Ex-mining Land Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Lahan Eks-Tambang Batubara Guna Meningkatkan Pendapatan Ekonomi Masyarakat dan Pembelajaran untuk Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Loa Janan

Sustainable use of ex-mining land is an important aspect of sustainable development. By teaching students about reusing mined land, we can help develop a generation that cares more about the environment. The aim of this research is to explore the potential for using ex-coal mining land to increase the economic income of local communities and also for learning for students at SMA Negeri 1 Loa Janan. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, and data conclusion. The research results show that ex-coal mining land can help increase the economic income of local communities and can be an effective teaching material in PKN learning. Utilizing ex-coal mining land for economic activities has great potential to increase the income of local communities. This research proves that the use of ex-coal mining land as enrichment material for PKN teaching materials is effective in increasing understanding of PKN teaching materials for students at SMA Negeri 1 Loa Janan.

Vegetation development and soil conditions in reclaimed areas of former silica mines in Indonesia

To restore the function of ex-mining land according to its designation, the ex-mining area must be reclaimed. Ecological dynamics, especially soil conditions and the composition, structure, and biodiversity that occur in reclamation areas, need to be understood so that the reclamation area meets the criteria for the success of mine reclamation. This study aimed to understand the composition, structure, biodiversity, and soil conditions that influence growth in the reclamation area. The research was conducted in a silica mine reclamation area with a 17.8 m radius (r) circular plot (0.1 ha) of 10 plots (±1 ha) for vegetation and 9 points for soil sampling at a depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. In general, the results of the vegetation inventory show that the tree species recorded are dominated by Pinus merkusii, Hevea brasiliensis, and Enterolobium cyclocarpum with mean values of diameter, height, and low diversity conditions. The condition of soil physical and chemical properties in the reclamation area at both depths shows low mean values, which can affect the growth rate of plants in the reclamation area. The species of Schima wallichii that grow naturally in the reclamation area was found, indicating that the reclamation activities have created a good environment for other tree species to grow naturally. However, enrichment activities need to be carried out to increase biodiversity.

Investigating the Social and Environmental Accounting Implementation in the Reclamation of Former Mining Sreas: A Case Study of PT. Kitadin

The mining industry significantly contributes to economic development through tax revenue and export duties but also poses serious social and environmental risks, such as heavy metal pollution, air pollution, land subsidence, and forest degradation. These concerns necessitate responsible mining practices and effective reclamation. This study examined the implementation of social and environmental accounting in ex-mining land reclamation using PT. Kitadin as a case study. An interpretive qualitative approach explores a company's practices in managing environmental responsibilities. Research shows that PT. Kitadin, in its post-mining phase since March 2023, has engaged in land reclamation, revegetation, air and water management, and repurposing of ex-mining areas. The company systematically recorded and measured the environmental impact of its reclamation efforts by integrating these aspects into financial statements and sustainability reports. Additionally, PT. Kitadin has addressed social implications by engaging with stakeholders, including local communities and NGOs. This comprehensive approach underscores a company's commitment to post-mining responsibilities, in line with corporate standards. The findings contribute to the understanding of how mining companies can implement social and environmental accounting in reclamation, balancing economic, environmental, and social considerations.

Evaluation of Vegetation Health in the PT X Reclamation Area Using the NDVI Method Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Orthophoto Data

Abstract According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2023, Indonesia became the third-largest coal-producing country globally after China and India. Indonesia’s coal production amounted to 775.2 million tons in 2023, and around 27% was used for domestic needs. Coal mining in Indonesia generally uses an open-pit mining system, which impacts changes in land cover, landscape form, and the loss of flora and fauna. To dismiss this stigma, good mining practices must be applied in every process to ensure the balance of post-mining land’s natural and social functions. One effort to restore the condition of post-mining land is revegetation. Revegetation activities on ex-mining land require much time, money, and energy, so the planted vegetation must be monitored and evaluated. The problem often encountered when using Landsat and Sentinel satellite image data is that clouds cover many areas because the island of Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high rainfall, humidity, and temperature throughout the year. Then, using multispectral aerial photography data is one solution for monitoring plant health. With the advancement of photogrammetric technology using multispectral cameras, it is possible to analyze the health of reclaimed plants using the NDVI method. The results of the NDVI analysis on reclaimed plants produced the highest index value of 0.877 and the lowest value of 0.013. With very healthy plant criteria covering 12.47 ha (71.5%), healthy plant criteria covering 4.95 ha (28.4%), and unhealthy criteria covering 0.02 ha (0.1%).

Increasing the Potential of the Quality of Ex-Mining Land for Oil Palm Plants with Composting and Humic Acid Methods as Soil Remedies

Increasing the Potential of the Quality of Ex-Mining Land for Oil Palm Plants with Composting and Humic Acid Methods as Soil Remedies

Evaluating the productivity of five forages for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated land

Post-tin mining land holds promise for cultivating forage crops, with the potential to address Pb metal contamination through plant-based phytoremediation. However, the presence of heavy metals and depleted soil fertility resulting from tin mining activities may pose challenges to plant productivity and contribute to residual heavy metal accumulation. This study aims to assess the productivity and phytoremediation capacity of Pb by various grass species on reclaimed mining land. Using a randomised block design with three replications, the study was conducted over a four-year period in a post-mining area in Central Bangka Regency, Indonesia. Three grass species: Megathyrsus maximus (‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’), Pennisetum purpureum (‘Taiwan’ and ‘Mott’), and Chrysopogon zizanioides were evaluated for forage production, quality, digestibility, and heavy metal content. It was shown that ‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’ cultivars had relatively stable production for over four years, with the crude protein content of all grass types remaining relatively low (<6%), apart from ‘Mott’ cultivar, which had a crude protein content of 10%. The Pb concentration in the plants remained below the permitted limits for ruminants. In the post-tin mining site, ‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’ cultivars showed potential for development. It is concluded that mined land can be replanted with forage crops for phytoremediation purposes. ‘Purple guinea’ and ‘Riversdale’ cultivars emerge as potential livestock feed sources on ex-mining land due to their four-year productive stability and low lead (Pb) concentration in their shoots, which falls below the safe threshold for cattle.

Analysis of Sustainability Variables in Revegetation of Ex-Oil and Gas Mining Operation

Revegetation after petroleum mining operations is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of sustainability factors to ensure long-term success. PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan has taken its environmental responsibilities seriously and has restored ex-mining land through replanting efforts at ex-well sites, ex-production facilities, and ex-borrow pits. This is important for environmental sustainability, especially after mining oil and gas. This study aims to identify important variables in maintaining the sustainability of revegetation activities at PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan by describing the intensity of influence and interdependence between variables and grouping them from the most influential to the least influential. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect data, and the MICMAC approach was used to analyze the relationships between variables. This research has identified 13 ecological, socioeconomic, and conflict mitigation variables that are important in land revegetation activities. Based on the results, the relationships between these variables have been derived by highlighting the key indicators that trigger sustainable revegetation efforts, namely variables such as envreg, amdal, local business development (lbd), and relationship. The lbd variable strongly influences the welfare variable, amdal, and the other variables strongly influence the company's image. Post-mining land revegetation efforts at PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan demonstrate the company's commitment to environmental sustainability. By considering sustainability variables in the revegetation process after petroleum mining operations, PT PHR ensures that its rehabilitation efforts can restore land while promoting sustainable practices and providing benefits to local communities.

Perencanaan Tahapan Persiapan Dan Perhitungan Reklamasi Di Lahan Bekas Tambang Air Rikai PT Timah Tbk Kabupaten Bangka

The research location chosen was the Air Rikai ex-mining land, which is an alluvial ex-mining land within the IUP of PT Timah Tbk. The negative impact that arises from mining is in the form of land damage. This research aims to overcome damage and also ensure that reclamation activities can be carried out well. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The data taken is in the form of soil samples, soil pH and water pH data, topographic data (x,y,z coordinates) and bathymetric data for the depth of the pit. The results of data processing and analysis show that the condition of the land to be reclaimed has an area of 13 Ha and is divided into 2, namely voids with a total area of 1.57 Ha and land area of 11.43 Ha. Land use is carried out by stockpiling overburden with a required volume of overburden of 35,511.54 m³. Land leveling with a volume of pushed soil of 35,280 m³. Arrangement of the edge of the pit with a volume of soil moved of 230.29 m³. Construction of drainage channels with an excavation volume of 214.59 m³. Installation of concrete buis type culverts with dimensions of 50 x 50 cm and a length of 50 cm. In the revegetation, 1,517 oil palm trees were planted, then 463 sea cypress trees were planted along the underside and LCC seeds to help loosen the soil. Treating acid mine drainage with 350 water hyacinths. The costs required for reclamation are divided into 2, namely, Direct Costs and Indirect Costs. The direct costs required are IDR 679,286,160 and the indirect costs required are IDR 213,975,140. The total costs required for reclamation of land with an area of 13 Ha are IDR 893,261,300.

Transforming ex-Coal Mining Sites into Sustainable Plantations: A Case Study of Food Natural Sustainability Project in Bomba Group

The Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan) is encouraging efforts to convert former mining land into productive agricultural areas to increase national food production and stocks amidst the global food crisis. Land Reclamation Technology is a necessity to reduce the cost of reclamation of ex-mining land into agricultural land. The method of reclamation of ex-mining land by moving top soil from another place is not recommended because this is a step to solve the problem by creating other new problems. Sustainability Business Model for such rejuvenation projects refer to Collaboration and Community Based and must be prioritize all stakeholders (all parties involved and affected by the activities carried out by the business) rather than the interests of shareholders.

Constraints of chemical and physical properties of soil on the growth of revegetation plants on ex-nickel mining land

The chemical and physical properties of soil as a planting medium in ex-mining land reclamation areas play an important role in supporting successful revegetation. This study aims to study the properties of soils in the reclamation area of a former nickel mine which is thought to be a factor inhibiting plant growth. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were taken in the reclamation area and the natural environment at depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Soil sample analysis includes pH, organic C, total N, available P and potential P reserve, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, micronutrients, texture, bulk density, permeability, and pF curve. Soil biological properties are represented by the number of mycorrhiza parameters. Several plant leaf samples were also taken for analysis of N P K Ca Mg S and micronutrient content. The results showed that the soil in the reclamation area has several anomalous properties that cause the growth of revegetation plants to be hampered, i.e. the soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral, the CEC is very low due to a positive net charge, the exchangeable Ca/Mg ratio is less than 1, the levels of elements that are potentially toxic to plants are quite high, and the distribution of soil particles is dominated by silty size. These properties are closely related to iron oxides in the soil as a result of chemical weathering of ferromagnesian minerals contained in ultramafic rocks which are the parent material of the soil.

Pelaksanaan Reklamasi Lahan Pasca Tambang PT Rekasindo Guriang Tandang di Bengkulu

Coal mining in Indonesia is generally carried out using open pit mining methods, thereby disrupting and destroying the ecosystem and natural balance, causing negative impacts that result in environmental damage. Therefore, sustainable development with an environmental perspective is important for every nation and country that wants to protect its natural resources. The main cause of damage to the ecosystem or environment is humans. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach method. According to Williams (1988), the qualitative method is an approach that in the research proposal, process, hypothesis, going into the field, data analysis and data conclusions up to writing uses aspects of trends, non-numerical calculations, situational descriptive, interviews, in-depth analysis, deep. contents, snowballs and stories. The research findings regarding the study of the implementation of ex-mining land reclamation at PT Rekasindo Guriang Tandang's Coal Mining Business License in North Bengkulu Regency, Bengkulu Province are regarding community knowledge and participation in reclamation activities, land preparation, implementation of activities, equipment, costs, and commitment of directors or managers. The implementation of reclamation activities at PT Rekasindo Guriang Tandang did not go well because the plant growth success rate was low and plant growth was less than optimal. So the government and Mining Business License (IUP) managers need to take policies to involve the community more to play a more active role in reclamation activities carried out in areas around their environment.

Application of Eco-Democracy to Environmental Legal Protection Post-Mining Reclamation in Indonesia

Mining in Indonesia still leaves many excavation holes that have not been reclaimed, at least 8 million hectares of post-mining land after the use of coal mining land in East Kalimantan Province. As a result, from 2011 to 2018, 32 people died, most of them children, while 140 people died in all regions in Indonesia due to drowning in ex-mining holes. The aim of this research is to provide legal protection for land through the application of the Eco-Democracy concept due to violations by fraudulent entrepreneurs. The method used is the approach of statutory opposition and conceptual opposition of regulations relating to legal issues resolved through a statutory approach. The results of the research explain that reviewing all laws written in Government Regulation Number 78 of 2010 concerning Reclamation and Post-Mining and Number 4 of 2009 in the Republic of Indonesia Law concerning Mineral and Coal Mining requires companies to restore land through reclamation after the mining process is complete. Prepare collateral in the form of money given by businesses committed to restoring and improving the land environment. The government authority will supervise the reclamation during its implementation so that mining entrepreneurs will comply and not abandon the ex-mining land.

KAJIAN POTENSI DAN KARAKTERISTIK TANAH BEKAS PENAMBANGAN SEBAGAI LAHAN SAWAH DI KECAMATAN PANGKALAN JAMBU KABUPATEN MERANGIN PROVINSI JAMBI

The phenomenon of people's gold mining or often called gold mining without permit (PETI) in Merangin Regency, Jambi Province is a serious problem because it occurs in productive paddy fields. This activity causes damage to paddy fields due to processes during mining activities. After the mining activity, the damaged paddy fields needed handling, especially for being reclaimed into paddy fields again. The research was conducted at the Baru Pangkalan Jambu Village, Pangkalan Jambu District, Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. The research took place from May to November 2022 which consisted of two stages, namely: 1) mapping the potential of ex-mining land to become rice fields, 2). Analysis of soil characteristics in paddy fields that have been reclaimed. Data were analyzed descriptively based on the criteria of soil physical and chemical properties based on PPT Bogor (1994). The results showed that the soil physical properties of paddy rice fields from reclamation of former mines had relatively low bulk density, coarse soil texture (sandy loam). The chemical properties of the soil indicate that the land has very low organic C and total nitrogen and a relatively acidic to slightly acidic soil pH. Research shows that the quality of this soil tends to increase with the duration of post-reclamation utilization.Keywords: Paddy field, land reclamation, unauthorized people's mining, land quality

Revegetation of Used Limestone Mining Soil with the Addition of Humic Acid and Limestone Waste

PT Akarna Marindo is a limestone mining company located in West Bandung that will carry out revegetation activities with Arabica coffee plants on ex-mining land. PT Akarna Marindo did this by mixing a combination of 5 mm limestone waste from crusher activities and humic acid in Arabica coffee growing media. This research aims to analyze the response of Arabica coffee seedlings to the use of a combination of humic acid and limestone waste. The research used an experimental method with experimental polybags consisting of 5 treatments with 3 repetitions. The response of Arabica coffee seedlings includes seed height and seed diameter. Data processing uses the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The results of the analysis showed that the response of Arabica coffee seedlings to the combination of 15 mL humic acid and 4 kg limestone waste (A15L4) was an optimal combination of humic acid and limestone waste compared to other treatments in the response of Arabica coffee seedlings. There was an increase in the average height of seedlings from 19.23 cm to 24.90 cm and the diameter of seedling stems from 2.13 mm to 2.53 mm.

Sosialisasi Pendekatan Dan Pendampingan Tentang Penambangan Masyarakat Ramah Lingkungan Di Nagari Tambang, Kecamatan IV Jurai, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

The problems faced by the people of Nagari Tambang, IV Jurai District, Pesisir Selatan Regency are: the use of natural resources in the form of mining materials is not yet environmentally friendly, the mining system is still conventional due to limited capital to carry out mining with modern tools. The service aims to socialize approaches and provide assistance regarding environmentally friendly community mining in Nagari Tambang, IV Jurai District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The approach is related to community treatment of ex-mining land and the socialization of environmentally friendly community mining assistance regarding the processing of separating gold from other rock minerals. The strategy carried out by the service team is to minimize the impact of damage due to gold mining. The results of community service are the implementation of socialization approaches and mentoring activities in the community.

Aplikasi Biokanat Guna Memperbaiki Sifat Kimia dan Menanggulangi Kontaminan Merkuri di Tanah Bekas Tambang Emas

Gold mining is an activity that utilizes natural resources by extracting the economic value of the deposits. Mining activities can produce hazardous pollutants, namely Hg (mercury), which can physically, biologically, or chemically damage soil quality. This study aimed to determine the role of biokanat application on the chemical properties of ex-mining land and to determine the effect of biokanat on reducing Hg levels in Kanagarian Padang Sibusuak, Sijunjung Regency. This study was a field experiment with 3 biokanat treatments (0, 10, and 20 ton/ha) with 3 replicates. The experimental 9 units were allocated based on Randomised Block Design. The data were statistically analyzed using an F-test with a 5% significance level. Then, it was continued using DNMRT if the Fcalculated > Ftable. The results showed that the dose of biokanat 20 ton/ha could increase the soil pH to 6.08, organic-C to 2.4%, P-available to 11.96 ppm, total-N to 0.23%, CEC to 2.58 cmol/kg, the basic cations especially Ca into 3.53 cmol/kg, Mg into 0.37 cmol/kg, K into 0.26 cmol/kg, and Na into 0.29 cmol/kg. Application of biokanat 20 ton/ha reduced the soil mercury (Hg) content to 15.96 ppm.
 
 Keywords: biocanat, mercury, gold mining

Degraded Peatlands and Their Utilization Opportunities in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia

Degraded peatlands are caused by various factors, including land fires, water mismanagement, and mining activities. Indicators of degraded peatlands can be identified through the type of land cover observed in the field, which commonly includes shrubs and barren land (open areas of ex-mining land). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dynamics of the existence of degraded land and its utilization opportunities using spatial, image, and time series analysis methodDepartment Forest Resources Conservation & Ecotourism, Forestry Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University Kampus IPB Darmaga PO.Box 168 Bogor-Indonesias. To conduct the analysis, various data sources were employed, including Landsat imagery, the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) map, hotspots data, rainfall data, landforms maps, peatlands data, and soil information. The results of the study showed that between 1999 and 2019, the average area of degraded peatlands amounted to 198,084.54 hectares. Furthermore, the optimal area of degraded peatlands utilized for agriculture amounted to 7,122.45 hectares . Inventory of degraded peatland using the land cover approach can be obtained faster, cheaper, easier than the terrestrial method. Opportunities for using degraded land for agricultural purposes were also identified through the selection of plant species that exhibited adaptability to peatlands and held economic value. These selected plants, including sago, rubber, areca nut, and liberika coffee, were developed within the Meranti Islands Regency.

Assessment of the success of canopy cover revegetation of former coal mine lands with Forest Canopy Density (FCD) Model in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan

Coal mining plays a vital role in Indonesia's economic growth. However, these activities negatively impact the environment. To minimize this, the Indonesian government requires ex-mining land to be reclaimed, with one of the success criteria being canopy cover. Until now, there has been no measurable method that can determine the success rate of canopy cover on reclaimed land. This research was conducted to develop a measurement method based on remote sensing data using the Forest Canopy Density (FCD) Model, which is applied in Company X, Kutai Kertanegara. The FCD Model consisted of four biophysical indices, including AVI, BSI, SI, and TI, obtained from Landsat 8 OLI TIRS imagery from 2013–2021. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed before testing the relationship between FCD values and canopy cover using linear regression to obtain the canopy cover success value based on the FCD value. The FCD showed an increasing trend yearly, especially in the first two years after planting. Regression analysis showed a strong relationship between FCD values and canopy cover values, with R2=0.775, and revealed that 75.35 is the FCD value threshold for a successful canopy cover in the reclamation area. This study shows that the FCD approach can be applied to determine the success rate of reclamation in post-mining areas.

Reforestation in The Reclamation Area of Pongkor Gold Mining

Ex-mining land is categorized as land with a high level of degradation. The loss of biodiversity, low soil fertility, loss of several layers of soil horizons, unbalanced texture, and even contamination can occur due to mining activities. Reforestation of mining land has been carried out with the approaches of improving the physical properties of the soil, selecting plant types, and improving soil biology in ex-gold mining land in Bogor. The addition of compost significantly increased organic matter content, C/N ratio, macronutrients (N, P, K) content, and improved soil texture. The application of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium significantly increased the growth of forest plants such as trembesi (Samanea saman), gmelina (Anthocepalus cadamba), and ganitri (Elaeocarpus angustifolus) in ex-gold mining areas. Applying that significantly improved vegetation diversity on ex-gold mining land, including more than eight types of understory plants, and more than five plants were from the trees group. The result showed that reforestation of ex-mining land was feasible if it was carried out with a comprehensive approach.

Water infiltration rate of illegal mining sites in Bukit Soeharto Forest Park, East Kalimantan Province

Infiltration is a component of the hydrological cycle which functions as a source of groundwater, minimizing flooding and distributing water evenly throughout the rainy and dry seasons. This study aims to determine the rate of water infiltration or infiltration and permeability values in 2 (two) land conditions for ex-illegal mining sites, namely at KM 68 and KM 48, and the location of undisturbed land in KM 54 secondary forest area of the Bukit Soeharto Forest Park (BSFP). The research method used a double ring infiltrometer, then tested at the Kalimantan Bioresources Laboratory. Infiltration rate shows that secondary forest area of the KM 54 location was 275.2 mm/hour which was included in the very fast class, while in the former mining sites KM 68 and KM 48 respectively it was 244.6 mm/hour, and 145.7 mm/hour which is included in the fast class. Laboratory analysis shows that the soil permeability value in the secondary forest area of KM 54 location was 6.41 cm/hour which was included in the rather fast class, while the permeability value in the ex-mining land area of KM 68 and KM 48 respectively was 6. 26 cm/hour and 3.66 cm/hour which are included in the medium class. This is due to the physical soil properties such as soil texture, soil structure, bulk density, and soil porosity which are the factors that cause differences in infiltration rates in several land conditions.