coefficient (Kmag), thermomagnetic effect (dk) of the soil samples were analysed together with the activity of soil enzymes (dehydrogenases, catalases, peroxidases and invertases). Using ecological and geochemical analytical methods, a widespread excess of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of mobile forms Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn was recorded in the soil samples of Krasny Kut, and a single excess of MPC was observed for Cr and Cd. According to Zc indicator values, 4 samples were classified as soils with moderately dangerous levels of contamination and 2 samples with dangerous levels of contamination. Using petromagnetic analysis, a few samples were observed to contain a moderate amount of introduced technogenic magnetic particles and one sample with a hazardous amount of introduced technogenic magnetic particles. Medium, high and very high levels of dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase and invertase activities were recorded in the soil samples, indicating the absence of ecotoxicants inhibiting the enzymes. The observed peculiarities in the ecological and functional state of soils, representative of the steppe zone of the Eastern part of the European territory of Russia will be required for monitoring, reducing and forecasting the anthropogenic burden on soil ecosystems.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD COMPOSITION IN FATTENING STEERS INDUSTRIAL AREA BY THE FEEDING OF THE ADSORBENT AND ENZYME PREPARATION

To reduce the risk of accumulation of heavy metals in the meat of fattened young cattle successfully used adsorbents that bind toxins and removed from the digestive tract. The detoxification effect of adsorbents increases with the skillful selection of enzyme preparations due to the synergy of action. The aim of the research is to study the effect of toxfin adsorbent and the enzyme preparation celloviridin G20x in the diets with high content of heavy metals on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood of fattened bulls. According to the principle of pairs-analogues (taking into account the origin, sex, age, live weight) were formed 4 groups of 10 heads each. The research material is processed statistically using the software package «Microsoft Excel». In the composition of the winter diet of animals of all groups there was an excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in zinc level by 67.3-67.5 %, lead -by 63.4-64.6 % and cadmium - by 62.9-63.1 %, in the summer diet - by 66.4-66.6 %, 61.4-61.6 % and 60.6-60.8 %. This article presents experimental material showing that to optimize the morphological and biochemical composition of blood and increase the detoxification effect in the body of bulls on fattening should be in the diet with high levels of heavy metals together to introduce IEC celloviridin G20h at a dose of 70 g/t feed and adsorbent toxfin at a dose of 1 kg/t feed. At the same time, animals of the 3rd experimental group showed improvement of morphological and biochemical composition of blood and optimization of protective properties of their organism. The highest detoxification effect was obtained by co-feeding the tested drugs, so that in the blood of bulls of the 3 experimental group there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the concentration of zinc by 2.23 times, lead by 2.43 and cadmium by 3.00 times. At the same time, in no case in animals of the 3 experimental group in the blood there was no excess of MPC in terms of zinc, lead and cadmium.

Microbiological treatment system of storage ponds

One of the main sources of water pollution is industry, including food production enterprises. Wastewater of this industry is intensively polluted with easily decomposable organic substances, which can cause great damage to water bodies. Existing wastewater treatment technologies are extremely energy-consuming due to deficiencies in the analysis of the composition of liquid media, which can reveal an excess of maximum permissible concentrations of not more than ten percent of the total amount of normalized pollution. In the present paper, data on the existing wastewater discharge obtained by the laboratory method are presented, and the level of their pollution is estimated. Information about the developed Microbiological Treatment System and its ability to reduce pollutant concentrations is presented: for suspended solids by 17 times, for mass concentration of fats by 17 times, for BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) by 45 times, for COD (chemical oxygen demand) by 10 times, in artificially created storage ponds.

Mathematical-cartographic modeling and forecasting of caries and acute apical periodontitis incidence in pediatric population

The paper presents the results of mathematical-cartographic simulation study of the incidence of caries and acute apical periodontitis in pediatric population of Belgorod region. The Borisov district was found to be the most unfavorable area of the region with the highest incidence of the diseases. The forecast indicates an increase in the incidence of caries in children by 181.1 cases and acute apical periodontitis by 15.00 cases per 1.000 children annually in the coming years. The incidence of acute apical periodontitis is influenced by the excess of maximum permissible concentration of phenol and soot in atmospheric air, forming a homogenous cluster.