Light Microscopic Examination Research Articles

The Possible Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Naphthalene Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rat

Abstract Background Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound that is extensively stemmed from grapes, berries, red wine, and peanut skins, is reported with its pharmacological activities against numerous cardiovascular and renal diseases, inflammation, anti-oxidation and cancers. Naphthalene (NA) is a common environmental hazardous contaminant and is abundant in tobacco smoking, in addition to various exposures. Aim of Work the aim of the present work was to study the possible protective effect of Resveratrol on Naphthalene induced nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rat. Materials and Methods 36 Adult male albino rats were assigned randomly into three groups; control group, it was further subdivided into four subgroups (IA received no treatment, IB received Resveratrol 10 mg/kg/day, IC received corn oil 5 mg/kg/day and ID received Propylene glycol), NA group (rats received 200 mg/kg of NA dissolved in 5 ml/kg corn oil daily for four weeks, orally), and Resveratrol protected group (rats received Resveratrol dissolved in propylene glycol at a dose 10 mg/kg followed after 60 min with Naphthalene at a dose 200 mg/kg dissolved in 5 ml/kg corn oil daily for four weeks). At the end of experiment (30 days), rats were euthanized, and kidney specimens were processed into paraffin blocks for light microscopic examination. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were done. Results The present work demonstrated that NA induced several histopathological changes of the kidneys in terms of cortex and medulla. Distorted renal capsule, thickened glomerular basement membrane, scattered small-sized and hypercellular glomeruli with apoptotic cells and narrow Bowman’s spaces. Proximal tubules and the distal tubules showed markedly apoptotic epithelial lining with pyknotic nuclei, partial loss of brush borders, vacuolations and intra-tubular hyaline casts. Congested interstitial blood vessels, peri-vascular edema, massive inflammatory infiltrate and dense collagen distribution. Renal medulla showed collecting tubules with apoptotic epithelial lining with pyknotic nuclei and intratubular hyaline casts. Findings were demonstrated by histomorphometry. Resveratrol protected group showed histopathological findings significantly reduced compared with NA group. Reduced number of scattered small-sized glomeruli with less thickened glomerular basement membrane. The proximal tubules and distal tubules appeared with less apoptotic epithelial lining, fewer pyknotic nuclei and preserved brush borders and interstitium with fair collagen deposition. The medullary regions showed collecting tubules with mostly normal epithelial lining and reduced inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the deleterious effects of NA on the structure of the kidney. It also suggested the protective role of Resveratrol against the nephrotoxicity.

Effect of Kefir Extract against Sodium Hydroxide Induced Corrosive Esophageal Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract Background Ingestion of corrosive substances and its long-term effect on the gastrointestinal system especially the esophagus is considered as an important public health issue in spite of the multiple efforts to educate the public. Mucosal injury begins within minutes of caustic ingestion. Kefir extract is fermented milk, produced from grains that comprise a specific and complex mixture of bacteria and yeasts that live in a symbiotic association, this symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast forms “grains” that resemble cauliflower. The grains are soft, gelatinous white biological mass, compromised of proteins, lipids and soluble polysaccharide that surround bacteria and yeast. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep milk with kefir grains for about 24 hours at room temperature. Aim of the Work The aim of the present work was to investigate the possible curative role of kefir on the structure of esophageal mucosa when injured after corrosive agent. Material and Methods Thirty adult male albino rats were used in this study. The rats were randomized into four groups: The control group was further subdivided into two subgroups (I a served as a negative control, I b received one ml of kefir once daily orally), the corrosive esophagitis group (rats received one ml of 5% NaOH orally and sacrificed on the same day), spontaneous healing group (rats received one ml of 5% NaOH orally and left for seven days) and the kefir treated group (rats received one ml of 5% NaOH orally and then received one ml of kefir once daily orally for seven days). At the end of experiment, rats were euthanized, and esophageal specimens were processed into paraffin blocks for light microscopic examination and other specimens were processed into scanning electron microscopic examination. Results The general cellular morphology of the esophageal mucosa after NAOH administration was greatly affected. Erosions of the epithelial covering with shedding of the epithelial cells in the lumen, loss of keratin layer, and massive lymphocyte infiltration were noticed in the lamina propria. Kefir treated group for seven days showed histopathological findings mostly normalized compared with corrosive esophagitis group; normal appearance of the surface mucosa was detected with restoration of keratin layer and reduced inflammatory cell infiltrate and vascular congestion were observed. Conclusion NAOH is capable of producing injury to esophageal mucosa. The present study showed a novel and favorable effect of kefir on the structure and function of the esophageal mucosa.

The Effect of Nitroglycerine on Myocardial Injury Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract Background Despite, early reperfusion is the current optimal way to rescue the heart and salvage of greater amount myocardium, the process of reperfusion could induce myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte death, that result in heart failure and death. Several therapeutic medications such as nitroglycerine is currently under investigation for preventing myocardial reperfusion injury which has the potential to improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated Aim of the Work To investigate the effect of nitroglycerin on myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury as regard histopathological changes. Materials and methods 30 Male adult albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats for each); Group I (2 subgroups: group 1A (control group) & group 1B (sham group)). Group II (ischemia/reperfusion animal model). Group III (nitroglycerine 0.5 mg/kg BW 15 min before I/R). Tissue samples of heart ventricles of all animals were collected and processed for light microscopic examination. Results The ischemia /reperfusion group showed massive disruption of the normal histological cardiac muscle picture, interstitial hemorrhage, inflammatory cells infiltration, pyknotic changes in the nuclei and dark acidophilic contraction bands. Nitroglycerine treated group revealed disruption of cardiac muscle fibers and with minimal improvement in the histological appearance. Conclusion Nitroglycerine injection attributed to potential improvement for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury which. Therefore, it might be assumed that nitroglycerine could be used as a safe drug before induction of reperfusion.

The Effect of Nigella Sativa Oil on Imiquimod Induced Model of Psoriasis in Thin Skin of Adult Male Mice. A Histological Study

Abstract Background Psoriasis was reported to be a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Psoriasis can be induced in mice by Imiquimod which is an immune response modifier and it is the most widely used animal model of psoriasis. Nigella sativa oil is frequently used for its antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. The current study is aimed to assess the effect of oral Nigella Sativa oil on imiquimod induced model of psoriasis in thin skin of adult male mice. Materials & methods The current study included twenty male albino mice. After seven days acclimatization period, animals were subjected to shaving of square shaped area 2 x 2 cm2 at the backs of all mice. Then, animals were divided into three groups: Group I: Control, n = 10: subdivided into: Subgroup IA (Negative Control), Subgroup IB: which received a daily dose of 20 mg of Nigella sativa oil orally. Group II, n = 5: Each mouse received a daily topical dose of 62.5 mg IMQ cream on the shaved back skin for fourteen days. Group III, n = 5: Each mouse received a daily topical dose of 62.5 mg IMQ cream on the shaved back skin for fourteen days. On day seven after shaving and 4 hours after application of IMQ cream, each mouse in group III received 20 mg of Nigella sativa oil once daily for seven days. Skin specimens were obtained from the shaved parts of skin of the backs of all animals and were processed for light microscopic examination. Results Imiquimod (IMQ) application led to apparent increased epidermal thickness, apparent thickening of stratum corneum and alterations in the normal appearance of keratinocytes with vacuolation inside their cytoplasm and increased intracellular spaces between cells. Apparently Elongated epidermal rete ridges were observed along with abundant infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the dermis. However, oral use of Nigella sativa oil (N.sativa) strongly inhibited IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation and alleviated all epidermal and dermal changes observed after IMQ application. Conclusion N. sativa can be used as an effective treatment for modraete psoriasis.

The Possible Effect of Grape Seed Extract on the Adrenal Cortex in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Male Albino Rats: A Histological Study

Abstract Introduction Induction of diabetes in rat models injected with streptozotocin (STZ) had led to increase activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis accompanied with hypercortisolism and adrenocortical growth. Proanthocyanidin, a grape seed extract (GSE) that was observed to have beneficial effect on different metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Aim To study the structural changes of the adrenal cortex in diabetic rats and the beneficial effect of GSE on the suprarenal cortical injury. Materials and methods 35 adult male albino rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. Group I (control). Group II (GSE), rats received GSE orally (200 mg/kg), daily for 21 days. Group III (STZ), rats were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg) given intraperitoneal once. Group IV (STZ + GSE), rats received STZ as in group III. After rats confirmed to be diabetic, they were treated with GSE as in group II. After 21 days, the adrenal glands from all groups were dissected and processed for light microscopic examination. Morphometric and statistical analysis were also done. Results H&E stained section of Group III (STZ) showed increase in the capsular thickness and congested blood capillaries. Both zona glomerulosa & zona fasciculata showed increased thickness with some cells appeared with vacuolated acidophilic cytoplasm while others were shrunken with closely packed pyknotic nuclei. Inflammatory cells infiltration was also observed. Moreover, silver stain showed focal significant increase in thickness of the capsule, dense trabeculae and dense irregular reticular fibers of the cortex. Meanwhile, immunohistochemical results showed significant increase in the reaction for caspase 3 antibodies. Group IV (STZ + GSE) showed restoration of the cortical structure & organization nearly similar to that of control group. Conclusion It can be considered that GSE might have a protective effect on the structure of diabetic rats’ adrenal gland.

FIRST REPORT IN CANADA OF CERATONOVA GASTEROSTEA (CNIDARIA: MYXOZOA) IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS FROM THE FRASER RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

A survey of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) and juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)) from the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada and adjacent marine waters was conducted for the presence of myxozoan parasites of the genus Ceratonova Atkinson, Foott, and Bartholomew, 2014 (Bivalvulida, Ceratomyxidae). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR; small subunit ribosomal RNA gene) combined with conventional PCR and sequencing (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 1) detected Ceratonova gasterostea Atkinson, Foott, and Bartholomew, 2014 in 89 of 269 (33.1%) sticklebacks from the Fraser River and in 1 of 51 (2%) from Howe Sound. In contrast, Ceratonova shasta (Atkinson, Foott, and Bartholomew, 2014) was detected in 2 of 26 (7.7%) Chinook salmon from the Fraser River. Reciprocal infections were not detected. Light microscopic examination of the stickleback intestine revealed the presence of an intense infection with large numbers of pseudoplasmodia which interacted with enterocytes through pseudopodia-like projections. Myxospores with characteristic elongate valve cells were visible within mature pseudoplasmodia and free in the intestinal lumen. This is the first report of C. gasterostea in Canada.

Microscopic and Molecular Investigation of Intestinal Microsporidia in HIV + /AIDS and Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran.

The aim of this study was to identify Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in fecal samples of HIV + /AIDS and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and comparing the results to healthy individuals in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Stool samples were collected from 50 HIV + /AIDS patients, 50 cancer patients, and 50 healthy samples referred to medical centers in north of Iran. Stool samples were kept in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4°C, and stained by modified trichrome for light microscopy examination. The multiplex/nested-PCR targeted the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. To characterize genotypes, the nested PCR products sequencedby Bioneer Companyand was subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Ten of 50 samples (20%) of HIV + /AIDS patients, 5of50 samples (10%) of cancer patients, and 1 of healthy individuals (2%) were microscopically positive. From 50 HIV + / AIDS patients, E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. were detected in 10 (20%) and 6 (12%) cases, respectively. Furthermore, among cancer patients, 7 (14%) and 2 (4%) cases were E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., respectively. Out of 50 samples of healthy individuals, only 3 (6%)cases of E. bieneusi were observed. The genotypes D and M were detected among positive samples of E. bieneusi. E. bieneusi and then Encephalitozoon spp. are common intestinal microsporidia in HIV + /AIDS patients and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Mazandaran province. E. bieneusi genotype D seems to be the predominant genotype in Mazandaran province.Due to the considerable prevalence of intestinal microsporidia, physicians are advised to pay more attention to this opportunistic infection in high-risk groups.

Twelve-Month Clinical and Histopathological Performance of a Novel Synthetic Cornea Device in Rabbit Model.

To report the biological stability and postoperative outcomes of a second-generation, single-piece, flexible synthetic cornea in a rabbit model. Device materials and design were amended to enhance biointegration. Optic skirt design devices were made from compact perfluoroalkoxy alkane with porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ingrowth surface overlying the skirt and optic wall. Sixteen devices were implanted into intrastromal pocket in rabbit eyes. Rabbits were randomly assigned to 6- and 12-month follow-up cohorts (n = 8 in each) postoperatively. Monthly examinations and optical coherence tomography assessed cornea-device integration, iridocorneal angle, optic nerve, and retina. There were no intraoperative complications. All devices were in situ at exit, with clear optics. No retroprosthetic membrane, glaucoma, cataract formation, or retinal detachment was observed. Two rabbits in the 6-month group had mild, focal anterior lamella thinning without retraction adjacent to the optic near tight sutures. Three postoperative complications occurred in the 12-month group. One rabbit diagnosed with endophthalmitis was euthanized on day 228. Mild sterile focal retraction of anterior lamella occurred in two rabbits, which were terminated on days 225 and 315. Light microscopic examination of enucleated globes demonstrated fibroplasia with new collagen deposition into the porous scaffold without significant inflammation, encapsulation, or granuloma formation. Clinical evaluations, imaging, and histopathological findings indicate favorable outcomes of this synthetic corneal device in a rabbit model. Early feasibility studies in humans are being planned. Favorable 12-month results of the device in rabbits demonstrate vision-restoring potential in corneally blind individuals at high risk of failure with donor keratoplasty.

Fatal toxoplasmosis in a captive squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) in Portugal

New World monkeys are especially vulnerable to develop severe clinical manifestations and succumb to acute toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to describe the histopathological findings and genotypic characterization of the Toxoplasma gondii strain involved in a lethal case occurring in a zoo-housed black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) in Portugal. Cyst-like structures suggestive of Sarcocystidae parasites and acute injuries in liver and brain were observed by light microscopy examination. By immunohistochemistry, calprotectin, T. gondii antigen and Iba1 antigen had a positive signaling in lung, liver and brain tissues. Toxoplasma gondii B1, ITS1 and 529 repetitive element fragments amplifications together with the genotyping of 13 microsatellite markers confirmed a systemic T. gondii infection linked to a non-clonal type II strain. This description is consistent to the majority T. gondii strains circulating in Europe.

Two new species of Dichelyne Jägerskiöld, 1902 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) parasitising marine fishes in Iraq.

Recent examinations of some marine fishes from off the southern coast of Iraq revealed the presence of two new species of Dichelyne (Dichelyne) Jägerskiöld, 1902 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae), both intestinal parasites, namely: D. (D.) lethrini n. sp. from the smalltooth emperor Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes (Lethrinidae, Acanthuriformes) and D. (D.) iraqiensis n. sp. from the humphead snapper Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier) (Lutjanidae, Acanthuriformes). Specimens are described and illustrated based on light and scanning electron microscopical examinations. Dichelyne (D.) lethrini n. sp. is mainly characterised by the length of spicules (522 µm), presence of a dorsal caecum, location of deirids at the level of the posterior end of oesophagus and the post-oesophageal position of the excretory pore, number (10 pairs) and distribution of caudal papillae in the male, and the presence of two minute terminal spines on the female tail tip. Dichelyne (D.) iraqiensis n. sp. differs from the species of the subgenus Dichelyne mainly based on the absence of caudal spines, the presence of a dorsal caecum, the length of spicules (789-884 µm), the location of deirids and the excretory pore approximately at the same level, and the size of eggs (72-78 × 42-51 µm). These new species infecting marine fishes in Iraq represent new geographic records of cucullanids of the subgenus Dichelyne from fishes in marine waters off Iraq.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor ameliorates di-ethylhexyl phthalate-induced cardiac muscle injury via stem cells recruitment, Desmin protein regulation, antifibrotic and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Phthalates are common plasticizers present in medical-grade plastics and other everyday products. Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been noted as a causative risk factor for the initiation and augmentation of cardiovascular functional disorders. G-CSF is a glycoprotein found in numerous tissues throughout the body and is currently applied in clinical practice and has been tested in congestive heart failure. We aimed to examine in depth the effect of DEHP on the histological and biochemical structure of the cardiac muscle in adult male albino rats and the mechanisms underlying the possible ameliorative effect of G-CSF. Forty-eight adult male albino rats were divided into control group, DEHP group, DEHP+ G-CSF group and DEHP-recovery group. We measured serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Left ventricular sections were processed for light and electron microscope examination, and immunohistochemical staining of Desmin, activated Caspase-3 and CD34. DEHP significantly increased enzyme levels, markedly distorted the normal architecture of cardiac muscle fibers, downregulated Desmin protein levels and enhanced fibrosis, and apoptosis. G-CSF treatment significantly decreased the enzyme levels compared to DEHP group. It enhanced CD34 positive stem cells recruitment to injured cardiac muscle, therefore improved the ultrastructural features of most cardiac muscle fibers via anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects in addition to increased Desmin protein expression levels. The recovery group showed partial improvement due to persistent DEHP effect. In conclusion, administration of G-CSF effectively corrected the histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations in the cardiac muscle after DEHP administration by stem cells recruitment, Desmin protein regulation, antifibrotic and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Forensic Examination of Post-Fire Damaged Electrical Conductors by Quantitative Measurement

During their course of work, forensic engineers and electricians may apply electrical engineering and scientific principles to forensic investigations by performing electrical surveys and electrical fault evaluations. When undertaking a fire investigation, an investigator may implement a similar electrical fault methodology called “arc mapping” or more recently termed an “arc survey.” The correct application of either of these methodologies is dependent, in part, on the forensic investigator’s ability to distinguish features observed on damaged electrical wiring and equipment. Experiments were conducted to generate a post-fire damaged electrical artifact dataset for this engineering analysis. Generated artifacts of arc melting, fire melting, and mechanical damage features were examined, measured, and quantified by applying metallurgical analyses, such as visual examination, measurement, light microscopy, SEM/EDS, X-ray, and/or metallographic examination. The results produced a novel proof of concept method of quantifying and reliably identifying electrical conductor damage features for forensic electrical fault (short circuit) and/or arc survey evaluations.

Caracterização morfológica e molecular do parasita monogênico de brânquias, Acleotrema maculatus, que infecta o peixe Argyrops filamentosus no Mar Vermelho, Arábia Saudita

ABSTRACT Fish are considered one of the important sources of protein which are invaded by different parasites. This study aimed to shed light on monogenean parasites that infect fish within the family Sparidae in Saudi Arabia. A total of 30 Argyrops filamentosus specimens were collected from the Red Sea, the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), and then examined for the presence of monogenean parasites. Parasitic species were isolated and studied morphologically using light microscopic examination and molecularly via the partial sequencing of the 28S rRNA gene. Only a monogenean parasitic species has been identified. This parasite is morphologically and morphometric compatible with previously Acleotrema maculatus Morsy, El-Fayoumi & Fahmy (2014), identified from Plectropomus maculatus in the Red Sea, Egypt. Phylogeny revealed that this putative diplectanid species nested well within a clade clustering Diplectanidae species, which along with morphological data, suggests it is a member of the genus Acleotrema. Query sequences showed identities of 98.92% for 28S rRNA (AF026118.1) of Acleotrema sp. This study reflects the first account of this genus as endoparasite taxa of the examined sparid fish, as well as providing novel DNA data for this species.

Light and scanning electron microscopic study of the effects of platelet-rich plasma on dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in adult male albino rats

Abstract Background Osteoporosis may occur by using glucocorticoids for a long time. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used in treating a wide variety of musculoskeletal problems. Aim This work aimed to study the effect of PRP against dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in adult male albino rats. Materials and methods This study was carried out on 40 adult male albino rats that were divided into two main groups: control group I: included 10 rats and experimental group II included 30 rats, which were subdivided into three subgroups. Subgroup IIa received PRP, subgroup IIb was injected with dexamethasone intramuscularly, and subgroup IIc received the same dose of dexamethasone and then injected with PRP. At the end of the experiment, upper ends of femur bones of all animals were obtained and processed for histological study using light and scanning electron micrograph studies. Results Light microscopic examination revealed osteoporotic histological changes in group IIb where cancellous bone trabeculae appeared thin and discontinuous. Scanning electron micrograph studies confirmed the results of the light microscopic study. Group IIc revealed partial preservation of the normal histological picture. Statistical analysis showed that group IIb and untreated left femur of group IIc revealed a highly significant decrease in the mean thickness of trabeculae and a highly significant increase in the width of intertrabecular spaces as compared with the control group, while group IIa and treated right femur of group IIc revealed nonsignificant changes as compared with the control group. Conclusion Osteoporosis resulted from glucocorticoids in adult male albino rats could be partially treated with PRP injection.

Investigation of Placental Modifications in Patients with Preeclampsia: Examination using Light and Electron Microscopy

Preeclampsia can have an effect on both the mother's health as well as the unborn child, and it only occurs during gestation and after delivery. Proteins in urine as well as high levels of blood pressure are two signs of this disease that advances swiftly. The study's goal was to look at the histology and to examine for ultrastructural alterations in the placentas of preeclampsia-affected pregnancies. Slices of paraffin were made from placenta specimens used for light microscopic analysis while an electron microscope with scanning technology was employed to produce and observe specimens for ultrastructural analysis. The syncytiotrophoblast layer nuclei were found to be arranged in many sprouts and lengthy anastomosing strands, according to light microscopic examinations. The foetal placental capillaries receded up to total absence as the villus connective tissue core gradually contracted. Endothelial degeneration and atheromatous changes were present in placental stem arteries, whereas endothelial degeneration, escalating fibrosis, and obliteration were seen in lower decidual arterioles. These results are compatible with a rise in fetoplacental vascular impedance, which was shown to be present when lacking end-diastolic flow velocity was established that it existed in the umbilical artery just before birth. The results clarify how this issue has interfered with the movement of nutrients and gas.

Antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania tropica and Toxoplasma gondii: in vitro and ex vivo study.

Three obligate intracellular protozoan parasite species, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and settle in macrophage cells, affect more than one-half of the world's population, namely, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania tropica and Toxoplasma gondii, which are causative agents of Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis, respectively. In the current study, it was aimed to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on T. cruzi, L. tropica and T. gondii. The in vitro drug efficacy (IC50) of auranofin was investigated by haemocytometry and the CellTiter-Glo assay methods and the ex vivo drug efficacy (IC50) by light microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained slides. Also, the cytotoxic activity (CC50) of auranofin was examined by the CellTiter-Glo assay. The selectivity index (SI) was calculated for auranofin. According to IC50, CC50 and SI data, auranofin did not exhibit cytotoxic activity on Vero cells, but exhibited antiprotozoal activity on epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi, promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. tropica and intracellular tachyzoites of T. gondii (p<0.05). The detection antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on T. cruzi, L. tropica and T. gondii according to the IC50, CC50 and SI values is considered an important and promising development. This is significant because auranofin may be an effective alternative treatment for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis in the future.

#6143 FAMILIAL LECITHIN: CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE (LCAT) DEFICIENCY AS A CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE – A CASE REPORT

Abstract Background and Aims Genetic causes of chronic kidney disease are becoming more recognized. Familial lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency (FLD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by loss of function mutations in LCAT gene. Patients present with abnormal lipid profile characterized with markedly reduced HDL-C, corneal opacification, anemia, and renal disease, which eventually progresses to kidney failure. Several studies reported genetic variants in LCAT gene that are associated with FLD, and others in certain apolipoprotein genes that act as risk factors for the disease. Incomplete form of FLD, caused by certain mutation, leads to fish-eye disease characterized by progressive corneal opacification. FLD was described in studies from Europe, Latin and North America, Australia and Japan. In Jordan, genetic and clinical studies in FLD patients are absent. Method We present a 36-year-old female who presented with nephrotic-range proteinuria, high serum creatinine, hypertension and corneal opacity. Further examination showed a severely reduced HDL level, an increased triglycerides level, anemia and mild thrombocytopenia. Patient's laboratory values at presentation are shown in Table 1. Her blood film showed normocytic and normochromic red blood cells, anisopoikilocytosis and target cells. Light and electron microscopy examination of the kidney biopsy revealed intramembranous, subendothelial and mesangial lipid deposition and vacuolization. In addition, the patient was found to have a family history of corneal opacity and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, FLD was suspected. Whole exome sequencing was employed to identify FLD variants. Results The patient was found to be homozygous at 154+5delG in LCAT gene, heterozygous at 388T&amp;gt;C in apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and homozygous at 1114G&amp;gt;C in WW domain-containing oxidoreductase gene (WWOX). The patient's chronic kidney disease was managed supportively with low salt diet, moderate protein intake, statins, angiotensin receptor blockers and blood pressure control. After one year of follow up, her serum creatinine is 220 μmol/l and estimated proteinuria is 1.2 gm/24 hrs. Conclusion FLD should be suspected in patients who present with kidney disease associated with significantly low HDL cholesterol and corneal opacity. Family members should also be screened for kidney disease and genetic mutation in LCAT gene. To date, treatment is mainly supportive and enzyme replacement therapy is not yet widely available.

#3665 DCR2 PROMOTES TUBULAR MALADAPTIVE REPAIR BY INHIBITING KETONE BODY–INDUCED FOXO3 SIGNALING AFTER ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

Abstract Background and Aims The proximal tubule has a capacity for repair after acute kidney injury (AKI), but this capacity is limited, especially in severe AKI. Tubular maladaptive repair after AKI leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD), even to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the mechanism of maladaptive repair is not fully clarified, and there is a lack of effective treatment for AKI in clinic. Our previous study found that decoy receptor 2 (DcR2), a trans-membrane receptor of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), was specifically expressed renal tubules and did not have the ability of proliferation in AKI, suggesting DcR2 may be associated with maladaptive repair of tubular cells. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of DcR2-positive tubular cells in the repair of AKI. Method The DcR2-GFP lineage trace mice,KSP-creDcR2f/f mice (Distal tubular DcR2 Conditional Knockout CKO) mice and GGT1-creDcR2f/f (proximal tubular DcR2 Conditional Knockout CKO) mice were constructed, and three AKI mouse models (moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion injury and cisplatin-induced AKI) were conducted. Light microscopic examination of paraffin-embedded sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid–Schiff stain and Masson stain. Confocal analysis the co-expression of DcR2-GFP and proximal tubular markers(AQP1, Villin), distal markers (AQP2), failed repair markers (Vcam1, Dcdc2), proliferative markers (Ki-67, Edu, PCNA), Kim1, differentiated markers (pax2, sox9, six2), senescent markers (P16, P21, SA-β-gal), senescent phenotype (IL-6, TGF-β1) and fibrotic markers (a-SMA, collagen I, Fibronectin). And wild type (WT) mice and DcR2 CKO mice were used to compare the degree of kidney injury, renal function and tubular repair after AKI. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyzed the downstream molecules of DcR2 in renal tissues from WT-AKI and CKO-AKI, and validated studied were done. Results In this study, we found decoy receptor DcR2 was highly expressed in renal tubules and associated with kidney damage in AKI patients and mouse models. DcR2-GFP transgenic mice verified that DcR2 was specifically expressed in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) after AKI. The levels of Scr, BUN and urinary DcR2 and renal acute and chronic injury scores were significantly lower inGGT1-creDcR2f/f -AKI than that of WT-AKI. Meanwhile, the proliferative markers, senescent markers and area of renal fibrosis and fibrotic markers expression was decreased inGGT1-creDcR2f/f mice compared with WT. However, the above effects were not obviously improved in KSP-creDcR2f/f mice after AKI. These results suggested that proximal tubular DcR2 knockout alleviated kidney injury and promote tubular repair after AKI. Consistent with findings in vivo, DcR2 promoted cell senescence and inhibited cell proliferation in hypoxia-reoxygenation and cisplatin-treated primary PTECs. Further quantitative proteomics and validated studies showed Hmgcs2, a key enzyme for ketone synthesis, was increased in GGT1-creDcR2f/f mice compared with WT. And the levels of urinary and renal β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) were higher inGGT1-creDcR2f/f mice, suggesting DcR2 affects the synthesis of β-hydroxybutyrate through regulating the expression of Hmgcs2. Inhibition or deletion of Hmgcs2 aggravated kidney damage and repressed renal repair, but administration with β-OHB rescued these phenomena. Subsequently, PTEC-specific DcR2/Hmgcs2 double deletion decreased β-OHB levels, which inhibited FOXO3 signaling by regulating histone acetylation, thereby boosting tubular maladaptive repair after AKI. Conclusion DcR2 promotes maladaptive repair of tubular cells by regulating Hmgcs2-induced β-OHB production, and β-OHB affects FOXO3 signaling by regulating histone acetylation. The findings suggests that DcR2/Hmgcs2/ketogenesis/FOXO3 signaling mediates tubular maladaptive repair, and DcR2 could serve as a promising target for improving renal repair and AKI prognosis.

Histological study of oviduct in adult Iraqi Black Goat

The present study was aimed at the light microscopic examination of the oviduct and show epithelium structure of the iraqi goat oviduct, determination of the histochemical structure of the mucus secreted by epithelial cells, and muscular layers of The oviducts of Twelve healthy adult goat constituted the material of the study. using routine histological techniques by using Hematoxylin and eosin , masson trichrom for Histochemically, it was observed by using Pas Alcian Histological observations revealed that the oviduct consists of 4 layers of mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa. The primary and secondary folds increase both in number and in height in infundibulum and ampulla while less in number in isthmus. Epithelium of folds was composed of simple columnar, although seems pseudostratified in some areas, and contains ciliated and secretory cells. Histomorphometric examinations of three regions demonstrated that the mean height of primary folds increase and the mean thickness of tunica muscularis in isthmus The mean thickness of mucosa-submucosa in ampulla More visibility of the ciliated cells and mucosal folds in infundibulum and ampulla the thick tunica muscularis in isthmus transports sperm cells up; and both require promoting secretory products were increased in the tip of the mucosal fold than in the base. Conclusion By using light microscopic examinations lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. Mucosal folds were maximum in number in the tubual part of infundibulum, ampulla and least in isthmus in all stages of the animal. The propria–submucosa was comprised of loose connective tissue with blood vessels, abundant amount of collagen fibres and few reticular fibers histochemical staining demonstrated by means of the PAS reaction, and it was observed that secretion increased progressively towards the isthmus.

Histological and electron microscopic features of the extracellular matrix of invasive breast ductal carcinoma of no special type. Report of 5 cases and literature review

ABSTRACT Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type is the most common type of breast cancer. In light of the above, many authors have reported the histological and electron microscopic characteristics of these tumors. On the other hand, a limited number of works exist where the authors have concentrated on investigating the extracellular matrix. This article presents data received as the results of light and electron microscopic examination of the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and cellular microenvironment of invasive breast ductal carcinoma of no special type. The authors have shown that the processes of stroma formation in the IDC NOS type are associated with the presence of fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and other cells. It was also shown the detailed interaction of the above cells with each other, as well as with vessels and fibrillar proteins such as collagen and elastin. The microcirculatory component is characterized by histophysiological heterogeneity, which manifests as the activation of angiogenesis, relative vascular differentiation, and regression of individual microcirculation components.