Excavation Equipment Research Articles

Research Status and Prospects of High-Voltage Pulse Plasma Rock-Fracturing Technology

With the continuous development of the geological engineering field, high-voltage electric pulse plasma rock-fracturing technology has become a research hotspot in recent years. It is now widely recognized that this fracturing technology has many application prospects and great economic benefits. Through the research process of this technology, it has proven to be an efficient and new type of rock-fracturing technology, which overcomes the problems of high cost, low efficiency, high safety risk, and serious pollution associated with traditional rock-fracturing technology. Also, it has unique advantages in terms of protecting the environment and reducing damage to the surrounding buildings. This paper reviews the research history of plasma shock wave influencing factors and pulsed discharge plasma rock-fracturing technology, summarizes the research on this technology from the perspectives of the mechanism of high-voltage electric pulse plasma rock fracturing and practical application, and discusses the feasibility of this technology when applied to the field of tunnel boring as well as the future development direction. This technology can be better used in the tunnel-boring field, which can greatly improve the tunnel-boring efficiency, but at present, the research on plasma rock-fracturing-assisted tunnel boring is still in the laboratory research stage, which lacks systematic research equipment and judging indexes, and the follow-up should focus on improving the systematic research capabilities of the plasma rock-fracturing-assisted tunnel-boring equipment, and systematically and comprehensively carry out research on rock-fracturing by plasma-assisted excavation equipment.

A moderate-Ti lunar mare soil simulant: IGG-01

Lunar soil simulants play a crucial role in scientific research, payload tests and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) experiments. However, the currently available lunar soil simulants are either low in TiO2 content (≤3 wt%) or high in TiO2 content (≥6.7 wt%), despite orbital observations indicating lunar soils with moderate TiO2 content being widely distributed on the lunar surface. In December 2020, China's Chang'e−5 (CE-5) mission successfully returned a new mare soil sample characterized by high FeO content (22.5 wt%) and moderate TiO2 content (5.5 wt%), providing an opportunity to develop moderate-TiO2 lunar soil simulants. This study presents a newly developed simulant of the CE-5 lunar soil named IGG-01, which closely replicates the major physical and chemical properties of the CE-5 lunar soil. The median particle size of IGG-01 is 68.69 ± 4.44 μm, and its estimated specific surface area is 0.34 m2/g. It contains 17.6 wt% FeO and 4.8 wt% TiO2. It consists of pyroxene (49.3 wt%), plagioclase (40.9 wt%), ilmenite (6.1 wt%), and olivine (3.7 wt%), with specific gravity and bulk density are 3.33 g/cm³ and 1.86 g/cm³, respectively. The friction angle is 41.8°, and the cohesion is 19.2 kPa. It exhibits strong and weak reflectance absorption features in the 1 and 2 μm band centers. The physical properties of IGG-01 are also comparable to those of Apollo samples and typical lunar mare soil simulants. The unique chemical composition of IGG-01 makes it suitable for various scientific and engineering experiments, including but not limited to the study of dusty plasma migration, water formation via solar wind injection, oxygen preparation via hydrogen reduction, and tests involving the movement of rovers and excavation equipment.

Kebutuhan Alat Teknis Reklamasi PIT 3 Selatan PT. Wijaya Mandiri Energi di Kabupaten Paser, Kalimantan Timur

Reclamation is an activity carried out throughout the stages of the mining business to organize, restore, and improve the quality of the environment and ecosystem so that it can function again according to its designation (Law No. 3 of 2020). In PT Wijaya Mandiri Energi's mining activities that have been completed, the required activity is to carry out reclamation. In planning reclamation activities, technical reclamation tools are needed. Therefore, in this study, calculations were carried out to determine the number of technical equipment requirements used in reclamation activities that will be carried out in pit 3 south. Based on observations of mining activities carried out in pit 3 south, data is obtained in the form of productivity values of digging-loading equipment, transport equipment and displacement equipment. In this research, the quantitative analysis method is used by calculating the value of the area, productivity and actual working hours so as to obtain the value of the need for digging tools, transport tools and displacement tools needed in reclamation activities to achieve optimal value. As for the research conducted with an area of 5.95Ha and a production target of 208,250 m3, with the productivity of Doosan 500LCV excavator equipment of 218.64 m3 / hour, dump truck of 58.84 m3 / hour and SEM 822D bulldozer of 351.64 m3 / hour, the number of excavator Doosan 500LCV digging and loading equipment is 2 units, Beiben 2642 dump truck of 8 units and SEM 822D bulldozer of 2 units.

Exploring the feasibility of prestressed anchor cables as an alternative to temporary support in the excavation of super-large-span tunnel

AbstractExcavating super-large-span tunnels in soft rock masses presents significant challenges. To ensure safety, the sequential excavation method is commonly adopted. It utilizes internal temporary supports to spatially partition the tunnel face and divide the excavation into multiple stages. However, these internal supports generally impose spatial constraints, limiting the use of large-scale excavation equipment and reducing construction efficiency. To address this constraint, this study adopts the “Shed-frame” principle to explore the feasibility of an innovative support system, which aims to replace internal supports with prestressed anchor cables and thus provide a more spacious working space with fewer internal obstructions. To evaluate its effectiveness, a field case involving the excavation of a 24-m span tunnel in soft rock is presented, and an analysis of extensive field data is conducted to study the deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock and the mechanical behavior of the support system. The results revealed that prestressed anchor cables integrated the initial support with the shed, creating an effective “shed-frame” system, which successively maintained tunnel deformation and frame stress levels within safe regulatory bounds. Moreover, the prestressed anchor cables bolstered the surrounding rock effectively and reduced the excavation-induced disturbance zone significantly. In summary, the proposed support system balances construction efficiency and safety. These field experiences may offer valuable insights into the popularization and further development of prestressed anchor cable support systems.

Perhitungan Volume Stockpile dan Pengoptimalan Waktu Pengolahan Stockpile 3, 5 dan 6 Terhadap Produksi Alat Gali muat dan Alat Angkut pada TB Primer Batubesi PT Timah Tbk

PT Timah Tbk's Batubesi Primary Large Mine has experienced a significant decline in production in recent years, causing a change in the mining process to stockpile management that is still economical with a grade of 0.2%. This study aims to determine the volume and production of stockpiles 3, 5 and 6, the type of sediment and Sn content of stockpile material and the time required to spend stockpile material 3, 5 and 6 in order to get the optimal time. The method used is a quantitative method by taking cycle time data as much as 30 data and analyzing sample levels using XRF on each stockpile. The results of this study obtained the volume of stockpile 3 material is 132,648.42 m3,, stockpile 5 is 162,570.25 m3, and stockpile 6 is 33,090.19 m3. The calculated machine productivity at stockpile 3 is 42.17 tons/hour, stockpile 5 is 48.11 tons/hour and stockpile 6 is 39.53 tons/hour. The highest Sn content is found in stockpile 6 which is 0.33% with the type of skarn sediment. While the lowest Sn content is found in stockpile 3 which is 0.2% with oxide clay sediment type. In stockpile 5, the Sn content is 0.31% with the type of oxide clay sediment. The remaining volume of stockpile material in stockpiles 3, 5 and 6 can be spent with a time of 2.78 years using 1 unit of excavation equipment and 1 unit of transportation equipment. Optimization is carried out so that the remaining stockpile reserves can be spent within 1.74 years using 1 unit of excavation equipment and 2 units of transport equipment.

A novel semi-supervised prototype network with two-stream wavelet scattering convolutional encoder for TBM main bearing few-shot fault diagnosis

Accurately sensing the main bearing state and diagnosing fault types is crucial to ensure the safe operation of the main drive system of tunnel boring machines. Currently, the research on large-scale bearing fault diagnosis in industrial scenarios is severely limited by the quality and quantity of monitoring data. Conventional external vibration monitoring devices are difficult to adapt to complex and harsh working conditions of excavation equipment, and constantly changing low-speed and heavy-load operating conditions make similar labeled samples very scarce. To tackle this concern, we propose a semi-supervised prototype network with the two-stream wavelet scattering convolutional encoder (TWSCE-SSPN) based on roller state signals. By fusing radial and axial features of rollers using the two-stream structure and employing wavelet scattering transform and attention mechanism in the convolutional feature encoder, the model exhibits excellent feature mapping capabilities. Following the semi-supervised meta-learning paradigm, the proposed model uses the prototype generated by unlabeled sample features to modify the initial prototype generated by labeled sample features to augment the accuracy of classification in few-shot learning. The integrated sensing roller main bearing testbed was set up and fault datasets were established to verify the few-shot classification and anti-noise ability of the algorithm. Experimental results show that TWSCE-SSPN achieved 98.17 % accuracy at 1 shot, which is at least 18.17 % higher than existing methods. Furthermore, even under a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB, the few-shot recognition accuracy can remain 91.83 %. This verifies the superiority of the model in diagnosing main bearing faults under few-shot and strong noise conditions.

Study of the Production and Efficiency of Variable and Loading Equipment in the Mining of Minerals

This article reviewed and analyzed the study of performance and efficiency of exchange-loading equipment. Despite a number of previous studies in this area, many issues require further in-depth study. In particular, the influence of operational factors on the nature of the total resistances overcome by the drive for the use of excavation and loading equipment has not been sufficiently studied, the dependence of the change in the power component of the diesel load mode during the technological cycle and its influence on the energy intensity of the process have not been determined.

Control System Design for Accurate Operation of Auxiliary Excavator Clusters

Abstract In recent years, with advancements in machine control automation and intelligent systems, both domestic and international research has increasingly focused on the automation and semi-automation of excavator control. This study introduces an auxiliary control system for excavator fleets, which utilizes sensor and wireless communication technologies. The research investigates the excavation errors that arise when operators rely on personal vision and experience in complex working environments, as well as the challenges of managing large fleets of excavators. By assisting operators in controlling the excavators, the system significantly reduces the operator’s experience requirements and work intensity and provides higher precision, consistency, and efficiency for excavation equipment. This method not only further improves the operating efficiency and excavation accuracy, but also saves the overall construction cost and improves the sustainability of the project.

烟草打塘-移栽一体化装置的设计与优化

To overcome inadequate functional integration, irregular pits, and insufficient agricultural machinery and agronomy in tobacco seedling transplanting equipment under film, a digging transplanting integrated machine was built. The machine uses parallel four-bar mechanism. The excavation equipment uses conical spiral blades. Using the trajectory approach, the four bar mechanism's fundamental parameters can be reversed. This method meets the requirements for coordinated excavation and transplantation. Mechanical study of soil units determines upward movement characteristics. Additionally, spiral angle, spiral blade outer diameter, and spiral blade speed are quantified to affect soil movement. The range of factors is derived. Based on three factors binary regression orthogonal combination simulated optimization experiment, a discrete element analysis was performed to enhance parameters. Experimental factors optimized include a spiral angle of 19°, a spiral blade diameter of 378 mm, and a rotational speed of 258 rpm. The two optimized test indicators are: a 193 mm hole depth and 350 mm hole diameter. The improved results were verified by field validation studies using a 191 mm hole depth and 347 mm hole diameter. The simulation optimization results and field validation experiment results are very similar. This study provides a technical basis for tobacco farming concurrent drilling and transplanting research.

Analysis of factors affecting quality performance of construction equipment.

Quality performance is a numerical measurement of the performance of an organization or process assessed through the measurement of physical products and statistical sampling of the output of processes. Construction equipment’s are heavy-duty vehicles specifically created for carrying out construction activities, most usually including earthwork operations. Excavators, Backhoe loaders are the most common equipment’s used for excavation in the construction industry. Defects or lapses in the quality performance of such equipment can lead to increased costs and delays in project completion. This project involves the identification of the factors that affect the quality performance of construction equipment used for excavation in construction sites through a literature review. After the identification of these factors, a questionnaire is prepared from the factors identified and site visits are conducted to various construction sites across Ernakulam district and interviews were conducted with construction practitioners including project managers, site engineers, equipment contractors and the response data is collected. After the collection of data analysis is done using Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS) and the major factors that affect the quality performance were ranked. The factors with RII value of 0.841 affects majorly the performance of excavation equipment and the factor with RII value of 0.588 affects the performance of excavation equipment’s the least.

Study on multibody contact load distribution characteristics of scraper conveying system of continuous miner

Understanding the interaction of the scraper chain–sprocket–tail drum–chain path is of great significance to improving the transportation efficiency and service life of the intermediate scraper conveying system of fully mechanized excavation equipment. The dynamic characteristics of the internal tension, running resistance, and multicontact interface load of the scraper chain are the theoretical basis of the research. Firstly, a method for obtaining periodic cyclic dynamic load history is proposed, and then the model of a single-chain scraper conveyor for a continuous shearer is constructed by using RecurDyn and simulation structures. Finally, the influence of parameters such as conveying inclination angle and running speed of the sleeve scraper chain on the reliable operation of the conveying system is determined. The results show that when the conveying angle is 12°, the scraper conveying system runs stably and the impact between multirigid bodies is small. As the chain speed increases from 0.85 to 2.4 m/s, the wear of the conveying system gradually increases, and the contact load distribution of upper chain plate 2, upper chain plate 3, and lower chain plate 3 is seriously worn.

Обзор разработанных систем быстросъемного устройства гидравлического экскаватора

Nowadays the hydraulic excavator is one of the leading multifunctional machines that are operated for multi-purpose goals and are also finding increasing use due to the widespread use of replaceable working bodies and working equipment. It is important to note that the use of a wide range of replaceable working equipment and working bodies of excavators not only increases the productivity of machines, but also the level of mechanization of work. The possibility of easy replacement of nozzles increases efficiency and minimizes the likelihood of damage or wear of equipment associated with manual replacement of nozzles. Besides, this will reduce the time for replacing the working body and speed up the work process.This article analyzes and reviews research: publications, patents; also provides an assessment of the quality of the proposed solutions for quick fastening systems on hydraulic excavators.

Vision and Inertial Navigation Combined-Based Pose Measurement Method of Cantilever Roadheader

Pose measurement of coal mine excavation equipment is an important part of roadway excavation. However, in the underground mining roadway of coal mine, there are some influencing factors such as low illumination, high dust and interference from multiple equipment, which lead to the difficulty in the position and pose measurement of roadheader with low measurement accuracy and poor stability. A combination positioning method based on machine vision and optical fiber inertial navigation is proposed to realize the position and pose measurement of roadheader and improve the accuracy and stability of the position and pose measurement. The visual measurement model of arm roadheader is established, and the optical fiber inertial navigation technology and the spatial coordinate transformation method are used. Finally, the Kalman filter fusion algorithm is used to fuse the two kinds of data to get the accurate roadheader pose data, and the inertia is compensated and corrected. Underground coal mine experiments are designed to verify the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the positioning error of the roadheader body using this method is within 40 mm, which meets the positioning accuracy requirements of roadway construction. This method compensates for the shortcomings of low accuracy and poor reliability of single vision measurement, single inertial navigation measurement and single odometer measurement.

Experimental and Numerical Study Regarding the Behavior of HDPE Pipes under Quasi-Static Point Loads

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) buried pipes are flexible structures, subjected to particular loading conditions. In different statistical data such as the United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators’ Association (UKOPA) and European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG) databases it was observed that the main cause of their failure is the excavation damage. Therefore, it is important to determine the connection between the maximum force and the bearing capacity of the pipes during practical working conditions to avoid the pipe damage risk under external loads such as third-party intervention by means of excavating equipment. This paper analyzes the mechanical behavior of HDPE pipes under the excavation loads that may accidentally occur. For this purpose, numerical and experimental investigations were performed, considering the influence of different factors, such as the pipe diameter, pipe wall thickness, internal pressure, and the dimensions of the active element of the heavy excavation equipment. In the present study, a good correlation between the experimental tests and the numerical analysis was obtained (3.70% for the loads applied and 7.25% for displacement), both for the maximum force that can be applied and the corresponding deformation in the pipe wall. This study can be used to identify if the operation of a certain type of excavator near a HDPE pipe is safe, taking into account the puncture loads in quasi-static conditions.

Modeling the dynamics of fine dust fraction in the surface layer of the atmosphere

We investigated the operating conditions of excavator equipment, leading to unsteady dynamics of dust far from the pollution source. Wind transport of dust takes into account the non-uniform vertical wind profile. Diffusion movement is also determined by the inhomogeneous coefficient of turbulent diffusion with a nonmonotonic dependence on height. The Earth’s surface is given by a digital elevation model, which allows calculations for a specific area with complex topography. Vertical inhomogeneities of wind and turbulence significantly change the nature of the spatial distributions of dust particles. Our approach makes it possible to determine changes in the disperse composition of particles with distance from the dust source.

Failure analysis and control of natural gas pipelines under excavation impact based on machine learning scheme

Third-party excavation operations pose a serious threat to the safe operation of natural gas pipelines, and quantifying the failure conditions of pipelines can effectively identify the hazards of excavation operations. Considering the current lack of test data on the full-size critical conditions of pipelines under different failure modes, to make the research results have better field application, this study aims to develop a failure prediction model, which is adopted for predicting the failure modes of the pipeline under different excavation conditions in order to propose control strategies. In this work, finite element analysis is combined with machine learning algorithms. The finite element analysis process derives the critical loads for different failure modes of the pipe and establishes the failure condition data set. Correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis were employed to investigate the influence pattern of the features. The prediction performance of different machine learning combination algorithms was tested, and a hybrid data-driven prediction model was established and combined with the excavation equipment parameters to determine the risk level of the excavation equipment and the risk area of the operation. The results demonstrate that the critical load value for failure grows when the strength of the pipe increases. The four features of yield strength, strength limit, pipe diameter, and wall thickness exhibit the highest importance scores. The bucket tooth wedge angle only influences the magnitude of the puncture critical load, with correlation and sensitivity coefficients being 0.315 and 0.116, respectively. In the test of the combined algorithm, the RFECV-CSVR-NSGAIII algorithm built in this study has the highest generalization performance, the mean absolute error percentage (MAPE) is lower than 0.0476, the coefficient of determination R2 reaches over 0.9960, and the prediction model has excellent accuracy. The prediction model was subjected to case studies to obtain rapid identification of risk levels and operational risk areas of excavation equipment.

Determination the influence of the rock mass density on the productivity of wheel loaders at the iron ore pit mining

Aim. To establish the dependence of the front loader performance on the bulk density of the rock mass at the mining of iron ore deposit. Research methodology. At the developing the methodology, analytical and computational research methods were used to determine the time of working off rock mass of different density by a front loader. Appropriate calculation methods are relevant for determining the required amount of technical equipment and are acceptable for modern mining. Research results. A method has been developed for establishing the duration of the working cycle and the productivity of a front-end loader when mining different types of rock mass at an iron ore pit mining. Efficient parameters of rock extraction have been established, depending on changes in rock density. In the course of the study, the relationship between the density of the rock mass and the coefficient of filling and the coefficient of loosening of the rock was established. The influence of these coefficients directly on the performance of front loaders is determined.The indicators of these coefficients depend on the physical and mechanical properties of soft and rocky rocks and can change the performance of front loaders up to 5 times. Scientific novelty. It has been established that the duration of the working cycle is based on the time of digging (depending on the specific gravity of the rock mass), the time of maneuvering and the time of unloading, which are determined by the technical characteristics of mining machines. The influence of the bulk density of the rock mass on the duration of the working cycle and the performance of the front loader is determined. The required number of front-end loaders of different capacities was calculated as excavation and loading equipment in the conditions of the iron ore deposit mining. Practical value. The developed method for calculating the performance of a front-end loader depending on the density of the rock mass makes it possible to determine the effective number of loaders in the conditions of mining iron ore pits, which is confirmed by the example of the Eristovsky MPP.

Analysis of explosive energy distribution at Pit 7 West PT. Makmur Mandiri Utama Binungan Suaran - Berau, East Kalimantan Province

Blasting geometry and blasting material filling are closely related to the rock mass characteristics and the geological conditions to obtain ideal fragmentation. Blastability Index analysis, including Description of Rock Mass, Combined Plane Spacing, Combined Plane Orientation, Specific Gravity Influencey, and Hardness, are the alternative geometry experiment conducted to overcome the problem of rock fragmentation so that the speed of excavation equipment can increase according to the productivity of Komatsu PC2000 plan at PT. BUMA Jobsite BINSUA. Furthermore, the actual rock values obtained from blasting location and alternative geometry recommendations using R.L.Ash theory combined with Vertical Energy Distribution theory. In the C2 layer with a rock factor value of 5.95, the recommended load is 7.2 m, space is 8.3 m, and the VED explosive power is 48%. In layer D2 the rock factor value is 6.89 with a load of 7.5 m, space of 8.3 m, and 55% VED explosive charge. While in the DU layer, the rock factor value is 6.39 with a load of 7.3 m, 8.4 m space, and 51% VED filling of explosives. Prediction of blasting fragmentation analysis using Kuz-ram theory obtained fragmentation > 100 cm, namely 14.99% for the C2 layer, 14.84% for the D2 layer, and 14.82% for the DU layer.

Long video-based action segmentation for earthmoving excavators using improved Temporal Convolutional Network models

Earthwork excavator, as an all-terrain and high-efficiency earthwork excavation equipment, has been widely used in earthwork sites. It is very necessary to analyze the work of earthmoving excavator by means of machine vision. In this paper, the action segmentation method based on long video was applied to the analysis and recogniton of the excavator’s action, and compared with other two current best action segmentation models using the real construction site video. Firstly, the sequence features of the excavator’s work video obtained at the cnstruction site was extracted through 3D convolution method, and then two differernt networks with the extracted sequence features were trained and tested. The experimental results showed that the average frame accuracy of MS-TCN model and ASRF model in excavator action segmentation were 82.6490% and 86.1042% respectively. However, for the recognition task under different working environment, the performance of the two models is quite different. The experimental results manifest that the motion segmentation model based on long video reached good results in excavator motion recognition in earthmoving operation. And it is helpful to analyze the long video working behavior sequence of excavator. This research contributes to the identification of critical elements that explains serial action and to the development of a new application scenario for vision-based behavior segmentation network. Additionally, the results of this study were helpful to automatically analyze the working efficiency and monitor the productivity of earthmoving excavators. Using this kind of data-driven decision can improve the work efficiency of earthmoving excavator and promote the project progress.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF TRENCH PRODUCTION IN DIFFICULT NATURAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS BASED ON TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS

Problem statement. Trench production is a very energy-intensive and costly process. In addition, the preparation of trenches in the winter takes a long time. The article's relevance is because the trenches needed in many industries (construction, agriculture, water management, military affairs) have to be performed in the winter, which significantly increases the cost and time of their production. In military affairs, it is about economic efficiency and the safety of personnel, which is especially important in the event of a threat of full-scale hostilities. Therefore, improving machinery and equipment for the effective development of frozen and firm soils in the execution of trenches is an urgent scientific and technical task today. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the increase of economic efficiency of trench production in difficult natural and climatic conditions based on technical innovations. Results. In winter, soils have much higher mechanical properties, primarily in terms of strength, than other year periods. This leads to an increase in energy intensity and the cost of soil development by earthmoving equipment. In most cases, these machines are not able to develop frozen soils. Therefore, before using them, they perform preparatory work on loosening frozen soils. From the calculations given in the article, we can conclude that using only excavator equipment in the winter is economically impractical. That is why it was proposed to introduce an advanced cultivator with two teeth at an angle to develop frozen soil. Compared with traditional equipment, this type of equipment reduces 2,8–3,0 times unproductively loose soil, and secondly, depending on the class, increases productivity by 1,8–9,5 times. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time, the feasibility of using a tusk with sloping teeth to develop frozen and strong soils reduces the cost of trenching at least 2 times while significantly increasing the speed of work, which is extremely important for maintaining personnel in military conditions. To demonstrate the efficiency of cultivators more clearly, efficiency coefficients of equipment were introduced, which showed the economic feasibility of introducing a cultivator with two teeth at an angle to the development of frozen soils in comparison, both for military and civilian purposes.