Examine Gender Differences Research Articles

Gender Differences in Faculty Perceptions of Mentorship and Sponsorship

This survey study examines gender differences in mid- to senior-career faculty experiences of receiving and providing mentorship and sponsorship during early career development.

Alcohol demand in college students: The roles of athletic involvement and gender.

College student-athletes represent a high-risk group for heavy alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences. Although college drinking correlates with access to low-cost alcohol, no study has examined demand, or the relationship between price and consumption, in student-athletes. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and drinking to cope motives in student-athletes suggest athlete-specific risks of alcohol consumption that have not yet been examined in conjunction with demand. Therefore, the present study examined gender differences in alcohol demand, alcohol consumption, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in student-athletes (n = 118) and nonathletes (n = 78) at three colleges/universities. Participants completed the Alcohol Purchase Task and measures of alcohol-related behaviors and mental health. Observed demand indices including intensity (i.e., consumption at zero price), Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e., price associated with Omax), and breakpoint-1, or BP₁ (i.e., highest price of nonzero consumption) were calculated at the individual level. The rate of change in demand elasticity (i.e., decrease in consumption relative to price increases) was calculated at the group level. Overall, students reported lower alcohol consumption at higher alcohol prices, but men reported higher alcohol consumption and demand intensity than women, student-athletes reported higher Omax than nonathletes, and student-athletes reported lower depressive symptoms than nonathletes. These findings support reducing access to low-cost alcohol in college drinking environments as a harm-reduction strategy, particularly for high-risk student populations, such as men and those involved in athletics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The influence of emotional reactions and compliance with Ministry of Health guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: a longitudinal study of gender differences.

This study sought to examine gender differences in emotional reactions and compliance with Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel, with the goal of gaining a deeper understanding of these gender-related variations throughout the lockdown periods. A longitudinal study comprising 2509 participants was conducted during two of Israel's lockdowns: 1424 participants completed a questionnaire during the first lockdown (23 April-5 May 2020); of these, 1085 completed a follow-up questionnaire during the second lockdown (September 30-October 10, 2020). Participants exhibited higher levels of compliance with MOH guidelines (e.g., wearing face masks, maintaining social distancing) and knowledge about COVID-19 during the second lockdown, whereas they exhibited more negative emotional reactions during the first lockdown. Female participants scored higher than male participants on all measures. Multiple regression results showed that about 21% of the variance in compliance with MOH guidelines was explained by lockdown type (i.e., first or second), gender, and age, while knowledge and negative emotional reactions added another 19% to the explained variance. The results suggest that the impact of the pandemic on emotional reactions decreased over time, with people exhibiting greater compliance with MOH guidelines and more knowledge about COVID-19. Moreover, the behavioral and psychological impact of the pandemic was greater on women than on men. The results suggest that healthcare professionals should pay more attention to mental health issues during a pandemic. Moreover, policymakers should focus on women as a vulnerable group and suggest appropriate solutions to reduce their emotional distress. Furthermore, governments and employers should provide greater flexibility and support for single mothers during the pandemic. In addition, gender inequality during lockdowns may place women at greater risk of psychological distress.

Gender differences in mental health outcomes among Afghanistan veterans exposed to war zone trauma.

Research has sought to identify whether women have an increased risk of developing mental health problems following military trauma compared to men, but the results are mixed. This study examined gender differences in a range of mental health outcomes within three levels of war zone trauma exposure and investigated gender differences in risk and protective factors associated with clinical mental health problems. Using data from a cross-sectional, postdeployment survey, a sample of Norwegian veterans of recent military operations in Afghanistan (N = 6,205, 8.3% women) were sorted according to reported war zone trauma exposure level (low, medium, high), then assessed for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic distress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and alcohol problems. The findings revealed that men who reported low war zone exposure had lower levels of posttraumatic distress symptoms than women, d = -0.20, p = .040, but were more likely to report symptoms of alcohol problems within the low, d = 0.33, p < .001; medium, d = 0.39, p < .001; and high, d = 0.37, p = .049, exposure groups; however, these differences disappeared when all symptom variables were combined into one clinical mental health problem variable. Women with a clinical mental health problem were less likely to report war zone exposure than men, OR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.90, 0.97], p = .001. Findings suggest that although gender differences in mental health symptoms exist, male and female veterans with mental health problems may share more similarities than previously recognized.

Gender differences in use of cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products among adolescents aged 13-15 years in 20 African countries.

Examining gender differences in youth tobacco use is important as it aligns tobacco control within the context of broader human development goals seeking to eliminate gender inequalities. In this study, we examined gender differences in adolescent use of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, shisha, and e-cigarettes in Africa. This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Our analytical sample comprised 56442 adolescents aged 13-15 years from 20 African countries. Weighted, country-specific prevalence estimates were computed overall and by gender. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) were calculated in a multivariable Poisson regression model to examine whether correlates of tobacco use differed between boys and girls. Ever cigarette smoking prevalence was significantly higher among boys than girls in 16 of the 20 countries, but a significantly higher percentage of girls reported earlier age of cigarette smoking initiation than boys within pooled analysis. Some of the largest gender differences in current cigarette smoking were seen in Algeria (12.2% vs 0.8%, boys and girls, respectively), Mauritius (21.2% vs 6.6%), and Madagascar (15.0% vs 4.1%). Current use of e-cigarettes, shisha, and smokeless tobacco was generally comparable between boys and girls where data existed. Among girls, higher levels of reported exposure to tobacco advertisement were positively associated with shisha smoking whereas perceived tobacco harm was inversely associated with current cigarette and shisha smoking. Among boys, perceived social acceptability of smoking at parties was associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette smoking (APR=2.27; 95% Cl: 1.20-4.30). The prevalence of cigarette smoking among boys was higher than that of girls in many countries. However, girls who smoke tend to start at an earlier age than boys. Differential gender patterns of cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco product use among youth may have implications for future disease burden. As the tobacco control landscape evolves, tobacco prevention efforts should focus on all tobacco products, not just cigarettes.

Disabled life expectancy among older Colombian men and women.

Colombia's population is rapidly aging and older adults are living longer, however, we have limited information on the level of disability and number of years older Colombians spend with disability. We estimated age-and-gender specific ADL, IADL and mobility disability prevalence and disabled life expectancy (DLE) and to examined gender differences. Life tables came from the Colombian vital statistics and disability prevalence data came from the cross-sectional 2015 Colombia National Survey of Health, Well-being, and Aging. Disabled life expectancy (DLE) was calculated using Sullivan's method. About one-third to one-half of remaining years will be spent with IADL or mobility disability. The remaining years of life spent with ADL was relatively low at younger ages, but by age 85, about half of remaining life will be spent with disability. Compared to men, women had higher levels of disability and are estimated to spend more years with disability. Gender differences in ADL did not emerge until ages 70 and older. Older Colombians, in particularly women, are estimated to live a significant proportion of their life with disability, particularly IADL and mobility disability. High levels of disability are concerning because the country lacks adequate infrastructure and has limited options for long term care.

Gender differences in the relationship between income inequality and health in China: Evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey data

This study examines gender differences in the relationship between income inequality and health in China. Multilevel regression models were used to analyse data from the most recent five waves (2004–2015) across 12 provinces in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The findings remain robust when considering alternative measures of health outcomes and income inequality. Men showed greater sensitivity to income inequality in terms of adverse health outcomes. When individuals experienced the same level of changes in income inequality, men had a higher risk of reporting poor health status, higher BMI, higher systolic blood pressure, and a higher risk of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol than women. Despite missing data and causal inference challenges, this study highlights gender differences in the relationship between income inequality and health in China, potentially attributed to cultural gender norms. Double standards regarding weight and health-compromising behaviours based on gender roles and stereotypes are more intensive in China, particularly in areas with higher income inequality. One policy implication of this study is that reducing income inequality could enhance individual health outcomes, with a more notable impact on men's health compared to women's.

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Quality of Life in Moroccan Adolescents

This study aims to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of life among Moroccan adolescents. The sample consisted of 96 secondary school students, both male and female, aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 14.19, SD = 1.28). This research is particularly significant given the transitional and complex nature of this developmental stage, which involves significant organic, cognitive, and emotional changes. An initial exploratory study was conducted to assess the levels of emotional intelligence and quality of life among the participants, examine gender differences, and explore the relationship between these two variables. The BAR-ON Emotional Intelligence Scale (Parker et al., 2011) and the Quality-of-Life Scale (Bakas et al., 2012), both adapted for the Moroccan context, were utilized for data collection. The results indicated that adolescents in the sample exhibited an average level of emotional intelligence overall, with average scores in the intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions, and high scores in stress management and adaptability dimensions. Additionally, the quality of life among the respondents was found to be high. Statistically significant gender differences were observed in the adaptability dimension and overall quality of life. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between the overall emotional intelligence score, specifically the intrapersonal and stress management dimensions, and quality of life.

Gender, psychological distress, and subjective well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This study aimed to examine gender differences in distress and well-being two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing risk and protective factors for psychological distress and subjective well-being. It is a repeated cross-sectional study with a sample of 1,588 women (50%) and men (50%) from the general Spanish population aged 18-74 years who were assessed online by seven questionnaires and scales. Descriptive, variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. From February to April 2022, 57.4% of women and 38.7% of men had psychological distress, percentages that totaled 50.5% and 41.5%, respectively, from October 2022 to February 2023. Women also had greater perceived vulnerability to diseases, more negative feelings, and lower affect balance, resilience, and self-esteem than men. The most important predictors of greater psychological distress refer to lower self-esteem, resilience, and social support and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases. Other statistically significant predictors included lower educational level in women and neither being married nor living with a partner in men. Lower self-esteem also best predicted lower subjective well-being, with lower social support and lower resilience also constituting significant predictors. Moreover, lower educational level and higher perceived vulnerability to diseases statistically and significantly predicted lower subjective well-being in women, as did not being a student in men. We conclude that psychological distress remains greatly prevalent in Spain two years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in women.

Treat Me Right: A Nationwide Study of the Social Determinants of the Differences among Black Adolescents in the U.S Being the Target of Bullying Behavior

Abstract: In 2019, 20% of students in the U.S. were bullied, with 85% of this bullying taking place at school. Bullying is associated with a litany of adverse health effects, including anxiety, depression, and substance misuse. Long-term adverse effects of bullying can include a greater likelihood of being involved in violence in adulthood, psychological disorders, ongoing substance misuse, school non-completion, and having a lower income. A key ingredient to reducing bullying among adolescents could be addressing social determinants as a means of increasing access to resources to engage in and maintain positive health behaviors. Using a CDC dataset of 553 Black adolescents, the researchers investigated if social determinants predisposed Black male and female young adults to being the targets of bullying behavior. Paramount to this discussion is how gender role socialization and manifestations of masculinity may influence this phenomenon. To help fill this gap in knowledge, this paper utilizes Critical Race theory and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks employ secondary analysis of the Black adolescent male and female sample within the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey data from the Center for Disease Control as well as hierarchical logistical regression modeling to examine the relative impact of positive health behaviors, mental health, and key demographics on whether or not a respondent gets bullied. Further, to examine gender differences between these two groups, analyses are performed first for all Black adolescents of the sample and then separately for Black males and Black females. In light of the findings, the conclusion section revisits issues of gender role socialization and manifestations of masculinity around getting bullied.

Exploiting gender-based biomarkers and drug targets: advancing personalized therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma.

This review systematically examines gender differences in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), identifying the influence of sex hormones, genetic variance, and environmental factors on the disease's epidemiology and treatment outcomes. Recognizing the liver as a sexually dimorphic organ, we highlight how gender-specific risk factors, such as alcohol consumption and obesity, contribute differently to hepatocarcinogenesis in men and women. We explore molecular mechanisms, including the differential expression of androgen and estrogen receptors, which mediate diverse pathways in tumor biology such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Our analysis underscores the critical need for gender-specific research in liver cancer, from molecular studies to clinical trials, to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effectiveness. By incorporating a gender perspective into all facets of liver cancer research, we advocate for a more precise and personalized approach to cancer treatment that acknowledges gender as a significant factor in both the progression of HCC and its response to treatment. This review aims to foster a deeper understanding of the biological and molecular bases of gender differences in HCC and to promote the development of tailored interventions that enhance outcomes for all patients.

Gender differences in research fields of bioeconomy and rural development-based on sustainable systems in Latin America and Africa regions.

Using bibliometric analysis of large-scale publication data is a simple approach to exploring gender-related trends, especially gender equality in academic publishing. The aim of this study is to investigate gender trends in the fields of bio-economy and rural development sciences in two under develop regions as Latin America and Africa. This study examines gender differences in these fields in order to: (1) recognize the contribution of female researchers in bioeconomy and rural development, (2) explore the relational structure of gender aspects in academic publications, (3) identify trends in female authorship in these scientific research fields over time, and finally (4) identify gender potentials for women to become more visible in these fields of study. To achieve these objectives, we used bibliometric tools to analyses 1891 publication records in bioeconomy and rural development. After cleaning the database of full names of authors of academic publications relevant to the field studies, we performed a series of statistical analyses in R and SPSS software, such as Lotkas distribution, network analysis, co-authorship analysis and spatial distribution of authors in the study. The results show that the number of male authors is almost three times higher than the number of female authors, suggesting that women are under-represented in the fields studied. Men occupy the most important position of authorship in scientific articles; publications with corresponding male authors were found in 1389 out of 1891 publications related to the bio-economy and rural development. In terms of geographical regions, publications with female authors were more prevalent in European and North American areas, with a small exception in some developing countries such as Argentina and South Africa. In terms of research networks, from the total number of authors evaluated, only 23% are female authors on the map of research influence. This indicates that there is a significant gap to be filled in the promotion of scholarly impact through the sharing of knowledge and expertise among authors.

Validation of a Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale: Dimensionality and factorial invariance.

For a multi-dimensional measure of positive youth development (PYD), its factor structure should be invariant across groups and over time. This study examined the factorial validity of the 44-item short form of the "Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale" (CPYDS-SF) that assesses 15 dimensions of PYD attributes. Using two waves of longitudinal data with a one-year interval in between, this study examined the factor structure of the scale and whether the structure is invariant between gender groups and across time. The data were collected from 3,328 adolescents at Wave 1 and 3,638 adolescents at Wave 2, with a matched sample of 2,905 adolescents (mean age = 12.57 ± 0.72 at Wave 1; 49.54% girls). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 15-factor structure fitted the data well. The findings of invariance tests further supported this structure's invariance across gender and time, indicating a stable factor structure of CPYDS-SF among Chinese adolescents. These findings suggest that CPYDS-SF can be used to examine gender differences and the longitudinal development of PYD qualities among Chinese adolescents.

Black Female Adolescents and Sexual Violence: A Quantitative Investigation

Abstract: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Black teenagers are disproportionately impacted by sexual violence. It is estimated that millions of Black teens experience intimate interpersonal violence each year. Black girls are more likely than any other marginalized group to experience sexual violence. According to the National Center on Violence Against Black Women, it is estimated that one in four Black girls will be sexually assaulted before the age of 18. The more information one has concerning how social determinants serve as conduits and barriers to the prevalence of sexual violence, the more beneficial to all communities, and especially Black girls and women. To help fill this gap in knowledge, this paper utilizes critical race theory and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks; employs secondxary analysis of the Black adolescent girls sample within the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as hierarchical logistical regression modeling to examine the relative impact of positive health behaviors, sexual behavior, and key demographics on whether a respondent had ever experienced sexual violence. Further, to examine gender differences across these relationships for Black adolescents, analyses are performed first for both genders and then separately for male and female respondents. The findings suggest that Black adolescent females who do not engage in risky health behaviors are less likely to experience sexual violence. This study demonstrates that the experience of sexual violence is not directly correlated with risky health behaviors, but the results do suggest that overindulgence in any of the identified risky behavior could create a climate conducive for the experience of sexual violence.

The Impact of Childcare Subsidies and Earnings Gaps on Gender Differences in Temporal Autonomy in Türkiye

This paper examines gender differences in discretionary time in Türkiye. Discretionary time, which is defined as the time remaining after one has done what is necessary in paid work, unpaid household work and personal care, is an indicator of freedom or, more broadly, of well-being. Using the 2014–2015 time use survey of the Turkish Statistical Institute, this study has found that in general, women have less discretionary time than men. There is also a remarkable difference between how men and women use their discretionary time: women spend less of it on leisure, volunteer work and personal care and more on unpaid work than men. This study also conducted simulations to examine the effects of childcare subsidies and increases in earnings of women. The simulations showed that childcare subsidies partially narrow the discretionary time gap between men and women. Surprisingly, increases in women's earnings reduce their discretionary time, increasing time disparity in dual-earner couples. This is because increase in women's earnings increase their shares in total household paid work time, but their share of unpaid labor time remains stable. As a result, these measures should be supplemented with family-support programs that promote equality within households.

Okul Müdürlerinin Bilişsel Esneklikleri ile Etkili Problem Çözme Becerileri Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi

Current study aims to explore the relationship among cognitive flexibility variables (alternative and control) and effective problem solving variables (impulsive, reflective, avoidant, monitoring, problem solving confidence, and planfulness) in school principals’ sample. The population of the research consists of 564 school administrators working in public schools in Siirt, Turkey, in the 2020-2021 academic year. Research data were collected from 50 female and 261 male administrators who volunteered to participate in the research among school administrators. "Cognitive Flexibility Inventory" and "Problem Solving Inventory" were used as data collection tools in the study. Two independent t-tests were conducted to examine gender differences in participants' both cognitive flexibility and overall problem-solving scores. According to the research findings, it was determined that school administrators' cognitive flexibility levels and problem solving skills did not differ significantly according to gender. The canonical correlation analyze was utilized to test interrelationship between two set of variables. The canonical correlation analyze revealed two significant canonical functions. The findings of first canonical function indicated that, when both alternative and control sub-dimension of cognitive flexibility and total cognitive flexibility scores increase impulsive and avoidant scores decrease, while reflective, monitoring, problem solving confidence, and planfulness sub-dimensions of effective problem solving and total problem solving scores increase. The results also showed that there was a high and a positive correlation between overall cognitive flexibility level of school administrations and their effective problem solving skills. The findings of second canonical function also indicated that when alternative scores increase and control scores decrease, reflecting, monitoring, and impulsive problem solving scores decrease. Overall, the results suggest that the cognitive flexibility and effective problem solving nicely complement each other. In these respect, in order to be equipped to effectively solve problems, school principals need to be also equipped with cognitive flexibility skills.

Gender differences in entrepreneurship studies

The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in entrepreneurial competencies and self-efficacy among middle school students in an entrepreneurship program. Research shows entrepreneurship is perceived as a male domain, yet girls exhibit strengths in skills like collaboration, creativity, and practical planning that predict entrepreneurial success. However, lower self-efficacy among girls undermines entrepreneurial interest despite proficiencies. Assessing multidimensional competencies beyond narrow metrics reveals overlooked potential in girls.&lt;br /&gt; This study evaluates teamwork, innovation, marketing, feasibility, and impact skills. It also measures entrepreneurial self-efficacy pre-post program. Results show girls outperformed boys consistently across competencies, but boys had higher self-efficacy gains. This highlights the need to build broader skill sets and address biases that restrict girls from developing entrepreneurial self-concepts despite genuine capabilities. Fostering gender-inclusive learning and diverse role models can help girls translate competencies into greater self-efficacy. Providing equal skill-building opportunities and assessments capturing the full spectrum of entrepreneurial strengths is critical to tap the potential of both genders and achieve a gender-balanced entrepreneurial learning.

Gender Differences Among Teacher Education Students in Light of a Pilot Study

This paper aims to present the measurement tool designed to examine gender differences among teacher education students and the results obtained during the research. The theoretical section of the paper describes teachers’ and parents’ influence on children’s gender role attitudes, gender socialization and career orientation. To prepare the questionnaire, we analyzed the Hungarian and international literature and built on the results of our previous qualitative research. We grouped our questions into three dimensions: (1) gender socialization in the family, (2) parental involvement, (3) gender socialization at school and career orientation. According to our results, gender-neutral toys were more often chosen by male students’ parents, and mothers were more involved in their children’s school activities than fathers, setting higher expectations as well. Teachers and parents, especially mothers, played an important role in students’ career choice. In addition, students perceived that teachers handled them differently depending on their gender in terms of the evaluation of their academic progress and behavior as well as the frequency of compliments and punishment.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING ACROSS ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND TIME IN MID LIFE AND LATE ADULTHOOD

Abstract Health and well-being are shaped by peoples’ experiences and ecological contexts (Bronfenbrenner, 2005), reflecting the influence of complex person-context relationships. For example, experiences (e.g., daily stressors, early childhood adversity) occur within microlevel (e.g., marital relationships, neighborhoods) and macrolevel (e.g., societal inequalities) contexts, impacting both daily well-being and healthy aging. Further, a robust literature highlights the significance of naturally occurring everyday experiences for a range of health outcomes, underscoring how daily experiences have immediate and lasting effects on individual physical and cognitive health and psychological well-being. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model, the current symposium features novel research examining health and well-being outcomes across diverse ecological systems and time scales across midlife and old age, with the goal of articulating how innovative approaches for studying person-context interactions can be leveraged to understand both proximal and long-term health and well-being. Polenick and colleagues will examine associations between daily negative and positive events and well-being among heterosexual married couples living with early-stage dementia. Cichy et al. will examine gender differences in the prospective effects of daily stress processes on long-term chronic disease risk in midlife and later life. Next, Turner and Mogle will examine how positive and negative affect mediate the associations between daily memory lapses and psychological well-being. Finally, Choi, Munoz, Scott, and Sliwinski will examine whether current positive (i.e., neighborhood cohesion) and negative (i.e., neighborhood violence) neighborhood contexts moderate the effect of childhood stress exposure on cognitive function in adulthood. Robert Stawski will synthesize the presentations and offer insights for future research.

THE LIFESTYLE OF MEN AND WOMEN AGED 50+ IN TAIWAN: ACTIVITY ON TIME OF DAY AND THEIR CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

Abstract Background To identify the association of circadian rhythms and objective measures of physical activity at a different time-zone of day, as well as examine gender differences. Methods Participants aged 50 years and older living in the community in Taiwan were recruited. Those who suffer from dementia (cognitive dysfunction), mental illness, depression, or those taking drugs that affect daytime activities (e.g. sleeping pills, central nervous system drugs) were excluded. Activity was measured by wearable actigraphy device for at least seven days, diary, and self-reported questionnaires. Results Among the 55 participants enrolled in the beginning, 34 (62%) meet the criteria that wore a wearable actigraphy device at least 7 completed days were analyzed. The activity in the morning was the highest among the participants. Although not statistically significant, as the age increases, the amount of activity decreases (H value=4.943, P=0.084); the amount of activity in the evening is higher for people with higher education(Z=-1.776, P=0.076); people with lower loneliness had higher activity levels (Z=-1.622, P=0.105); people with better nutritional status had higher activity (Z=-1.656, P=0.098). The amount of activity in women is positively and significantly related to regular exercise (Z=-2.653, P=0.007**), and nutrition(Z=-2.367, P=0.017*), while men are significantly related to retired status(Z=-2.132, P=0.033*). Conclusions People who are older, retired, with chronic disease, more depression, and loneliness were associated with lower objective measure of physical activity. Determinant factors exist gender differences: while men are predicted by social variables (retired status), women are predicted by physiological variables (regular physical activity and nutritional status).