Excess Body Weight Research Articles

Review on Bariatric Surgery in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients

Bariatric surgery (BS) is a surgical intervention that aims to reduce excess body weight and improve obesity-related comorbidities. Obesity is a growing health problem among patients with human im¬munodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially with the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, there is limited evidence on the safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in this pop¬ulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on bariatric surgery in HIV patients, focusing on the types of procedures, the impact on HIV-related outcomes, antiretroviral considerations, concerns, and possible complications. The available data suggest that bariatric surgery is safe and well tolerated in HIV-infected individuals and does not adversely affect HIV disease progression or virologic suppression. However, bariatric surgery may increase the risk of postoperative complications such as strictures and micronutrient deficiencies and may require adjustments in ART regimens due to altered pharmacokinetics. Therefore, careful selection of candidates, multidisciplinary collaboration, and close monitoring are essential for optimal outcomes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of bariatric surgery in HIV patients and to compare different surgical techniques.

Obesity: A Major Factor in Diabetes

Obesity is currently recognized as a significant risk factor contributing to the onset of diabetes, presenting a substantial challenge to public health worldwide. This abstract provides a concise overview of the intricate relationship between obesity and diabetes, with a specific focus on the impact of excess body weight on insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. These two mechanisms serve as the primary contributors to the development of diabetes. The abstract delves into the complex interplay between adipose tissue, insulin signaling, and inflammation, elucidating the underlying mechanisms by which obesity exacerbates insulin resistance. Additionally, the role of visceral adiposity, genetic factors, and lifestyle modifications are explored within the context of obesity-related diabetes. The abstract also highlights the adverse health consequences associated with obesity-related diabetes, particularly the heightened risk of cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities. Acknowledging these detrimental effects strengthens the urgency in addressing this widespread issue. Consequently, the abstract briefly outlines the various effective management strategies available to combat obesity-related diabetes, including weight loss interventions, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. In conclusion, the abstract underscores the necessity of adopting a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach in tackling both obesity and diabetes. Prevention measures are emphasized as a crucial component in alleviating the burden posed by these two interrelated health conditions. By implementing proactive strategies, it is possible to mitigate the escalating prevalence of obesity-related diabetes and enhance public health outcomes.

The effect of bodyweight workout intensity on decrease the body mass index (BMI) in college students

Obesity in adolescents is very prone to occur due to consumption of fast food, sweet food/drink patterns, likes to play games without knowing the time, and low physical activity. Overnutrition in adolescents is characterized by relatively excessive body weight. The nutritional needs of adolescents are very important, for example, the needs of athletes, so an appropriate training model is needed. Physical activity can burn fat in the body, thereby increasing the body's metabolism. Bodyweight workout is a form of physical activity to maintain body weight. This study aimed to determine the effect of bodyweight workouts on reducing BMI. The study subjects used the Proportionate stratified random sampling technique by taking a sample of 35 male and female university students with a body mass index above 25. The research instrument uses body mass index (BMI) measurements. The data analysis technique used prerequisite tests for normality, homogeneity, and data analysis using SPSS 25. The decreased results were obtained from an average BMI of 27.411 to 25.086, 2.326 or 8.486%. This study concludes the importance of doing bodyweight workouts to reduce BMI in college students.

Injury prevalence in recreational runners

Introduction. The benefits attributed to running include: improving mental and physical health, weight control, as well as reducing stress. However, the occurrence of injuries in this sport is common and carries consequences that can permanently affect the body. Nowadays, modern methods are being analyzed to counteract incorrect training loads, which are assessed on the basis of the multifactorial risk of their formation. In addition, an important aspect that allows for a faster, post-injury return to efficient running is the use of a properly selected rehabilitation protocol. Purpose of research. The main aim of the study was to determine the risk factors and frequency of the most common injuries among amateur runners. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 100 adults living in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship, randomly selected (38 women and 62 men). The method of diagnostic survey was used in the work. The research tool was an original questionnaire examining the occurrence, types and locations of injuries in recreational runners. Results. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body weight of an amateur runner and the frequency of injury (p < 0.001). At the same time, there was a significant relationship between the warm-up performed before training and the occurrence of injury (p < 0.001). Noticeable effects of physiotherapy were demonstrated (p = 0.016). It was concluded that the preventive use of physiotherapy influenced (p = 0.038) the prevention of recurrent injuries. Conclusions. Excessive body weight in respondents was associated with a higher risk of injury compared to people with appropriate body weight in the study group. The use of physiotherapy after an injury resulted in a much faster return to physical activity compared to people from the group without physiotherapy.

Деякі тенденції та характерні особливості фізичного розвитку чоловіків 36–45 років із круглою спиною

The analysis and synthesis of professional scientific and methodological literature, tangent to the problem of the proposed research, has highlighted the scientific community’s development of a number of theories to confirm the expediency of positioning a person’s posture not only as a simple static arrangement of various body biolanks, but above all as the foundation of human health and the basis of human well-being. In general, postural stability can be considered as its ability to persist and remain qualitatively unchanged in response to interference or fluctuations (including postural fluctuations) in control. Monitoring the state of posture is a very important and basic requirement in everyday life. The purpose of the article is to study the age-related changes in the physical development indicators of men 36-45 years old with a round back. Research methods. theoretical analysis of literary sources, anthropometry, pedagogical experiment, mathematical statistics. Results of work. The study showed that despite some differences in body length, body weight and body mass index in favor of men 36-40 years and in the indicators of circumferential hip size in favor of men 41-45 years, statistically significant differences between them are not proven (p > 0.05). At the same time, it was established that the circumferential waist sizes of men 41-45 years old are 3.63 cm (only 4.7 %) statistically significant (p < 0.05) more than in men 36-40 years old. And, as with the bypass dimensions of the lower leg, which is 8.24 % statistically significant (p < 0.05) predominates in men 41-45 years old. Conclusions. Summarizing the above, it should be emphasized that in men 36-45 years old there is excessive body weight. At the same time, a trend was recorded according to which the circumferential dimensions of the waist and lower leg increase in men with age.

Correlation of Vitamin D Levels with Insulin Resistance in women with PCOS

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder. Since PCOS impacts insulin metabolism and fertility, gene transcription and hormone regulation play a role in its development. The symptoms of PCOS, namely insulin resistance, ovulation, menstrual irregularities, infertility, hyperandrogenism, obesity, and an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease can be worsen by decrement of 25(OH)D level. This study aimed to determine the phenotype distribution of PCOS; to know the levels of Vitamin D in women with PCOS; to know the picture of insulin resistance in women with PCOS with excess body weight; to analyze the relationship of Vitamin D with insulin resistance in women with PCOS. This study used analytical test with randomization on PCOS patients. The phenotypes of the study samples were phenotype 1 (6 patients = 30%) and phenotype 4 (14 patients = 70%), phenotypes 2 and 3 were not found; There was no relationship between vitamin D and insulin (12.635±4.2721 vs 11.407±4.2721; p= 0,068);There was no relationship between vitamin D and glucose (12.635 ±4.2721 vs 102.75±10.015; p= 0,835); There is a relationship between vitamin D and HOMA IR (12.635± 4.2721 vs 2.880±.4213; p = 0,026; r -0,497) with a negative correlation between the two variables and there is a relationship between BMI with HOMA-IR and vitamin D (p=0,001 and p= 0,003).There is a negative relationship between vitamin D and HOMA-IR, namely a decrease in vitamin D causes an increase in HOMA-IR (insulin resistance).

The Role of Bioimpedance Analysis of Body Composition in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Obesity of the 1st Degree

Obesity and overweight have become common phenomena in today’s realities. The degree of obesity only allows to determine the presence of excessive body weight, but does not assess the real state of the problem. An excess of visceral adipose tissue is the main risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders and dysfunction of all human organs and systems. The mechanism of development of obesity and insulin resistance attracts the greatest attention of doctors. The objective: to study the influence of the percentage of visceral fat on the state of metabolic indicators in patients with obesity of the 1st degree. Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients (44 women and 26 men) with a body mass index (BMI) 30–35 kg/m2. The average age of the study participants was 47.1±1.65 years old. The degree of obesity, body fat mass, percentage of fat in the body, metabolic age, indicators of visceral obesity were determined using bioelectrical resistance analysis technology. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined in all patients. Descriptive statistics were conducted to obtain demographic data. Results. A positive relationship was determined between the level of visceral obesity and BMI, slowing down of the general metabolism, and increasing the metabolic age of patients. A positive relationship between metabolic age and FPG was also registered (CI 95%) = 1.70(0.33/3.07), p=0.01; between age difference and LDL-C level (CI 95%) = 1.12 (0.36/3.88), p=0.02. Conclusions. Obesity is a serious disease that requires great attention and a special treatment approach. Assessing the level of visceral adiposity and metabolic age provides more useful information for physicians to find new approaches to obesity treatment.

Effectiveness of Complex Medical Rehabilitation of Patients with Postthrombophlebitic Syndrome of Lower Extremities and Obesity: a Randomized Clinical Study

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the development of comprehensive rehabilitation programmes for patients with postthrombophlebitic syndrome (PTPS) is due to the high frequency of disability and a significant reduction in their quality of life. Since obesity and excessive body weight are proven risk factors for the development and progression of chronic vein diseases, weight reduction is one of the important tasks of rehabilitation measures in patients with PTPS and concomitant obesity.
 AIM. Comparative study of the influence of complex methods of medical rehabilitation, including various methods of laser blood irradiation (supravascular and intravenous), pulse magnetotherapy and dry carbon baths, on the dynamics of indicators of composite body composition according to bioimpedance measurements in patients with postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities and obesity.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS. A randomized prospective study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation of Patients with Somatic Diseases of National Medical Research Center of Rehabilitation and Balneology of the Ministry of Health of Russia. The study included 40 patients with PTS of the lower extremities and accompanying obesity, the average age of which was 58.3 [51.5; 68.0] year), randomized to two groups. The patients of the 1st group received Intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILIB) (“Lazmik”, Russia), impulse magnetotherapy and dry carbon baths, as well as therapeutic gymnastics in the hall. The patients of the 2nd group received a complex that included supravascular laser irradiation of blood (“Azor-2K”, Russia), pulse magnetic therapy, and dry carbon baths, as well as therapeutic gymnastics in the gym. Anthropometric measurements (body mass, malleolar volume) were used for the evaluation of anti-edema and lipolytic effects after a comprehensive course of medical rehabilitation, as well as bioimpedance measurement of body composition (“MEDASS”, Russia).
 RESULTS. In patients with PTS of the lower extremities and obesity, after carrying out a course of medical rehabilitation using preformed physical factors, including various methods of laser irradiation of the blood (supravascular and intravenous), a significant decrease in body weight indicators was observed (p 0.001), a decrease in BMI (p 0.001), total and extracellular fluid (p 0.001) without significant differences between groups. A significant decrease in the index of fat mass (kg) (p = 0.007) was found in patients of the main group.
 DISCUSSION. Maintaining a healthy body weight as well as combating obesity are first-line secondary prevention measures recommended for all patients with PTS of the lower extremities. For the control of the dynamics of the composite composition of the body, an effective and sensitive method is the method of bioimpedance measurement, which allows to estimate the reduction of extracellular fluid (anti-flow effect) and fat mass of the body (lipolytic effect).
 CONCLUSION. The method of bioimpedance measurement, used for the evaluation of the composite composition of the body, showed high sensitivity and allowed to establish the greater effectiveness of the developed complex, which includes ILIB with a wavelength of low-intensity laser radiation (NILI) of 635 nm in reducing fat mass.

Effects of Indigenous Saudi Herbals on Weight Control in High Fat Diet-fed STZ Induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Obesity, a critical global issue, involves the accumulation of excessive body fat, elevating the risk of diabetes, hypertension, and other severe health conditions. This widespread concern is particularly pronounced in nations like Saudi Arabia, demanding urgent and efficient management approaches. Addressing weight control necessitates comprehensive interventions encompassing education, dietary modifications, and increased physical activity. By following healthier lifestyles and fostering a supportive environment, improvement can be made on healthcare systems. Collaboration between governments, healthcare professionals, and communities is pivotal to reduce obesity's impact and fostering a healthier generations.
 Methods: Research Design and Objectives: This study aimed to fill the existing void in excessive body weight treatments by investigating viable herbal interventions that are safe, readily accessible, and economically viable. Wistar albino rats were grouped to 5 groups with 5 animals each. Diabetics were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for all groups except group 1. Then respective groups were fed with fat diets for 12 weeks and herbals Zingiber officinale (ginger), Nigella sativa (black seeds) and Allium sativum (Garlic) from 7th to 12th weeks along with high fat diet. Mean Body weight and Lee's obesity index were calculated for each group.
 Results and Discussion: In the realm of herbal efficacy, a striking trend surfaces. Among the diverse materials scrutinized, one distinct name rises—Garlic (Allium sativum). Its prowess in diminishing both body weight and fat content stands out prominently. Across the tested spectrum, a consistent and impressive reduction in weight prevails. Particularly, Garlic asserts its dominance as a singularly remarkable performer, showcasing unparalleled effectiveness. This herbal gem not only underscores its potency but also solidifies its position as a preeminent agent for weight and fat reduction. The findings unequivocally spotlight Garlic's exceptional role in promoting healthier body composition.
 Conclusions: Herbals as Adjunctive Therapy for Obesity The findings underscore the potential of herbal interventions, particularly Garlic, in the management of weight control. These natural remedies hold promise as adjunctive therapeutic agents. However, further rigorous human trials and animal studies with large sample size and different methodology are essential to validate their efficacy and integration into obesity / weight control treatment regimens.

Clinical characteristics of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease against type 2 diabetes mellitus, depending on the presence of obesity

Objective — to reveal the features of the clinical course in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) depending on anthropometric indicators against the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).
 Materials and methods. The study involved 100 patients, who were divided into 3 groups: group 1 consisted of 60 patients with DM2 in combination with GERD, group 2 included 20 patients with isolated GERD, and group 3 included DM2 patients. The patients of group 1 were additionally divided into 2 subgroups: 27 subjects with normal weight and 33 subjects with excessive body weight (EBW) or obesity of various degrees. The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy people. The distribution of patients by gender and age was carried out in accordance with the standards of the international classification of age periods of the World Health Organization, revised in 2015. From the total number of patients, 44 (44%) were men and 56 (56%) were women. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the Quetelet formula. Endoscopic examination of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract with targeted biopsy was performed with an esophagogastroduodenoscope with end optics «Olympus GIF Q 150­03» (manufacturer Olympus Europa SE & CO. KG, Japan). To increase the diagnostic value of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, methods of chromoscopy and pinch biopsy of the esophageal mucosa were used.
 Results. Comparison of GERD manifestations with account of anthropometric data revealed significant differences in the subgroups with normal weight and obesity (p <0.05). Gastroenterological complaints were not registered in 6 (26.1%) patients of the obesity subgroup (DM2 + GERD + obesity) and 8 (21.6%) patients of the non‑obese subgroup (DM2 + GERD). In the subgroup with obesity (DM2 + GERD + obesity), the significant differences (p <0.001) were detected in heartburn depending on the obesity stage. Heartburn in this subgroup occurred 7.4 times more often than in patients with normal weight compared to the subgroup without obesity (odds ratio 89.13% (95%CI 12.83—137.77) χ2=35.06; р <0.0001). Cardiac symptoms in patients with increased body weight were revealed 12.3 times more often vs. subjects with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio 5.0 (95% CI 1.58 ‑14.10); χ2=6.95; р=0.008).
 The presence of heartburn complaints at the 2nd stage of obesity (39±5 kg/m2) and its absence at normal body mass (28±2 kg/m2), p <0.001) have been established. Analysis of the dependence of the Helicobacter pylori contamination degree on the BMI value showed no statistically significant differences between the subgroups with normal body weight and subgroup with EBW and obesity. The highest contamination degree was found in group 1 (DM2 + GERD) with the same number of positive results in both subgroups, with and without obesity.
 Conclusions. It has been established that excessive body weight and obesity significantly affect the development and progression of gastroenterological complaints in patients with DM2 combined with GERD. The heartburn was more often registered in patients with DM2 with obesity, than in those with normal weight. Comparison of GERD findings with anthropometric data revealed significant differences between the subgroups with normal body weight and obesity (р <0.05). Heartburn in the obesity subgroup occurred 7.4 times more often.

The Relationship Between Lack of Sleep and Excessive Weight

Sleep is necessary for the body to function properly, so the duration and quality of sleep are significant for human health. Several studies have found that sleep is vital in regulating physiological functions such as energy balance, appetite, and body weight. Several studies also show increased appetite due to decreased leptin levels and increased ghrelin levels due to lack of sleep. Poor sleep quality reduces activity and results in excess body weight. The aim of this research was to see the relationship between lack of sleep and the incidence of excess body weight at Junior High School of Bakti Mulya 400, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The method used in this research was a correlational descriptive method. The research was conducted on 72 students of Bakti Mulya 400 Middle School. Body height was measured using a microtome and body weight was measured using a weight scale. Body Mass Index is calculated using the formula according to WHO. Respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire. Data entry and analysis continued using spss 23 program. Based on the results of research on 36 people with a Body Mass Index of 18.5-22.9, 12 people didn’t get enough sleep, and 24 people got enough sleep. Meanwhile, of 36 people with a Body Mass Index > 23, there were 21 people didn't get enough sleep, and 15 got enough sleep. The conclusion from the research results is that sleep duration has a significant relationship with excess body weight, but sleep quality does not have a substantial relationship with excess body weight. Keywords: Appetite, Excess body weight, Ghrelin, Lack of sleep, Leptin

Every tenth malignant solid tumor attributed to overweight and alcohol consumption: A population-based cohort study

BackgroundRecent studies have shown that some four in ten cancers are attributable to a few key risk factors. The aim of this study was to estimate cohort-based population attributable fractions (PAFs) in Finland for potentially modifiable cancer risk factors. MethodsData from eight health studies including 253,953 subjects with 29,802 incident malignant solid tumors were analysed using Bayesian multivariate regression model with multiplicative risk factor effects. We estimated the effects of smoking, excess body weight, alcohol consumption, physical activity, parity and education on cancer incidence and related PAFs by cancer site, accounting for competing mortality. ResultsPAF for all cancer sites and exposures combined was 34% (95% credible interval 29%−39%) in men and 24% (19%−28%) in women. In men, 23% (21%−27%) and in women 8% (6%−9%) of all cancers were attributed to smoking. PAF related to excess body weight was 4% (2%−6%) in men and 5% (2%−7%) in women, to alcohol 7% (3%−10%) in men and 4% (0%−7%) in women, and to excess body weight and alcohol combined 10% (6%−15%) in men and 9% (4%−13%) in women. ConclusionSmoking was the most important factor contributing to cancer burden in Finnish men and women over the last 40 years. The contribution of excess body weight and alcohol consumption together outweighed the role of smoking in women. As the prevalence of overweight is expected to increase, more efficient public health measures supporting adherence to healthy weight are essential to reduce cancer burden.

Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Diet Quality, Lifestyle, and Body Composition of 7-12-Years-Old Polish Students: Study Protocol of National Educational Project Junior-Edu-Żywienie (JEŻ).

Increasing students' nutrition knowledge is an important goal of school education which may improve their lifestyle and consequently reduce the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, including obesity. This research aimed at assessing the dietary habits, nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes, and nutritional status of Polish students aged 7-12 years. Additional objectives included recognizing nutrition-related knowledge among their parents and teachers as well as the school food and nutrition environment. The final goal was to develop a nutrition education program. This study protocol presents a general and detailed approach for realizing the above-mentioned issues, including conducting quantitative and qualitative research. The study was designed as cross-sectional, covering primary school students from all over Poland, including rural, town, and metropolitan areas. Data on eating habits, lifestyle, nutrition-related knowledge, and attitudes were collected with questionnaires. Measurements of body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and handgrip strength were performed in accordance with the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment (ISAK) recommendations. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Ultimately, 2218 schools from all 16 voivodeships in Poland registered for the project. In total, quantitative data were collected among 27,295 students, 17,070 parents, and 2616 teachers. Anthropometric measurements were taken among 18,521 students. The results allow us to develop a multifaceted educational program based on knowledge and adapted to the perception of students. Our research may contribute to the identification of subpopulations of children and adolescents at risk of excessive body weight and define the predictors of obesity risk in Poland.

Association of metabolic flexibility indexes after an oral glucose tolerance test with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Metabolic flexibility (MetF) is considered a metabolic health biomarker, as excess body weight is associated with lower MetF. We aimed to identify whether MetF indexes were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors before and after adjustment for body size-related factors (body weight, fat-free mass, and resting metabolic rate). We studied 51 participants (55% women; 33.6 ± 8.7 years; 26.3 ± 3.8 kg/m²) who consumed a 75-g glucose load. We measured gas exchange before (fasting) and for 3 h after glucose ingestion. MetF indexes were assessed, including the change after each hour and the 3-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC) in respiratory exchange ratio (RER). These indexes were then related to cardiometabolic risk factors before and after adjusting for body size-related factors. MetF indexes correlated with each other (r ≥ 0.51; P < 0.001) and related to body weight (adjusted R2 ≥ 0.09; P < 0.03). A similar pattern was noted for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate. MetF, regardless of the index, was not related to cardiometabolic risk factors except to BMI and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The association between BMI and MetF disappeared after adjusting for body size-related factors. Similar adjustments did not modify the association between HDL-C and MetF, especially when approached by the change in RER after the first hour (adjusted R2 = 0.20-0.22; all P < 0.02). Inter-individual body size differences fully accounted for the associations between BMI and MetF. However, variability in body size-related factors appeared less relevant in affecting the associations of other cardiometabolic risk factors with MetF.

Efficiency of improving health of children and adolescents while staying in summer recreation center

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of health improvement during the vacation period of summer recreation campaign based on the assessment of the health status of children in a summer recreation center.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 377 children and adolescents aged 7 to 15 years (203 girls and 174 boys) were examined in conditions of a twenty-four-hour stay at the children's recreation center during the period of 21 days. The effectiveness of recreation was evaluated on the basis of an analysis of anthropometric, physiometric indicators, medical documentation of children’s health, and a survey of parents about the results of recreation.&#x0D; Results. High efficiency of improvement of the health was revealed in 95 % of vacationers, low efficiency was noted in 4 %, no efficiency – in 1 % of children. The maximum dynamics of body weight indicators was observed in 1.8 % of children. A positive trend of transition to the group of average physical development was observed in 3 children with body weight deficiency and in 4 – with excess body weight. All the parents interviewed, positively assessed the form of activity of the health institution.&#x0D; Conclusions. An active involvement of children of different age in children's recreation organizations will improve the level of health of schoolchildren. The participation of parents or legal representatives in the study of the effectiveness of summer recreation campaign will allow adjusting the principles of organization and long-term effects.

Efficacy of ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 2 diabetes: A narrative review

Obesity and diabetes represent two prevalent metabolic challenges intricately linked to poor dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. The escalating incidence of both conditions in recent years has approached epidemic proportions, with concomitant associations observed in individuals with excessive body weight, including hypertension and cancer. In response to this growing health concern, treatment approaches such as food therapy are deemed necessary. A pivotal aspect in managing these conditions is the careful selection of an appropriate diet to facilitate effective weight loss while minimizing potential adverse effects. Consequently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has garnered attention and support in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. This review aims to discern the potential advantages and risks associated with the utilization of a low-carbohydrate diet in Type 2 diabetic patients. It is well-established that dietary choices significantly impact the health of diabetic patients, and therefore, adopting an appropriate diet is crucial. The KD has demonstrated positive effects on blood sugar levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, concurrently contributing to a reduction in insulin requirements during medication therapy. Furthermore, short-term experiments have revealed a positive association between nutrition choices and weight management. Beneficial improvements have been noted in the lipid profiles, including high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels. For individuals grappling with diabetes or obesity, a low-carbohydrate diet emerges as a genuine and potentially beneficial therapy option. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts influencing the treatment of obesity and Type 2 diabetic patients through low-carbohydrate diets.

Influence of Food Habits and Participation in a National Extracurricular Athletics Program on Body Weight within a Pair-Matched Sample of Polish Adolescents after One Year of Intervention-#goathletics Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the physical activity level and commitment in adolescents, which has resulted in a body weight increase, and the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that this negative trend must be now counteracted. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of food habits and participation in a national extracurricular athletics program (Athletics for All) on body weight within a pair-matched sample of Polish adolescents after one year of intervention. The #goathletics Study was conducted in a population of Polish adolescents within two pair-matched groups: 506 adolescents aged 10-14, including 281 female and 225 male adolescents, regularly participating in Athletics for All program for at least 9 months (one school year) (intervention group), and a pair-matched control group (matched taking into account city, gender, and age). The #goathletics Study included the assessment of the body weight, which was conducted based on the growth reference charts for Body Mass Index (BMI), and waist circumference to verify central fatness. Athletics for All participation and food habits were verified as determinants of body weight, while food habits were assessed using the validated Adolescents' Food Habits Checklist (AFHC). While compared the intervention group and control group, statistically significant differences were observed for body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, both for crude and relative values, with adolescents participating in the Athletics for All program presenting a lower risk of excessive body weight and central fatness (p < 0.05), while, compared to sub-groups stratified by AFHC score, no statistically significant differences in general anthropometric characteristics were observed (p > 0.05). While the body weight centile, height centile, BMI centile and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were assessed as the resultant variables, it was revealed that participation in the Athletics for All program is the only influencing factor in multi-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for body weight centile (F = 21.44; p < 0.0001) and BMI centile (F = 47.98; p < 0.0001), but for height centile and WHtR, none of the assessed factors influenced these variables. It was concluded that regularly participating in the Athletics for All program for at least 9 months was the only determinant of a lower risk of excessive body weight in adolescents, with declared food habits and gender not being significant.

The Impact of Excessive Body Weight and Foot Pronation on Running Kinetics: A Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundRunning exercise is an effective means to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Besides these health benefits, running is also associated with musculoskeletal injuries that can be more prevalent in individuals with excessive body weight. Little is known regarding the specific effects of overweight and foot pronation on ground reaction force distribution during running. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overweight/obesity and foot pronation on running kinetics.MethodsEighty-four young adults were allocated to four experimental groups: non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet; non-excessive body weight/pronated feet; overweight or obesity/ non-pronated feet and overweight or obesity/pronated feet. Biomechanical testing included participants to run at ~ 3.2 m/s over an 18-m walkway with an embedded force plate at its midpoint. Three-dimensional ground reaction forces were recorded and normalized to body mass to evaluate running kinetics from 20 running trials. Test–re-test reliability for running speed data demonstrated ICC > 0.94 for each group and in total.ResultsThe results indicated significantly lower vertical impact peak forces (p = 0.001, effect size = 0.12), shorter time to reach the vertical impact peak (p = 0.006, effect size = 0.08) and reduced vertical loading rate (p = 0.0007, effect size = 0.13) in individuals with excessive body weight (overweight or obesity/non-pronated feet group and overweight or obesity/pronated feet) compared with individuals non-excessive body weight (non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet and non-excessive body weight/pronated feet). Moreover, the excessive body weight groups presented lower peak braking (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.06) and propulsion forces (p = 0.003, effect size = 0.09), lower medio-lateral loading rate (p = 0.0009, effect size = 0.12), and greater free moments (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.07) when compared to the non-overweight groups. Moreover, a significant body mass by foot pronation interaction was found for peak medio-lateral loading rate. Non-excessive body weight/pronated feet, excessive body weight/non-pronated feet and excessive body weight/pronation groups presented lower medio-lateral loading rates compared to non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet (p = 0.0001, effect size = 0.13).ConclusionsOur results suggest that excessive body weight has an impact on ground reaction forces during running. We particularly noted an increase in medio-lateral and torsional forces during the stance phase. Individuals with excessive body weight appear to adapt their running patterns in an effort to attenuate early vertical impact loading.

Dynamics of clinical manifestations of gonarthritis in overweight hypertensive women under the influence of complex therapy

The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of clinical manifestations of gonarthritis in women with hypertension and overweight under the influence of complex therapy. Materials and methods. A two-stage study was conducted on the effectiveness of Rosuvastatin and Arginine in the complex therapy for patients with gonarthritis in combination with hypertension and excess body weight. At the first stage, on the basis of the inpatient Rheumatology Department, 198 women hospitalized in the period 2018–2020 were prospectively examined after receiving their informed consent. The follow-up study of the second stage (2019–2021) was carried out at the outpatient department. At the follow-up stage, 134 women were examined. Depending on the accompanying pathology, the patients were divided into three groups. Results. The use of the proposed treatment option in the complex treatment for selected contingent of patients contributed to a significant reduction in the proportion of patients with movement restriction in Group 2 and Group 3 by 62.21 % and 52.12 %, pain during active movements by 24.89 % and 52.12 % and swelling of the joints by 13.8% and 12.65 %, respectively; a decrease in IL-6 levels in Group 2 and Group 3 by 3.64 and 1.36 times, CRP by 1.97 and 1.12 times, and an increase in IL-10 by 3.57 and 1.62 times, respectively; improvements in WOMAC scores in all studied groups with a significant increase in Group 2 and Group 3. Conclusions. The combination of Rosuvastatin 20 mg per day for the 3-month course and Arginine 100 ml intravenously No. 10 with subsequent oral administration of 5 ml 4 times daily for 1 month has been found to increase the effectiveness of treatment for patients with gonarthritis combined with hypertension and overweight, reduce the intensity and duration of joint pain syndrome and significantly improve the functional capacity of joints.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Health Profiles Across Population Surveys From 5 High- to Low-Income Countries

BackgroundTo facilitate the shift from risk-factor management to primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease, the American Heart Association developed guidelines to score and track cardiovascular health (CVH). How the prevalence and trajectories of a high level of CVH across the life course compare among high- and lower-income countries is unknown. MethodsNationally representative survey data with CVH variables (physical activity, cigarette smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels) were identified in Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Brazil, England, and the US for adults (aged 18–69 years and not pregnant). Data were harmonized, and CVH metrics were scored using the American Heart Association guidelines, as high (2), moderate (1), or low (0), with the prevalence of high scores (better CVH) across the life course compared across countries. ResultsAmong 28,092 adults (Ethiopia n = 7686, 55.2% male; Bangladesh n = 6731, 48.4% male; Brazil n = 7241, 47.9% male; England n = 2691, 49.5% male, and the US n = 3743, 50.3% male), the prevalence of high CVH scores decreased as country income level increased. Declining CVH with age was universal across countries, but differences were already observable in those aged 18 years. Excess body weight appeared to be the main driver of poor CVH in higher-income countries, and the prevalence of current smoking was highest in Bangladesh. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that CVH decline with age may be universal. Interventions to promote and preserve CVH throughout the life course are needed in all populations, tailored to country-specific time courses of the decline. In countries where the level of CVH remains relatively high, protection of whole societies from risk-factor epidemics may still be feasible.