Exact Answer Research Articles

Інформаційна етика як необхідний елемент регуляції сучасного інформаційного суспільства

The article is devoted to the analysis of the importance of information ethics in the active development of information and communication technologies. Active research on the issues of cyberspace has been conducted since the second half of the ХХth century. These studies are becoming more intensive every year. Many scientists are interested in analysis of these issues because communication plays the fundamental role in our dynamic modern world. Modern telecommunication technologies and, first of all, the global Internet, are one of the most important factors in the development of the world community, which has a decisive influence on the social, political, economic and socio-cultural spheres. And the global pandemic Covid-19 since 2020 has brought these issues to the forefront of socio-humanitarian research. The information space of the Internet, which has already become the main infrastructure of social communication at the local and global levels, is a relatively new cultural phenomenon. It is obvious that a clear and effective system of moral regulation in this area has not yet developed. This space provides a person with unprecedented opportunities in terms of personal freedom, challenging traditional moral attitudes. Of course, this raises many ethical issues, both general and applied, related to the spread of coercive and aggressive Internet advertising, pornography, violence, intrusion, privacy, and many other aspects. Computer technologies are not neutral. They are filled with human, cultural and social values. These values can be predicted and taken into account, they can appear and evolve after many trials and errors. In our multicultural world conflicting value system can often arise. Future research needs to do as much as possible to create a broader and more promising concept of what it means to be human in the stream of transformations that exist today. The solution of certain problems in information ethics is different depending on who solves these problems. All dilemmas and problems within the framework of the considered direction of applied ethics are open, and no one can give an exact answer to the questions yet. Thus, since in the modern information society there is a direct relationship between the intensity of technological development and the growth of crises in the field of moral values and spiritual culture, information ethics already makes a serious claim to the moral regulation of human behaviour.

Numerical Versus Analytical Direct Kinematics in a Novel 4-DOF Parallel Robot Designed for Digital Metrology

Abstract Direct (forward) kinematic solution of the parallel robots is a challenging task for pure pose determination of the movable platform, which is crucial either in designing of the robot or its controlling. The availability of this solution is more critical especially in the case of using robot as a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Solving direct kinematics (DK) problem of parallel robots is complicated as it is engaged with highly coupled nonlinear equations that are difficult to solve analytically to obtain exact answer. Hence in order to solve the mentioned problem, various approaches including empirical solutions e.g. using auxiliary sensors on the robot, neural network, and numerical methods are utilized. Meanwhile, numerical methods as the most cost-effective approach can acquire one unique accurate answer in a reasonable time. The aim of this article is to solve DK of a novel CMM parallel robot, which has three translational motions and a rotational around horizontal axis, using both analytical and numerical (Newton-Raphson scheme) approach along with comparing the results. After explaining the implementation procedure of methods according to the configuration of this robot, the results of simulations for both methods are presented and compared to each other. Moreover, inverse kinematics and direct kinematics are analyzed for the mentioned mechanism thoroughly. Results show that although analytical method gives more accurate answer especially for horizontal positions, numerical method solves the problem faster and also with acceptable accuracy.

ИНВЕСТИЦИИ В ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УКЛАДЫ: ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ

An issue of the economic growth launching in Russia and carrying out technological renewal of the economy seems to be the central task at the current stage of the country’s economic development. However, the overwhelming majority of theories of economic growth, as well as the classical theory of economic policy, do not give an exact answer as to the technological renewal in the economy and its role when changing the structure of technologies and investments in them. The present study fills that apparent gap, and on the basis of the theory of technological paradigms created by the Russian school of economic thought. The purpose of the study is to structurally analyze the dynamics of investments in fixed assets in the technological structures of the Russian economy with an assessment of the impact on it of certain instruments of macroeconomic policy. On the basis of taxonomic methods of identifying paradigms by types of economic activity, the authors propose a solution to the problem of measuring structures and the investments made in them. The stages in the methodology for the struc- tural analysis and assessment of the economic policy instruments impact- ing through the regression econometric analysis on the target investment function of each of the identified paradigms are formed. The study resulted in obtaining a picture of the distribution of the impact of macroeconomic policy instruments separately for each technological paradigm, according to the selection made. That allows, firstly, to understand the dispersed power of the influence of the economic policy being implemented, and secondly, to see the possibilities of correcting the ongoing structural and investment policy and the use of macroeconomic instruments, as well as institutional changes – individual for each element of the structure – technological paradigm. The prospect of the study is the development of various models based on the selected structure of technological paradigms and investments in them, linking the development of structures and detailing the impact of each of the economic policy instruments.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE SWIMMING BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND B&H SWIMMERS IN THE 50M DISCIPLINE

The subject of the research is competitive swimming in Europe (EUR) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) from 2008 to 2018, discipline of 50m freestyle for male seniors. The problems of the research are trends, dynamics and differences between swimmers from Bosnia and Herzegovina and swimmers from Europe. The objectives of the research are: 1.To identify trends in swimming development in EUR and B&H from 2008 to 2018. 2. To determine the statistical significance of differences between EUR swimmers and B&H swimmers. 3. To evaluate the results for 2020 based on linear functions. In accordance with the set goals of the research, appropriate statistical methods and tests were applied, which enabled an exact answer to the set hypotheses and goals. The variables were being monitored in this study: 1.The time of the eight finalists 2. The time of the first three swimmers. 3. The Winner time. 4. The Record time. Based on the achieved results, it can be validly and reliably concluded that there is generally an improvement in results for EUR swimmers and B&H swimmers. It is statistically proven that there is a significant difference in the achieved results. European swimmers showed better results that were statistically significant. Linear functions i.e trends indicate that there is a small difference. There are more reasons for lagging of B&H’s swimmers behind the European swimmers. In the post-war period there are no elementary material, professional, coaching and other assumptions that enable better results either in swimming or in other sports in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Suramin Inhibits Mitochondrial ADP/ATP Carrier, Not Only from the Cytosolic Side But Also from the Matrix Side, of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Suramin was earlier reported to show inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. However, two important questions, i) whether it shows a specific inhibition of the ADP/ATP carrier when applied to isolated mitochondria, and ii) whether it inhibits the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier only from the cytosolic side or from the matrix side, as has been observed with its canonical inhibitors of carboxyatractyloside or bongkrekic acid, remain to be answered. In the present study, we sought exact answers to these questions. As for the first question, suramin showed certain inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial respiratory chain; and at a concentration of 25 μM it showed strong inhibition of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. This property was due to its weaker inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier than those of carboxyatractyloside or bongkrekic acid. As for the second question, suramin inhibited the ADP/ATP carrier from both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Thus, suramin was concluded to be utilizable as a new type of inhibitor for the ADP/ATP carrier; but we must pay attention to its side-effects, especially when it is applied to whole mitochondria.

Analytical solution of electromagnetic scattering from PEMC strip located at TI medium

Topological insulator (TI) and perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) are new type of matter with remarkable electromagnetic behavior. Despite of conventional scattered fields terms, cross-component terms are generated when the electromagnetic wave interacts with these matters. In this paper, TI is utilized as host medium for PEMC strip and diffraction of electromagnetic wave from proposed strip is assessed by Kobayashi potential (KP) method which yields exact answer. Pivotal elements in KP are Weber-Schafheitlin integrals which are specific integrals with exact solution. Whereby, boundary and some edge conditions of configurations satisfy automatically and simultaneously. Initially, formulation and theoretical calculations of KP method is provided and far-zone scattered field is calculated. To demonstrate the efficiency of method, convergence analysis is provided and for the validation, comparison with other methods is made. Variations of scattered field pattern due to configuration's parameters are illustrated and discussed meticulously.

Analogues of Milner’s Theorem for families without long chains and of vector spaces

Let n>k>0 be integers and X an n-element set. A family F consisting of subsets of X is called k-Sperner if it has no distinct members F0,…,Fk such that F0⊂F1⊂…⊂Fk. A family is called s-union if the union of any two of its members has size at most s. A classical result of Milner determines the maximum size of a family that is both 1-Sperner and s-union. The present paper is dealing with the case k≥2. If s=2r<n then the natural construction is to take all subsets F⊂X with r−k<|F|≤r. Theorem 4.1 shows that this is optimal for n>r(r+3). The case of s=2r+1 is more complex. We believe that Example 1.9 provides the maximum. Theorem 1.12 confirms this for k=2 and n≥r2+4r+1.Two families F and G are called cross-intersecting if F∩G≠0̸ for all F∈F, G∈G. What is the maximum of |F|+|G| if in addition F is k-Sperner, G is ℓ-Sperner? The exact answer is given by Theorem 1.4.In Section 3 we prove the analogue of Milner’s Theorem for vector spaces.

Intersecting and 2‐intersecting hypergraphs with maximal covering number: The Erdős–Lovász theme revisited

AbstractErdős and Lovász noticed that an ‐uniform intersecting hypergraph with maximal covering number, that is, , must have at least edges. There has been no improvement on this lower bound for 45 years. We try to understand the reason by studying some small cases to see whether the truth lies very close to this simple bound. Let denote the minimum number of edges in an intersecting ‐uniform hypergraph. It was known that and . We obtain the following new results: The extremal example for uniformity 4 is unique. Somewhat surprisingly it is not symmetric by any means. For uniformity 5, , and we found three examples, none of them being some known graph. We use both theoretical arguments and computer searches. In the footsteps of Erdős and Lovász, we also consider the special case, when the hypergraph is part of a finite projective plane. We determine the exact answer for . For uniformity 6, there is a unique extremal example. In a related question, we try to find 2‐intersecting r‐uniform hypergraphs with maximal covering number, that is, . An infinite family of examples is to take all possible r‐sets of a ‐vertex set. There is also a geometric candidate: biplanes. These are symmetric 2‐designs with . We determined that only three biplanes of the 18 known examples are extremal.

The Target Trial: A Powerful Device Beyond Well-defined Interventions.

The Target Trial: A Powerful Device Beyond Well-defined Interventions.

Arabic duplicate questions detection based on contextual representation, class label matching, and structured self attention

Question Answering Systems (QAS) are rising solutions providing exact and precise answers to natural questions. Duplicate Question Detection (DQD), which aims to reuse previous answers, has shown its ability to improve user experience and reduce significantly the response time. However, few Arabic QAS integrate solutions able to detect duplicate questions in their workflow. In this paper, we build a DQD method based on contextual word representation, question classification and forward/backward structured self attention. First, we extract contextual word representation Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) to map questions into a vector space. Next, we train two models to classify question embedding according to two taxonomies: Hamza et al. and Li & Roth. Then, we introduce a class label matching step to filter out questions that have different class labels. Finally, we propose a Bidirectional Attention Bidirectional LSTM (BiAttention BiLSTM) model that focuses only on keywords to predict whether a question pair is a duplicate or not. We also apply a data augmentation strategy based on symmetry, reflexivity, and transitivity relations to improve the generalization of our model. Various experimentations are performed to evaluate the impact of question classification and pre-processing step on DQD model. The obtained results show that our model achieves good performances as compared to the baseline results.

Balancing Accuracy and Privacy in Federated Queries of Clinical Data Repositories: Algorithm Development and Validation.

BackgroundOver the past decade, the emergence of several large federated clinical data networks has enabled researchers to access data on millions of patients at dozens of health care organizations. Typically, queries are broadcast to each of the sites in the network, which then return aggregate counts of the number of matching patients. However, because patients can receive care from multiple sites in the network, simply adding the numbers frequently double counts patients. Various methods such as the use of trusted third parties or secure multiparty computation have been proposed to link patient records across sites. However, they either have large trade-offs in accuracy and privacy or are not scalable to large networks.ObjectiveThis study aims to enable accurate estimates of the number of patients matching a federated query while providing strong guarantees on the amount of protected medical information revealed.MethodsWe introduce a novel probabilistic approach to running federated network queries. It combines an algorithm called HyperLogLog with obfuscation in the form of hashing, masking, and homomorphic encryption. It is tunable, in that it allows networks to balance accuracy versus privacy, and it is computationally efficient even for large networks. We built a user-friendly free open-source benchmarking platform to simulate federated queries in large hospital networks. Using this platform, we compare the accuracy, k-anonymity privacy risk (with k=10), and computational runtime of our algorithm with several existing techniques.ResultsIn simulated queries matching 1 to 100 million patients in a 100-hospital network, our method was significantly more accurate than adding aggregate counts while maintaining k-anonymity. On average, it required a total of 12 kilobytes of data to be sent to the network hub and added only 5 milliseconds to the overall federated query runtime. This was orders of magnitude better than other approaches, which guaranteed the exact answer.ConclusionsUsing our method, it is possible to run highly accurate federated queries of clinical data repositories that both protect patient privacy and scale to large networks.

New solitary wave structures to the (2 + 1)-dimensional KD and KP equations with spatio-temporal dispersion

The present paper studies the novel generalized (G′/G)-expansion technique to two nonlinear evolution equations: The (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko-Dubrovsky (KD) equation and the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation and acquires some new exact answers. The secured answers include a particular variety of solitary wave solutions, such as periodic, compaction, cuspon, kink, soliton, a bright periodic wave, Bell shape soliton, dark periodic wave and various kinds of soliton of the studied equation are achieved. These new particular kinds of solitary wave solutions will improve the earlier solutions and help us understand the physical meaning further and interpret the nonlinear generation of nonlinear wave equations of fluid in an elastic tube and liquid, including small bubbles and turbulence and the acoustic dust waves in dusty plasmas. Additionally, the studied approach could also be employed to obtain exact wave solutions for the other nonlinear evolution equations in applied sciences.

The development of computational estimation in the transition from informal to formal mathematics education

The transition from informal to formal mathematics is an important episode in children’s mathematical development. The current study investigated how young children’s computational estimation performance and strategy use develops in this transitional period. The computational estimation performance of 350 children was assessed before the start of formal schooling (i.e., third grade of kindergarten) and again after the start of formal schooling (i.e., first grade of primary school) by means of a computational estimation addition task with manipulatives. Both children’s answer construction and their counting behavior while constructing the answer were observed during task administration. Results showed an age-related increase in children’s estimation accuracy as well as in their proportion of exact answers. Age-related changes in strategy use were also observed. Children demonstrated an increase in their counting behavior while constructing the answer, but no changes in the way the answer was constructed. In both grades, the answer was most often constructed by laying down all manipulatives immediately in one group. These results suggested that children can follow two pathways to solve the estimation problems: (1) relying on the visual representation of the addends without using counting and (2) using the verbal labels provided by the experimenters while using counting. More use of counting in first grade positively influenced children’s estimation accuracy in this grade, suggesting that these children strive for more precision compared to children who do not count.

Computing eigenvalues, eigenvectors and frequency responses of structures with non-proportional damping

This paper presents algorithms to compute eigenvalues, eigenvectors and frequency response matrix of a linear structure with non-proportional damping. The method is based on derivatives of repeated or unrepeated complex eigenvalues and complex eigenvectors . Since eigenvectors are not unique for a repeated eigenvalue, a special algorithm is developed to select the correct eigenvector for a given non-proportional damping. The advantage of the proposed method is that it only requires the knowledge of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the undamped structure. The validity of this method is established by comparing numerical results from this algorithm to exact answers.

Ответы-предположения как особый тип ответов: структурно-семантический и функционально-прагматический аспекты

The paper aims to reveal functional specificity of answers-assumptions, to identify the means of expressing their “assumption” semantics. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author introduces the terms “modus answer”, “answer-assumption” into scientific circulation. The research material includes dialogic unities obtained from educational dialogues and the “Smart Boys and Girls” program. The research findings are as follows: the author describes functional-pragmatic peculiarities of answers-assumptions (special function includes expressing assumption in a situation where the respondent does not know the exact answer but offers a possible answer to the question; the inquirer possesses the required information, his goal is to check the respondent’s knowledge). Semantics of assumption is realized in answers containing the following components: introductory words and word combinations / introductory sentences expressing a low degree of certainty; means of expressing uncertainty (indefinite pronouns, indication of uncertainty in quantity); alternative conjunction or ; echo-questions. Moreover, the author identifies the linguistic means used to express the respondent’s uncertainty: a) means indicating that the respondent has forgotten relevant information; b) means of expressing ignorance.

Exact post-buckling analysis of planar and space trusses

Despite the great efforts aimed at modifying nonlinear solution methods, researchers have failed to achieve a single algorithm which can correctly trace the equilibrium path for all problems. It has been proved that the numerical algorithms, such as the Arc-length and Newton-Raphson, cannot easily deal with limit points while tracing the equilibrium path. Moreover, secondary and tertiary paths attained by these methods do not simultaneously appear in the solutions. Verifying these methods requires the exact answers of some structures’ equilibrium equations. In spite of the simplicity of structures, intricate post-buckling behaviors with different critical points are observed under the hypothesis of large displacements. Analyzing the equilibrium paths and their features along with providing exact expressions seem to be very useful. In line with this goal, a family of simple planar and space trusses can be analyzed analytically. Closed-form solution and critical points of these structures are available in detail. Additionally, a parametric study of geometrical bounds for monitoring secondary branches is given, which clarifies the effect of geometry on the truss’ behavior. While these outcomes are beneficial for educational purposes, they may also be utilized to check the computer programs’ developments.

A quantitative Lovász criterion for Property B

AbstractA well-known observation of Lovász is that if a hypergraph is not 2-colourable, then at least one pair of its edges intersect at a single vertex. In this short paper we consider the quantitative version of Lovász’s criterion. That is, we ask how many pairs of edges intersecting at a single vertex should belong to a non-2-colourable n-uniform hypergraph. Our main result is an exact answer to this question, which further characterizes all the extremal hypergraphs. The proof combines Bollobás’s two families theorem with Pluhar’s randomized colouring algorithm.

Instant folded strings and black fivebranes

We study the recent claim that black NS5-branes are filled with folded strings. We calculate, in the near-extremal case, the number of folded strings at the black fivebranes interior, using different approaches, and get the exact same answer. The backreaction of the folded strings leads us to argue that the interior of the black fivebrane is AdS2 (times a compact manifold) and that infalling matter cannot reach the interior, due to a shock wave at the horizon. These considerations also suggest a novel insight into the black fivebranes entropy.

Given R. Kahn’s Own 1936 Admission to H. Neisser That "My Own Ideas Were Largely Derived From Mr. Keynes", Shackle’s Claim in 1951 That "…In 1929 Lord Keynes … Groped for the Multiplier Analysis, but Failed to Seize It …", Along With Other Such Claims in His Article, Are Dubious

There is a very major problem with Shackle’s 1951 paper in the Economic Journal concerning the history of the multiplier. Shackle makes claims in his 1951 article, that were later repeated many times in other Shackle articles, that lead a reader to the conclusion that Kahn invented and developed the theory of the multiplier. However, these claims directly contradict Kahn’s own 1936 admission that “My own ideas were largely derived from Mr. Keynes.” If Kahn’s ideas were largely derived from Keynes, then Shackle’s claims that Kahn invented and developed the theory of the multiplier is dubious. A myth has been created in the economics profession that Kahn made an completely independent, extremely crucial contribution to the development of the General Theory that was of such great importance that Keynes would not have been able to write the General Theory without it. This position is simply dubious, since Keynes had already developed and applied the mathematical and logical analysis in chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability in footnote 1 on page 315 to a problem that involves exactly the same analysis that is used to derive the multiplier. Keynes’s conclusion in 1921 in chapter 26 of the TP requires a reader to simply replace Keynes’s q with Kahn’s k from his 1931 article to obtain the exact same answer for the employment multiplier and replace Keynes’s q with Keynes’s b, the marginal propensity to consume, to obtain the investment multiplier in the GT in 1936.Keynes did not need Kahn at all in order to write chapter 10 of the General Theory. Everything written over the last 84 years in the history of economic thought and the history of macroeconomics about Keynes’s contributions concerning the multiplier in the General Theory are based on a very shaky foundation that needs to be completely rewritten.

Analytical Scheme for Solid Stress Analysis

The aim of this paper is to provide a suitable formulation for obtaining an exact answer, for stress analysis of structure with linear elastic behavior. This structure is assumed to be continuous and has unique solution. All the required partial differential equations, namely the equilibrium and compatibility equations, are satisfied. Moreover, the boundary conditions are fulfilled during the solution process. A few available benchmark problems along with some proposal ones are solved analytically, as well as, numerically. Besides, the presented formulas are checked both mathematically and by using a computer program. It is concluded that authors’ scheme offers the advantage of generality and accuracies in comparison to the numerical techniques.