Excellent Inhibition Performance Research Articles

Optimization of Scale Inhibitor Addition Scheme and Control of Phosphorus Content in External Cooling System of Synchronous Condenser

Scaling is one of the common problems in circulating cooling water systems, which can significantly affect the cooling efficiency of equipment in severe cases. At present, the problem of scaling is usually controlled by adding water treatment agents. However, taking the external cooling system of the synchronous condenser in an ultra-high-voltage converter station as an example, due to the lack of scientific understanding of scale inhibitors, there is often a problem of excessive dosing, resulting in unsatisfactory scale inhibition effects and difficulties in wastewater treatment and discharge. In addition, the extensive use of phosphorus-containing agents has led to the enrichment of phosphorus elements in water bodies. Therefore, the optimal amount of AS-582 scale inhibitor used in the converter station with the best scale inhibition effect was determined through static calcium carbonate deposition experiments, with the scale inhibition rate of 91.4% at 90 mg/L. And the scale inhibition mechanism was explored, where the lattice distortion mechanism and threshold effect play important roles. The AS-582 scale inhibitor was mixed with two green scale inhibitors, PASP and PESA, to obtain a phosphorus reduction formula that combined excellent scale inhibition performance and low phosphorus content. When using the optimal composite scale inhibitor of n(AS-582):n(PASP):n(PESA) = 4:1:1, the scale inhibition rate is 91.8% and the phosphorus content is reduced by one-third. The effectiveness of the formula was tested using dynamic circulating water experimental equipment under practical application conditions, proving its practical value.

Synthesis and evaluation of anticorrosive properties of cationic benzenesulphonamide surfactants on carbon steel under sweet conditions: Empirical and computational investigations

In this study, three cationic surfactants bearing a benzenesulphonamide moiety as corrosion inhibitors (PSA-8, PSA-10, PSA-12) were synthesized using a straightforward two-step process. Their chemical structures were investigated via spectroscopic tools such as 1H and 13C NMR. The surface activity of as-prepared cationic surfactants was examined. To evaluate the effectiveness of these surfactants in the corrosion protection of carbon steel pipelines (C1018-steel) in a CO2-3.5 % NaCl environment, several techniques were used, including electrochemical measurements (potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques), surface morphology examinations applying X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Notably, the corrosion efficiency of the PSA surfactants was compared with previously reported cationic surfactants containing the CN group (i.e., an electron-withdrawing group). The experimental results showed excellent inhibition performance of the PSA surfactants, with inhibition capacities ranging from 92.8 % to 97.0 %. This indicates that removing the CN group has significantly enhanced the corrosion inhibition efficiency, shedding light on the electronic effectas well as the adsorption and corrosion processes. Analysis of the Tafel data indicated that these surfactants functioned as mixed-type inhibitors and followed the Langmuir isotherm model in their adsorption on the carbon steel interface and the corrosive medium. XPS analysis confirmed the establishment of a shielding barrier at the interface of the carbon steel. DFT calculations were employed to establish the correlations between theoretical parameters and experimental observations, thereby validating their connection. Moreover, the employment of MC simulations validated the efficacy of the adsorption properties of the synthesized surfactants on the iron (110) surface. Ultimately, this investigation provides substantial insights into the development and formulation of bioactive inhibitors characterized by their potent inhibitory effectiveness.

Excellent inhibition performance of an imidazole based ionic liquid on steel-N80 in 15 % hydrochloric acid medium

Imidazoline phenyl thiourea iodized n-butane quaternary ammonium salt (IMSQ) is synthesized from oleic acid, diethylenetriamine, iodinated n-butane, and n-phenylthiourea. The corrosion inhibition performance is studied by electrochemical test. The experimental findings underscored a pronounced positive correlation between the concentration of IMSQ and its corrosion inhibition efficacy on N80 steel. Notably, at a concentration of 0.07 mM, IMSQ attained a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 99.1 %, exhibiting exceptional protective capability for N80 steel in hydrochloric acid environments. By studying the adsorption isotherm equation, it is judged that the type of adsorption includes physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. The characterization analysis results indicate that IMSQ can adsorb on the surface of steel-N80, providing effective protection for the metal.

BF2 complexes of pyridyl‐isoindoline‐1‐ones as an efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl and the application for surgical instruments anticorrosion

AbstractIn this study, BF2 complexes of pyridyl‐isoindoline‐1‐ones (BPIO) has been firstly designed and investigated as an excellent corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel in 1 M HCl. The corrosion protection properties of BPIO were studied by using a series of experiments. The results indicated BPIO has excellent inhibition performance, and inhibition efficiency of BPIO reached up to 96.6%. The effects of immersion temperature and time were investigated by weight loss experiments to evaluate the stability of adsorbed BPIO film in protecting steel surface. Based on potentiodynamic polarization studies, BPIO acted as one mixed‐type corrosion inhibitor with predominant anodic effectiveness, and its adsorption on the mild steel follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The values of ΔGads suggested the adsorption of BPIO on the mild steel surface was through a combination of chemisorption and physisorption. The adsorption of BPIO molecules on the steel surface was further identified by the techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to optimize the BPIO molecular structure and investigate the inhibitive properties on the theoretical level, which agreed well with the experimental results. Besides, BPIO has been used for the development of water soluble metal antirusting agent.

Lead-rivet strategy of growing perovskite nanocrystals for excellent toxicity inhibition and spinning application

Lead halide perovskite has demonstrated remarkable potential in the wearable field due to its exceptional photoelectric conversion capability. However, its lead toxicity issue has consistently been subject to criticism, significantly impeding its practical application. To address this challenge, an innovative approach called lead-rivet was proposed for the in-situ growth of perovskite crystalline structures. Through the formation of S-Pb bonds, each Pb2+ ion was firmly immobilized on the surface of the silica matrix, enabling in situ growth of perovskite nanocrystals via ion coordination between Cs+ and halide species. The robust S-Pb bonding effectively restricted the mobility of lead ions and stabilized the perovskite structure without relying on surface ligands, thereby not only preventing toxicity leakage but also providing a favorable interface for depositing protective shells. The obtained perovskites exhibit intense and narrow-band fluorescence with full-width at half-maximum less than 23 nm and show excellent stability to high temperature (above 202 °C) and high humidity (water immersion over 27 days), thus making it possible to be used in varies textile technologies including melt spinning and wet spinning. The lead leakage rate of particles is only 4.15 % demonstrating excellent toxicity inhibition performance. The prepared fibers maintained good extensibility and flexibility which could be used for 3D-printing and textiles weaving. Most importantly, the detected Pb2+ leaching was negligible as low as to 0.732 ppb which meet the standard of World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water (<10 ppb), and the cell survival rate remained 99.196 % for PLA fluorescent filament after 24 h cultivation which showing excellent safety to human body and environment. This study establishes a controllable and highly adaptable synthesis method, thereby providing a promising avenue for the safe utilization of perovskite materials.

Mussel-inspired interface deposition strategy for mesoporous metal-phenolic nanospheres with superior antioxidative, photothermal and antibacterial performance

Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) have emerged as a versatile and multifunctional platform applied in bioimaging, disease treatment, electrocatalysis, and water purification. The synthesis of MPNs with mesoporous frameworks and ultra-small diameters (<200 nm), crucial for post-modification, cargo loading, and mass transport, remains a formidable challenge. Inspired by mussel chemistry, mesoporous metal-phenolic nanospheres (MMPNs) are facilely prepared by direct deposition of the metal-polyphenol complex on the interface of oil nano-droplets composed of block copolymers/1,3,5-trimethylbenzene followed by a spontaneous template-removal process. Due to the penetrable and stable networks, the oil nano-droplets gradually leak from the networks driven by shear stress during the stirring process. As a result, MMPNs are obtained without additional template removal procedures such as solvent extraction or high-temperature calcination. The materials have a large pore size (∼12.1 nm), uniform spherical morphology with a small particle size (∼99 nm), and a large specific surface area (49.8 m2 g−1). Due to the abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups, the MMPNs show excellent antioxidative property. The MMPNs also have excellent photothermal property, whose photothermal conversion efficiency was 40.9 %. Moreover, the phenolic hydroxyl groups can reduce Ag+ in situ to prepare Ag nanoparticles loaded MMPNs composites, which have excellent inhibition performance of drug-resistant bacteria biofilm.

High-temperature reaction chemistry of chromium and chlorine over Fe2O3 within sludge-incinerated fly ash

Fe2O3 is one of the main compositions of sludge-incinerated fly ash and shows reactivity for chromium removal from flue gas in the incinerator. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the high-temperature reaction chemistry of chromium and chlorine over Fe2O3 within fly ash. Fe2O3 exhibits outstanding chromium removal efficiency of 86.29 % in N2 atmosphere. The presence of HCl obviously inhibits chromium removal, the inhibition effect increases with increasing HCl concentration. Fe-Cr composite oxides are the main products of chromium-Fe2O3 high-temperature reaction. Chromium within the reaction products in N2 or HCl-containing atmosphere mainly exists in the form of Cr3+. O2 addition leads to the formation of a small amount of Cr6+. Fe2O3 exhibits excellent inhibition performance of chromium oxidation. DFT calculations suggest that CrCl3 and CrO2Cl2 are chemically adsorbed on Fe2O3 surface. Both O and Fe atoms of Fe2O3 surface serve as active sites for chromium adsorption. HCl is dissociatively adsorbed on the Fe2O3 surface, and reacted with chromium to form CrCl3. CrCl3 formation on the Fe2O3 surface is dominated by a four-step reaction pathway: Cr(ads) → CrCl(ads) → CrCl2(ads) → CrCl3(ads) → CrCl3. CrCl formation is the rate-determining step with the energy barrier of 39.51 kJ/mol.

Inhibition Effect of Coal Spontaneous Combustion by Composite Inhibitory Foam Based on CaCl2-Melatonin Inhibitor.

Inhibitory foam technology plays an important role in inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion. To enhance the stability and inhibitory performance of inhibitory foam for coal spontaneous combustion, a novel physicochemical composite inhibitor was developed in this work. CaCl2 was chosen as an inorganic salt physical inhibitor to compound with the chemical inhibitor melatonin (MLT) due to its corresponding good foam stability. When the mass ratio of CaCl2 to MLT was 4:1, the lowest CO release concentration of 7337.06 ppm at 200 °C was observed in the composite inhibitor-treated coal. Furthermore, the addition of 20 wt % of the composite inhibitor resulted in a foam half-life of 3067 min, which was 5.89 times longer than that of the water-based foam. In comparison with the water-based foam, the inhibitory foam based on 20 wt % CaCl2-MLT composite inhibitor exhibited more excellent foam stability, wetting ability, and inhibition performance. The release of CO at 200 °C was 7854.6 ppm, showing a reduction of 63.2% compared to the raw coal. Moreover, the composite inhibitory foam could significantly delay the onset of the characteristic temperature and reduce the weight change during the decomposition stage by 12.8%.

Nb2CTx MXene coating with inhibition of oxidative stress prepared by Marangoni effect for hemodialysis therapy

Oxidative stress is an important risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), that can further aggravate the disease during dialysis of patients and eventually lead to various complications. Here, Nb2CTx MXene was deposited using the Marangoni force to tightly stack them on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate membrane, conferring the alleviation of oxidative stress. Owing to the excellent antioxidant activity of Nb2CTx MXenes, PVDF/Nb2CTx membranes can scavenge a wide range of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Additionally, the functionalized membranes modulated the intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity and maintained an intracellular oxidative-antioxidant system balance. In the simulated dialysis experiment, the optimised hemodialysis membrane (MMX-0.2 membrane) exhibited the high clearance of middle and small uraemic toxins (72.6% of lysozyme and 90.0% of urea) owing to the unique lamellar structure of Nb2CTx. Protein adhesion experiments showed that Nb2CTx MXenes improved membrane hydrophilicity and hindered protein adsorption. The functionalized membranes exhibited excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, meeting the biocompatibility requirements for hemodialysis membranes. In this work constructed PVDF/Nb2CTx functionalized membranes with excellent oxidative stress inhibition and high dialysis performance are proposed as a novel hemodialysis membrane preparation method to improve patient prognosis.

A comparison of the corrosion inhibition on 1060 aluminum in HCl solution between water and alcoholic extracts of Mikania micrantha

A detailed comparison of the corrosion inhibitory effect of water extract of Mikania micrantha (MME (H2O)) and 40% ethanol extract (MME (40% C2H5OH)) was conducted on 1060 aluminum in 1.0 M HCl by gravimetric, electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. The results show that two extracts have excellent inhibition performance, MME (H2O) (97.0%) surpasses MME (40% C2H5OH) (93.6%) in terms of maximum inhibition efficiency. MME (H2O) is a mixed-type inhibitor, whereas MME (40% C2H5OH) is mainly a cathodic inhibitor. Salicylic acid, isochlorogenic acid C, sucrose, succinic acid, valine and guanine in MME contribute on the inhibitive action.

Hydrate formation and deposition behaviors with kinetic inhibitors under pseudo multiphase flow

With the successful application of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) on hydrate plug prevention, there is a growing trend towards the development of affordable and environmentally friendly KHIs for solving challenges of high cost and inadequate biodegradability from their commercial KHIs. Therefore, further evaluation on the inhibitory effect of the developing inhibitors is needed under multiphase flow conditions. In this study, a high-pressure, fully visible rocking cell were used to simulate the multiphase transportation and both commercial KHIs and environmentally friendly KHIs were considered. Under the flow conditions of 60 % liquid loading and 20 % water cut, the results demonstrated that PVCap showed excellent inhibition performance with no hydrate formation at concentrations of 0.5 wt%, 0.2 wt% and 0.1 wt%. Although pectin exhibited certain inhibitory effect on hydrate growth rate and formation quantity, but it demonstrated a strong promoting effect on hydrate nucleation opportunities and rates. However, sodium alginate, which shares similar hydrate inhibition characteristics with pectin, exerted significantly promotional effects in terms of induction time, growth rate, and water conversion. Furthermore, the addition of pectin and sodium alginate led to the formation of hydrate balls in several test runs, resulting in complete pipeline blockage. Another noteworthy discovery was the relationship between the growth rate and final water conversion of hydrates, which exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease, while the induction time exhibits an inverse trend, as the flow velocity increased.

Superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant of 2-methylimidazolezincsalt-based coating enhanced with silane modification

Developing eco-friendly coatings is crucial for protecting the surface of carbon steel, and particularly important is the development of chemically stable, durable, and highly stable superhydrophobic coatings which have become a growing trend. In this study, a hydrophobic nano-composite coating was synthesized, which consists of 2-methylimidazolezincsalt (ZIF-8) particles stabilized in cross-linked TEOS and coated with micro/nano-sized silica. Electrochemical experiments and surface analysis were conducted to evaluate the electrochemical behavior and interaction mechanism between ZIF-8 @SiO2/APTES/EP and Fe. The results showed that ZIF-8 @SiO2/APTES/EP has excellent inhibition performance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with inhibition efficiency up to 99.99%. Even after soaking for 72 h, the impedance modulus remains at 6 orders of magnitude, demonstrating excellent anti-corrosion performance. SEM and contact angle analysis demonstrated that a dense ZIF-8 @SiO2/APTES/EP film was formed on the mild steel surface, which has good corrosion resistance and chemical stability. This study is of great significance for guiding the design of high-performance hydrophobic coatings and meets the requirements of various industries for corrosion protection of mild steel surfaces.

A highly antifouling and eco-friendly hydrogel coating based on capsaicin derivative -functionalized polymer

Antifouling hydrogels have received extensive attention in the field of marine antifouling due to their excellent hydrophilicity and environmental friendliness. However, the antifouling applications of traditional hydrogels are limited by their poor antibacterial properties, and capsaicin derivatives, as nontoxic and environmentally friendly antifoulants, can be used to improve the antibacterial properties of hydrogels. From the perspective of practical application, hydrogels were obtained by crosslinking the copolymer of the capsaicin derivative N,N'-((4,5,6-trihydroxy-1,3-phenylene) bis (methylene)) diacrylamide (TPA), lipophilic monomers and hydrophilic monomers. This hydrogel exhibited anti-protein performance due to its hydrophilicity, and the capsaicin derivative caused the hydrogel coating to exhibit excellent algae inhibition performance (the minimum adhesion density of diatoms on the surface of the hydrogel coating was less than 440 cells/mm2), better algae anti-adhesion abilities than hydrogel reported in the other paper, and antibacterial effects (the antibacterial rate was more than 95%). After 73 d of panel testing in a real marine environment, there was still a good antifouling effect in the hydrogel coating. Hence, the antifouling performance was improved significantly by capsaicin derivative (TPA)-functionalized hydrogel coating. A new strategy is provided in this study for the preparation of hydrogels with superior marine antifouling properties.

Inhibition effect and mechanism of CF3CHCl2 on methane flame in oxygen-enriched environment

In oxygen-enriched environment (oxygen concentration above 21%), flammable materials become even more flammable with higher net heat release rate, burning velocity and combustion intensity. Unfortunately, most investigations concentrated on the characteristics and mechanisms of oxygen-enriched combustion, the methods to control or weaken their perniciousness of oxygen-enriched fire have been rarely reported. CF3CHCl2 (HCFC-123, R123) has been demonstrated excellent inhibition performance for oxygen-normal combustion in the fire suppression experiment, was considered as the potential fire extinguishing agents of aircraft cargo. This study performed the comparison between the inhibition performance and kinetic mechanism of CF3CHCl2 for the CH4-N2-O2 (21% of O2) flame and the flames enriched up to 23.1%, 25.2%, 27.3% of oxygen with constant-volume combustion chamber and numerical prediction. Even for the oxygen-enriched flames, CF3CHCl2 showed substantial inhibition effect on the burning velocities and adiabatic flame temperature. The chain-radicals production/consumption rate and normalized sensitivity coefficients were investigated to analyze the in-depth inhibition mechanisms of CF3CHCl2 for oxygen-enriched flames. The mechanism analysis found that the inhibition effect of CF3CHCl2 and relevant halogenated species on oxygen-enriched flame are smaller than that in normal flame.

Tensile Property of 7075 Aluminum Alloy with Strengthening Layer by Laser Remelting-Cladding Treatment.

The Ni60-SiC-CeO2 strengthening layer with deep remelting pools was constructed on the surface of 7075 aluminum alloy using the laser remelting-cladding processing method, and a soft and hard interphase was prepared on the matrix by the interval of laser remelting, which was inspired by soft-hard interphase structure with excellent crack inhibition performance from the natural world. The microstructure and microhardness of the remelting region and the remelting-cladding region of the strengthening layer were studied. The tensile characteristics of two distinct strengthening layers were investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that the grain size of remelting pools is finer, and the microhardness is higher than that of the matrix, which makes crack propagation more difficult. In addition, the results show that the strengthening layer has compact and flawless microstructure and has been metallurgically integrated with the matrix, and the microhardness of the regions treated by laser cladding and laser remelting-cladding has been improved obviously. Toughness has improved, as has the problem of toughness reduction after cladding ceramic particles. The sample's strength is also significantly greater than that of the untreated sample.

Analysis of the process of resource utilization of AMPS kettle residues

As a widely used synthetic raw material in industrial production, a large amount of 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) is produced every year. However, many wastes will be generated from the kettle residues of AMPS production. If these wastes are not properly disposed of in a timely manner, they can result in environmental pollution, pose environmental hazards, and lead to economic losses. In this paper, a new process technology is proposed in which the waste from the AMPS reactor residue can be combined with acrylic acid (AA) to create a new polymer.This polymer has a structure similar to the industrial scale inhibitor TH3100 as shown by the NMR, FTIR and TG analysis. Scale inhibition experiments are conducted on CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2 and CaSO4 to demonstrate the polymer's excellent scale inhibition performance. Besides, the polymer shows a low biological toxicity as proved by zebrafish toxicity tests. Thus, the proposed novel process technology not only manages the waste in the AMPS kettle, but also resources it as an alternative to industrial-scale inhibitors, producing economic benefits as well as protecting the environment.

The dominant role of surface chemistry on coking resistance of passivating coating

Passivation coatings with excellent coking inhibition performance play an important role in active cooling technology and ethylene cracking furnace. However, different coating types possess different coking resistance, and the dominant factor remains unclear. Herein, a novel strategy of isolative analysis for coke in coating underwent RP-3 supercritical cracking is proposed to account for the role of carburization and surface chemistry. The carburization amount of TiN coating after cracking experiment was obtained from the model constructed by artificial carburization of standard TiN-coated samples. Introduced TiN/SiO2 coating owned different surface chemistry contrast to the TiN coating, additive of density-functional-theory calculations to reveal the correlation between surface chemistry and coke amount. The results indicated that carburization contributed little to the total coke amount of TiN coating, and non-negligibly, the coke diffused rapidly along the grain boundaries, threatened the integrity of coating. More importantly, the main coke belonged to the part that adhered to the coating surface. The strongly adsorbed 3d-4σ*/2π*bonded coking precursors (C2H2), were presented on the TiN surface, while the great flexibility of amorphous SiO2 made it non-adsorbent to C2H2, leading to weak coke adhesion on the TiN/SiO2 surface and strongly adherent coke on TiN surface. These results reveal that surface chemistry influenced coke adhesion and dominated coking resistance of coating.

Killing three birds with one stone: A novel regulate strategy for improving the fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethane

Flammable and highly toxic smokes are roadblocks for thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) in high-tech applications. Herein, we reported polydopamine (PDA) as a functional adjuvant for the synthesis of [email protected]@Cu nanohybrids with a “Killing three birds with one stone” strategy, modulating the morphology and dispersion of ZIF-8, providing excellent adhesion capability to enhance the complexation of copper (Cu) particles, and playing a flame retardant function. The [email protected]@Cu nanohybrids presented a homogeneous dispersion and built up robust interfacial interactions with TPU substrate. Further, TPU/[email protected]@Cu composites exhibited excellent thermal stability, flame resistance and toxic smoke inhibition performance, as evidenced by high char residuals, low peak heat release rate (59.2% reduction), low peak smoke production rate (54.3% reduction) and low peak CO production (40.7% reduction). Because of the physical barrier effect of stable char layer, dilution effect of non-combustible gas and free radical scavenging effect of catechol groups, TPU composites were endowed with an excellent fire safety. Notably, metal compounds formed by thermal degradation of [email protected]@Cu nanohybrids were able to undergo cyclic redox reaction with carbon monoxide, significantly decreased the release of toxic gas.

Synthesis of natural glucomannan derivative as a highly-efficient green inhibitor for mild steel in the simulated seawater

Herein, we report a rational design and synthesis of a highly-efficient and eco-friendly glucomannan derivative (GA-2) by the introduction of the thiazole and Schiff base groups into glucomannan (GA). After confirmation of GA-2 by the spectroscopic methods, it was introduced as corrosion inhibitor with excellent anti-corrosion action for mild steel (MS) in the simulated seawater. As-obtained results reveal that GA-2 has a significantly enhanced anticorrosion performance, and its inhibitive efficiency reaches 98.8% at the 0.5 mmol L−1 inhibitor concentration, much higher than that of GA (69.8%) and the intermediate derivative GA-1 (81.2%). The significantly enhanced protection performance could be attributed to the rich S heteroatoms, aromatic rings, and Schiff base groups in the GA-2, which strongly promotes the chemisorption as well as physisorption between GAD and MS. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, show that the appearance of N-Fe and S-Fe bonds confirms the strongly anchoring interaction between GA and MS. Furthermore, according to the quantum chemical calculations, the results from the lowe energy gap and radical distribution function (RDF) analyses further confirm the strong chemisorption of GA-2 at the surface of steel, which illustrates the excellent inhibition performance at the molecule and atom level.

Phosphonated Polyetheramine-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Oilfield Scale

Oilfield scale is one of the significant problems in hydrocarbon production in the oil and gas industry. Many research groups have attempted to develop greener chemicals to meet environmental regulations. Magnetic nanoparticles are an intriguing technology due to their multiple properties, such as size effects, surface-to-volume ratio, magnetic separation, specificity, low toxicity, and the ability to control exposure and surface chemistry. In this project, we propose a new method to remove chemicals from the produced fluids by attaching the chemicals to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), allowing a facile magnetic removal and reusing and recycling. In principle, the system is fully self-contained, and no chemicals or SPIONs are discharged, reducing the overall environmental footprint. We earlier reported synthesizing and using phosphonated polyetheramines (PPEAs) as environmentally friendly and potent scale inhibitors against carbonate and sulfate oilfield scales. Herein, we report the synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) functionalized with biocompatible trisodium citrate (TSC) as a stabilizer agent to avoid crystal grain growth SPIONs using a coprecipitation approach. The resultant SPIONs-TSC was further functionalized with a partially linear phosphonated polyetheramine (PPEA), as green SI, via electrostatic interaction, affording highly monodisperse SPIONs-TSC-PPEA. The synthesized SPIONs-TSC-PPEA was thoroughly characterized via various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Moreover, to validate the proof of concept of inhibition, recovering, and recycling SPIONs-based scale inhibitors, a series of static jar tests and high-pressure dynamic tube-blocking tests at 80 bar and 100 °C under oilfield conditions were conducted. The results showed that SPIONs-TSC-PPEA gave excellent inhibition performance against the gypsum scale even when recycled four times. In addition, the morphology of the gypsum scales in the absence and presence of SPIONs-TSC-PPEA was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).