Excess Demand Research Articles

AYURVEDIC VIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF TRAYOSTAMBHA-A SHORT COM-MENTARY

Ayurveda is a discipline that strives to promote a healthy lifestyle and provide remedies for various ailments. In this contemporary age, the rise in pollution, excessive work demands, unhealthy eating habits, and improper lifestyle have contributed to the increasing prevalence of numerous diseases among the population. According to Ayurveda, our well-being depends on three pillars, namely Ahara (diet), Nidra (sleep), and Brahmacharya (celibacy). Ayurveda greatly emphasises Ahara, as it believes that a nutritious diet nourishes the body and mind and promotes overall well-being. Additionally, Nidra is crucial in influencing our physical and mental states. Lastly, brahmacharya aids in maintaining disease resistance and psychological and physical strength.

Responding to the Current Capricious State of Australian Educational Leadership: We Should Have Seen It Coming!

The capricious state of Australian educational leadership is evidenced in the publication, “The Australian Principal Occupational Health, Safety, and Wellbeing Survey 2022 Data”, which highlights unsustainable adverse health outcomes for an increasing number of school leaders. According to this report, the accumulation of stress caused by the sheer quantity of work, the lack of time to focus on teaching and learning, a lack of sufficient teachers, and having to care for an increasing number of staff and students with mental health issues were the main causes of professional disillusionment and burnout among Australian school leaders. Moreover, the level of destabilisation and chaos that this situation could cause, should it continue to rise, is compounded by current research highlighting an ever-decreasing number of applicants for school leadership positions. To assign blame for this serious predicament on the excessive school leadership demands during COVID-19 is to ignore the abundant pre-existing evidence already pointing to this eventuality. However, the way in which Australian school leaders were able to constructively lead during the intensely demanding COVID-19 period does provide additional compelling support for the adoption of a far more relational foundation for leadership theory and practice. Hence, in response to this understanding, this article first presents during-COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 Australian school leadership research literature to not only describe the evolving concerning issues but also to present the demand for a more relational approach to leadership. Then, the article proceeds to justify and illustrate a new relational approach to the practice of school leadership informed by our theory of organizational ecology. It is proposed that this new way of leading relationally will enable Australian school leaders to ultimately overcome the myriad of complex and stressful crises that now confront them.

Collaborative optimization of passenger flow control and bus-bridging services in commuting metro lines

With the advantages of high speed and punctuality, urban rail transit has become the preferred choice for many commuters. However, overcrowding of urban rail transit lines during peak hours is a common problem in megacities owing to the excessive passenger demand. To address this problem, this study proposes an integrated optimization method that combines passenger flow control and bus-bridging services. An integer nonlinear optimization model is developed to minimize the weighted passenger waiting time and operating cost of bus-bridging services by considering the coupling relationships between passenger movements on both the metro and buses. Then, the proposed model is equivalently transformed into a linear form with better mathematical properties, and variants of this model are further formulated to extend the usability. Finally, real-world case studies based on the operational data of the Beijing Metro Batong line are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The computational results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively alleviate overcrowding and reduce passengers' waiting time, thereby improving the operational efficiency and safety of the urban rail transit system.

Analysis of Off-Road Tire Cornering Characteristics by Using Advanced Analytical Techniques

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on analysis of the cornering characteristics of an off-road truck tire running under several operating conditions over different soils. The finite element analysis (FEA) method is used to model the Goodyear RHD 315/80R22.5 truck tire, and the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to model the soil. The goal of this research is to provide a virtual testing environment in Pam-Crash software as an alternative to actual tests for FEA and SPH analyses of rolling tire interactions on deformable terrains. The study on the effects of different operating parameters on the cornering performance combined with the sensitivity study can be of interest to tire engineers or vehicle engineers because they provide insight into the design and real-time behavior of a vehicle. Tire and soil models are validated using experimental data and published measurements, showing good agreement. The tire–soil interaction is investigated under different tire conditions, such as longitudinal speed, inflation pressure, vertical load, and slip angle, and under various soil characteristics, such as cohesion, internal friction angle, and rut depth. Cornering force, self-aligning moment, and overturning moment are studied as the fundamental cornering characteristics that affect truck lateral stability and control. Owing to the excessive computational demands posed by the FEA-SPH tire–soil models, we propose unique mathematical relationships for estimating the cornering characteristics of free-rolling as well as driven truck tires in an efficient manner. The genetic algorithm (GA) technique is used to develop relationships between the cornering parameters and operating conditions. We conclude that the identified mathematical relationships could provide very good estimations of the cornering characteristics under a broad range of operating conditions and soils. The GA equations will ultimately be implemented into a full vehicle model to evaluate the full vehicle performance.

A cognitive task analysis of final year nursing students' situation awareness in simulated deteriorating patient events: A mixed methods study.

The aim of this study was to: (1) use cognitive task analysis to describe final year nursing students situation awareness in recognising, responding and escalating care of deteriorating patients in ward settings; and (2) make recommendations for training and practice. A mixed methods cognitive task analysis with a convergent triangulation design. Data collection involved observations of 33 final year nursing students in simulated deteriorating patient scenarios and retrospective cognitive interviews. A process tracing technique was applied to identify the cues to deterioration participants perceived; how cue perception altered as situational demands increased; the extent that participants made connections between perceived cues and reached a situational understanding; and the factors that influenced and constrained participants situation awareness. Qualitative and quantitative findings are woven together and presented using descriptive statistics, illustrative quotations and timeline extractions. The median cue perception was 65.4% and 57.6% in the medical and surgical scenarios, respectively. Perception was negatively influenced by incomplete vital sign monitoring as situations escalated; limited physical assessments; passive scanning behaviours; poor task automaticity; and excessive cognitive demands. Incomplete perception, poor cue integration and underdeveloped mental models influenced situational understanding. Escalation calls did not always accurately reflect situations and a reporting mindset was evident. Clinical exposure to deteriorating patients was described as variable and opportunistic. The study is reported in accordance with the Good Reporting of a Mixed Methods Study (GRAMMS) checklist. Patients and public were not involved in this research.

Position paper on working in the intensive care unit during pregnancy : DIVI recommendations for improving the situation of pregnant employees in the ICU

The Maternity Protection Act is intended to protect the mother and the child from hazards, excessive demands and damage to health in the workplace, and from financial disadvantages and loss of employment. However, the objectives defined by the Maternity Protection Act-the safety and health of the pregnant employee on the one hand and the prevention of disadvantages in working life on the other-are not yet adequately achieved in the intensive care unit (ICU). Implementation of the Maternity Protection Act to the benefit of all involved parties should also be promoted in the specialist areas represented by the DIVI, in particular the work of pregnant physicians and nursing staff and other working specialists (respiratory therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, psychotherapists, and social workers) in the ICU. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the need to consider each pregnant and breastfeeding staff member individually and to work together to find apersonal solution for continuing to work in the ICU. Possible ways and solutions to achieve this goal are outlined and practical examples are given for implementation in everyday clinical routine. These are also based on comprehensive presentation of activities according to atraffic light color-code system for all occupational groups. Arguments against pregnant employees working in the ICU are discussed and possible solutions are presented.

Position paper on working in the intensive care unit during pregnancy : DIVI recommendations for improving the situation of pregnant employees in the ICU

The Maternity Protection Act is intended to protect the mother and the child from hazards, excessive demands and damage to health in the workplace, and from financial disadvantages and loss of employment. However, the objectives defined by the Maternity Protection Act-the safety and health of the pregnant employee on the one hand and the prevention of disadvantages in working life on the other-are not yet adequately achieved in the intensive care unit (ICU). Implementation of the Maternity Protection Act to the benefit of all involved parties should also be promoted in the specialist areas represented by the DIVI, in particular the work of pregnant physicians and nursing staff and other working specialists (respiratory therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, psychotherapists, and social workers) in the ICU. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the need to consider each pregnant and breastfeeding staff member individually and to work together to find apersonal solution for continuing to work in the ICU. Possible ways and solutions to achieve this goal are outlined and practical examples are given for implementation in everyday clinical routine. These are also based on comprehensive presentation of activities according to atraffic light color-code system for all occupational groups. Arguments against pregnant employees working in the ICU are discussed and possible solutions are presented.

Cross-border electricity transfers in the case of differentiated renewable energy sources: A simulation analysis for Germany and Spain

Renewable electricity plays an increasingly important role in the effort to reduce CO2 emissions in the electricity sector. One of the major challenges that must be addressed is the fluctuating supply of renewable electricity. We explore the impact of cross-border electricity transfers on both the security of electricity supply and renewable electricity expansion. We focus on Spain and Germany due to the relative abundance of their country-specific renewable electricity sources (solar for Spain and wind for Germany). We develop an electricity market model that allows for cross-border electricity transfers by connecting country-specific electricity markets. We apply six policy scenarios aiming towards securing the electricity supply and renewable electricity expansion. Our simulation results show that cross-border electricity transfers postpone supply shortages in both countries. These shortages occur as a result of an increasing amount of low-marginal-cost renewable electricity, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the electricity price, so that power plants cannot operate profitably. However, the postponement of these supply shortages is primarily achieved through an excess supply of German conventional power plants that are utilised to meet excess demand in Spain. Although this serves to reduce required government subsidies, it also leads to an increase in CO2 emissions.

Vulnerability Index to COVID-19 for Brazilian States

This present article brings a vulnerability index to COVID-19 for Brazilian states. The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest since the great flu of 1918, and Brazil, which already has major supply limitations in health provision, is experiencing additional stress on the health system caused by the excess demand caused by the pandemic. Thus, this index is composed of a weighted average of state indicators, which are human development index (HDI), net current revenue per capita, health expenditure per capita, percentage of households with more than six residents, percentage of elderly population, access to basic sanitation, total population, the number of ICUs and the number of doctors and respirators per hundred thousand inhabitants. The results indicate that the states best placed in the vulnerability ranking are the Federal District and São Paulo, while the states with the worst ranking are Alagoas and Amapá. In the medium term, there is an association between the number of accumulated cases and the hospital vulnerability index. The same association exists, although at a lower level, between the hospital vulnerability index and the number of deaths per capita.

A comparative analysis of how to handle stockout scenarios: the impact of newsvendor’s risk attitude

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate contrasting approaches for handling excess demand through the lens of a retailer (newsvendor) whose risk attitude (risk-neutral versus risk-averse) is modeled explicitly. We employ representative newsvendor models and provide comparison between two well-established stockout policies when demand exceeds supply. The “while supplies last” policy avoids the need for a secondary production order to satisfy the excess demand but faces potential opportunity cost through lost sales. Conversely, the “accepting backorders” policy relies on recourse production availability which is potentially costly but meets all levels of realized demand. Across distinct parameter classes, we incorporate comparison between the two policies in terms of financial metrics including expected profit and conditional value-at-risk criteria as well as metrics that relate to inventory availability and, hence, customer service, e.g., stockout probabilities and expected excess inventory. Powerful analytical results encompass both financial and inventory metrics and reveal that the outperforming policy is simply determined through relative underage cost values. That is, our insights indicate general advantages of accepting backorders when profit margins are sufficiently large and advantages of ignoring excess demand when profit margins are smaller. Although these extensive analytical takeaways hold in general, our numerical study reveals mean order quantity deviations (decision bias) in addition to which modeling approaches and counterpart optimal solutions maintain outperformance (resiliency) or lead to underperformance (sensitivity) when evaluated across all objective function criteria.

Effects of QE on sovereign bond spreads through the safe asset channel

AbstractWe show that through the safe asset channel the excess liquidity created by large scale asset purchases (QE) can lead to higher sovereign bond spreads in the euro area. This unintended effect is most likely in volatile market conditions when excess liquidity spurs demand for tradeable safe assets, pushing down the interest rate of these assets, which widens risk spreads. Outcomes of a panel regression model estimated for individual euro area countries confirm that the excess liquidity created by QE had an upward effect on sovereign bond spreads. It indicates that the safe asset channel dominates the usual portfolio rebalancing channel. For monetary policy the results imply that large scale asset purchases by QE are not an appropriate instrument to address country specific shocks.

Development and Proof of Concept of a Predictive Model of Flight Deck Cognitive Workload

Abstract: Workload can be regarded as the “cost” (in information processing terms) of performing a given flight task. Predictive models of workload are valuable at the early stages of system design to identify potentially excessive demands on the human operator before major system development commences. This paper describes the early development of a task-based predictive workload method. It utilizes a scenario-based timeline analysis supplemented by characterizations of the cognitive nature of the pilot’s tasks using Wickens’ multiple resource theory, followed by the identification of likely task conflicts and estimates of the influence of the task environment. Workload predictions were made for a manual approach, landing and roll-out scenario in a modern airliner. Predictions were compared against corresponding Bedford scale workload estimates. Results show that the predictive workload technique produced comparable estimates of cognitive workload measured using the Bedford scale.

The association of breast surgery ASPIRE: breast pain pathway rapid evaluation project - study protocol.

Breast pain accounts for 20-40% of new referrals to breast units in the UK and these patients have a very low risk of breast cancer. Patients have previously been assessed in resource-intensive, cancer-exclusion, one stop clinics, which are now failing to meet government targets due to excessive demand. UK Breast units are increasingly piloting Breast Pain-only Pathways (BPP) to assess these patients, and there is no consensus for the optimal pathway. The aim of this prospective multicentre study is to assess the safety and patient satisfaction of different BPPs to inform future BPP design and implementation. All UK breast units will be invited to join the ASPIRE study between January 2023 and December 2023. Units with a BPP are invited to submit their pathway for evaluation; and those without a BPP who see patients with breast pain-only in a one stop clinics setting are also invited to join the study to evaluate the traditional pathway model concurrently. Patient satisfaction assessments will be collected after their initial consultation and patient outcomes, including subsequent cancer diagnosis, will be followed up at 12 months to determine if they have cancer diagnosis after discharge to assess pathway safety.

Reminiscence techniques in reducing stress in the elderly: Literature review

Stress in the elderly can be interpreted as physiological and psychological responses that occur in elderly individuals as a result of situations or conditions that are perceived as threats, pressures, or excessive demands. Reminiscence therapy is an intervention that uses memory to maintain mental health, improve quality of life, and reduce stress. This study aims to determine the effect of reminiscence therapy on stress levels in the elderly. Literature This review was written with a narrative method using four database search engines namely pubmed, google scholar, sciencedirect, neliti and produced 5 journals to be followed up. Journals were analyzed using PRISMA diagrams in accordance with the inclusion criteria used, namely journals using English and Indonesian, using retrospective research designs, and published between January 2013 and December 2023 regarding reminiscence techniques in the elderly who experience stress. The reminiscence technique is proven to reduce stress in the elderly.

Feature-Based Inventory Control with Censored Demand

Problem definition: We study stochastic periodic-review inventory systems with lost sales, where the decision maker has no access to the true demand distribution a priori and can only observe historical sales data (referred to as censored demand) and feature information about the demand. In an inventory system, excess demand is unobservable because of inventory constraints, and sales data alone cannot fully recover the true demand. Meanwhile, feature information about the demand is abundant to assist inventory decisions. We incorporate features for inventory systems with censored demand. Methodology/results: We propose two feature-based inventory algorithms called the feature-based adaptive inventory algorithm and the dynamic shrinkage algorithm. Both algorithms are based on the stochastic gradient descent method. We measure the performance of the proposed algorithms through the average expected regret in finite periods: that is, the difference between the cost of our algorithms and that of a clairvoyant optimal policy with access to information, which is acting optimally. We show that the average expected cost incurred under both algorithms converges to the clairvoyant optimal cost at the rate of [Formula: see text] for the perishable inventory case and [Formula: see text] for the nonperishable inventory case. The feature-based adaptive inventory algorithm results in high volatility in the stochastic gradients, which hampers the initial performance of regret. The dynamic shrinkage algorithm uses a shrinkage parameter to adjust the gradients, which significantly improves the initial performance. Managerial implications: This paper considers feature information. The idea of dynamic shrinkage for the stochastic gradient descent method builds on a fundamental insight known as the bias-variance trade-off. Our research shows the importance of incorporating the bias-variance in a dynamic environment for inventory systems with feature information. Funding: W. T. Huh acknowledges support from the NSERC Discovery Grants [Grant RGPIN 2020-04213] and the Canada Research Chair Program. The work of Y. Rong was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72025201, 72331006, and 72221001]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0135 .

Biological desulfurization of biogas by a controlled aeration system

The excessive demand of modern society for resources implies the need for development, propagation and use of energy sources more interesting from the environmental and economic point of view. Biogas is a potential alternative, originating from anaerobic degradation composed essentially of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of other gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and moisture. To enable its use, a purification process is necessary, especially with regard to H2S, since it has characteristics that cause corrosion of equipment and toxicity to human health. This study aims to implement a biological desulfurization system for biogas generated from the anaerobic digestion of the effluent treatment system in an egg processing company. Both the monitoring of the biogas composition and the control of air injection into the system were performed automatically from a device from the manufacturer Awite, which proved to be interesting for full-scale applications. The system showed removal efficiency of up to 71.63% (June 17th) in the concentration of H2S at the exit of the biodigester when the extreme values obtained were used, and removal of 61.23% when the selected period was considered. Still, the temperature behavior was shown to influence the variable [H2S] in a directly proportional way. However, it was noticeable the restriction of the efficiency of the technique especially due to the low content of solids in the effluent and a need for adaptation in the engineering of the reactor.

The origin of return correlation networks

Abstract Financial networks are constructed from asset price comovements. There is a large literature that takes these networks as given, for example, for portfolio optimization. But what exactly is the origin of these networks? We exploit a unique database with matched asset price and order imbalance data, allowing us to observe the trade orders placed and reveal excess demands along with the resulting prices. Empirically, we find that order imbalance comovement has a positive and statistically significant effect on return comovement. Filtering out the latent market factors from both order imbalance and return leads to a drastic drop in explanatory power. We infer that the market factor of order imbalance is the primary driver of return comovement—robust to model specifications as well as fixed effects. We present complementary results with market volatility and the decomposition of traders in terms of strategic heterogeneity. Our work brings forth the role of order imbalance networks in explaining asset return networks.

Effects of Scarcity-Induced Demand on Crowdfunding Market

Fundraisers on reward-based crowdfunding platforms have increasingly sought to base their promotional strategy on the principle of scarcity. Although previous studies find that using a limited-edition inventory contributes to the success of campaigns, it remains unknown how fundraisers should leverage a scarcity strategy in the upfront design of reward options. Using a unique dynamic panel dataset from a leading reward-based crowdfunding platform, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model to capture the dynamic arrival process of backers at the reward option level. We find that backers are driven by excess demand rather than limited supply. Putting quantity restrictions on a reward option can discourage demand if it fails to accumulate an adequate number of backers first. In addition, the scarcity strategy is more effective in high-priced reward options than in low-priced reward options. This study offers practical implications for the implementation of a scarcity strategy for both platform managers and fundraisers.

Excess demand or excess supply? A comparison of renewable energy certificate markets in the United Kingdom and Australia

Comparing the United Kingdom's Renewables Obligation and Australia's Renewable Energy Target, this paper reconstructs the market for green certificates in which penalties are imposed on missed certificates. Our analysis shows that excess demand in the Renewables Obligation makes the penalty the minimum certificate price, but excess supply in the Renewable Energy Target makes the penalty the maximum certificate price. Further, excess supply also implies that the sales of certificates are not guaranteed in the Renewable Energy Target. Therefore, compared to the Renewables Obligation, generators face greater risk under the Renewable Energy Target as there is more uncertainty about the price of certificates and the possibility of sales.

Incomplete maternal family as an object of social work

The authors examined the reasons for the emergence of single-parent families, including: divorce of a married couple; transformation of the reproductive function of the family; death of the children’s father; changes in moral standards in the field of gender relations; the spread of premarital affairs; unpreparedness of young people for marriage and excessive demands on their marriage partner. Classifications of single-parent families by number of generations are presented; the actual presence or absence of a second parent; form of institution. Social work technologies that can be used to effectively solve social problems of single-parent families are considered: technologies of social patronage, counseling, social prevention, correction, therapy and mentoring technology. An important condition for the successful exit of an incomplete maternal family from a difficult life situation is the readiness of family members to implement the recommendations of a social work specialist and the personal interest of clients in improving the quality of life.