Period Of Evolution Research Articles

The meteor shower complex of comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle based on its cloned orbits

Comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle is the well-known parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, and, possibly, a few other showers, as we found in our previous work (Paper I). In Paper I, we studied the meteoroid stream of the comet using models derived from the comet’s nominal orbit. In respect to the uncertainty of its determination, the nominal orbit did not appear to be the most probable orbit. Furthermore, our modeling predicted the semi-major axes of Perseids typically larger than the published mean semi-major axis of this shower by some authors. In this paper, we repeat the modeling, in the same way as in Paper I, except we derive the models of the stream from two cloned orbits of the nominal orbit. The first clone attempts to fit the most probable 109P’s orbits and the second clone had, in a certain period in the past, the smallest semi-major axis among all constructed clones. We confirmed the clear relationship of 109P with the Perseids, #7, and, with regard to the stronger influence of non-gravitational forces, its relationship with the 49 Andromedids, #549. Furthermore, we found an indication that parts of the stream meteoroids of 109P, which have long evolutionary periods, may correspond to the ζ-Cassiopeiids, #444, u-Andromedids, #507, and UY Lyncids, #705. However, the modeling based on the cloned orbits did not result, in general, in a better match of our prediction with the real showers (mainly Perseids) than the modeling described in Paper I, which was based on the nominal orbit of 109P.

Gogol on the man’s calling in European philosophy and Russian messianism

The purpose is to study that period of evolution of Gogol’s position, in which his ideas of russian messianism are most clearly outlined ("Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession"). To delineate the forms of determining the influence of messianism on his negative assessments of the anthropology of the Early New Age and the Enlightenment. Realization of the specified purpose presupposes, first, the analysis of his way of interpreting humanism in the European classical philosophy, and, secondly, to clarify the nature of his connection with the way of substantiating the idea of the Russian messianism. Theoretical basis. Our view of Gogol’s heritage is based on the conceptual positions of phenomenology, existentialism, and hermeneutics. Originality. It is revealed, that period of evolution of Gogol’s position, which most clearly outlines his ideas of russian messianism ("Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession"), his position on human nature and its calling is fundamentally different from the position of philosophy of Early New Age and the Enlightenment. If in the first case, it is a question of service to the russian empire, in the last one, it is a question of self-development of the person. Gogol’s dehumanization of those perceptions about the man that have occurred in European classical philosophy is a precondition in justification of russian messianism for him. One of its key factors is a narrow understanding of insight the ideas concerning the spiritual foundation of the world, namely – its reduction to the russian empire. Conclusions. Gogol’s philosophical doctrine of man is only partially described as belonging to the "philosophy of the heart". The disadvantage of this qualification is the impossibility of explaining the question of the origins in Gogol’s attempt to substantiate russian messianism. The article demonstrates that the deformation of the basic idea about the connectivity of man with the spiritual arche of the world is its substantive precondition for the philosophy of the Early New Age and the Enlightenment. Gogol narrows it down to the Russian Empire, which makes it impossible to positively delineate the orientations of the russian people. Therefore, his oeuvre during the work on "Selected Passages" and "The Author’s Confession" for future generations is a warning about the futility of a single russian path of development, isolated from European civilization. As the further development of russian thought and history proves, Gogol’s warning as a Ukrainian thinker really has not been heard. A vivid manifestation of this is the cave nationalism that we see today during the russian-Ukrainian war.

Highly distinct genetic programs for peripheral nervous system formation in chordates

BackgroundVertebrates develop their peripheral nervous system (PNS) from transient unique embryonic structures, the neural crest, and the ectodermal placodes that are located at the border of the forming central nervous system. By contrast, in the invertebrate chordates, amphioxus and ascidians, a large part of the PNS originates at the opposite of the embryo, in the ventral ectoderm. In both groups, a biphasic mechanism regulates ventral PNS formation: high BMP levels specify a neurogenic territory within which glutamatergic epidermal sensory neuron formation is controlled by the Notch pathway. Given these similarities and the phylogenetic relationships within chordates, it is likely that ventral PNS is an ancestral feature in chordates and that it has been lost in vertebrates.ResultsIn order to get insights into the molecular control of ventral PNS formation and to test the hypothesis of their homology and potential contribution to the emergence of vertebrate PNS, we undertook a close comparison of ventral PNS formation in the ascidian Phallusia mammillata and the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Using timed RNA-seq series, we identified novel markers of the ventral PNS during different phases of its development in both species. By extensively determining the expression of paralogous and orthologous genes, we observed that only a minority of genes have a shared expression in the ventral PNS. However, a large fraction of ventral PNS orthologous genes are expressed in the dorsally forming PNS of vertebrates.ConclusionsOur work has significantly increased the molecular characterization of ventral PNS formation in invertebrate chordates. The low observed conservation of gene expression in the ventral PNS suggests that the amphioxus and ascidian ventral PNS are either not homologous, or alternatively extensive drift has occurred in their regulatory mechanisms following a long period (600 My) of separate evolution and accelerated evolution in the ascidian lineage. The homology to genes expressed in the dorsally forming PNS of vertebrates suggests that ancestral sensory neurons gene networks have been redeployed in vertebrates.

Functional Heterogeneity of the Young and Old Duplicate Genes in Tung Tree (Vernicia fordii).

Genes are subject to birth and death during the long evolutionary period. Here, young and old duplicate genes were identified in Vernicia fordii. We performed integrative analyses, including expression pattern, gene complexity, evolution, and functional divergence between young and old duplicate genes. Compared with young genes, old genes have higher values of Ka and Ks, lower Ka/Ks values, and lower average intrinsic structural disorder (ISD) values. Gene ontology and RNA-seq suggested that most young and old duplicate genes contained asymmetric functions. Only old duplicate genes are likely to participate in response to Fusarium wilt infection and exhibit divergent expression patterns. Our data suggest that young genes differ from older genes not only by evolutionary properties but also by their function and structure. These results highlighted the characteristics and diversification of the young and old genes in V. fordii and provided a systematic analysis of these genes in the V. fordii genome.

Unbalanced selection: the challenge of maintaining a social polymorphism when a supergene is selfish

Supergenes often have multiple phenotypic effects, including unexpected detrimental ones, because recombination suppression maintains associations among co-adapted alleles but also allows the accumulation of recessive deleterious mutations and selfish genetic elements. Yet, supergenes often persist over long evolutionary periods. How are such polymorphisms maintained in the face of selection, drive and drift? We present a population genetic model that investigates the conditions necessary for a stable polymorphic equilibrium when one of the supergene haplotypes is a selfish genetic element. The model fits the characteristics of the Alpine silver ant, Formica selysi, in which a large supergene underlies colony social organization, and one haplotype distorts Mendelian transmission by killing progeny that did not inherit it. The model shows that such maternal-effect killing strongly limits the maintenance of social polymorphism. Under random mating, transmission ratio distortion prevents rare single-queen colonies from invading populations of multiple-queen colonies, regardless of the fitness of each genotype. A stable polymorphic equilibrium can, however, be reached when high rates of assortative mating are combined with large fitness differences among supergene genotypes. The model reveals that the persistence of the social polymorphism is non-trivial and expected to occur only under restrictive conditions that deserve further empirical investigation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences’.

How to Think about the Climate Crisis: A Philosophical Guide to Saner Ways of Living, by Graham Parkes

<i>How to Think about the Climate Crisis: A Philosophical Guide to Saner Ways of Living</i>, by Graham Parkes

An Improved Clustering Algorithm Based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony and K-Means Algorithms

To overcome the shortcomings of the K-means clustering algorithm, an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed. By adding a dynamic adjustment factor to the honey source search strategy, the algorithm can automatically adjust the search range in different evolutionary periods, enhancing the algorithm's global search ability and local exploitation ability. The central solution idea, which contains more optimal solution information, is introduced to improve the swarm's search efficiency and accelerate the algorithm's convergence speed. The improved bee colony algorithm is used to optimise the K-means algorithm to improve the performance of the clustering effect. The simulation results show that the optimised K-means algorithm has strong stability, and the clustering effect has been significantly improved.

Artificial Intelligence for Remote Sensing Data Analysis: A review of challenges and opportunities

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a growing role in remote sensing (RS). Applications of AI, particularly machine learning algorithms, range from initial image processing to high-level data understanding and knowledge discovery. AI techniques have emerged as a powerful strategy for analyzing RS data and led to remarkable breakthroughs in all RS fields. Given this period of breathtaking evolution, this work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent achievements of AI algorithms and applications in RS data analysis. The review includes more than 270 research papers, covering the following major aspects of AI innovation for RS: machine learning, computational intelligence, AI explicability, data mining, natural language processing (NLP), and AI security. We conclude this review by identifying promising directions for future research.

THE CHRONOLOGY OF ONSET OF TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

Objective: The duration of hypertension is a risk factor dependent on damage to target organs Target organ damage appears at different periods of evolution of the hypertensive pathology. The objective of our work is to study the age of onset of the various attacks Design and method: Prospective study of a cohort of uncomplicated hypertensive patients seen in consultation. The duration of evolution of hypertension is noted in all patients and age categories have been identified as follows Recent discovery hypertension &lt; 1 year, between 1 and 5 years, between 5 and 10 years, between 10 and 20 years and &gt; 20 years. Organ damage is defined according to the recommendations of the ESH 2018. Results: 300 patients included in our study. These are 60% women with an average age of 59 years. Cardiac and ophthalmic attacks are early, they occur during the first 5 years of evolution of hypertension. Vascular damage is early and progressive over the first 20 years of evolution. Kidney damage is late. They occur after 10 years of evolution and are mainly represented by the urinary excretion of albumin A2 and A3. The glomerular filtration rate is long preserved in our series. Conclusions: The relationship between the duration of hypertension and damage to target organs is variable, certain pathologies such as left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid stenosing plaques are rather found in hypertensives of less than 5 years of evolution. On the other hand, renal pathologies and the overall profile are more observed in patients between 10 and 20 years of evolution of hypertension.

Research on Diagenetic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Periods of Chang 8 Reservoir in Zhenjing Area of Ordos Basin

The Mesozoic Chang 8 Section in the Zhenjing area is a typical low permeability-tight sand reservoir and is regarded as the most important set of paybeds in the study area. Guided by the principles of basic geological theory, the diagenetic evolution process and hydrocarbon accumulation periods of the Chang 8 reservoir in the study area were determined through various techniques. More specifically, core observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vitrinite reflectance experiments were performed in combination with systematic studies on rock pyrolysis and the thermal evolutionary history of basins, the illite-dating method, and so on. The Chang 8 reservoir is dominated by feldspar lithic and lithic feldspar sandstones. Quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragments are the major clastic constituents. In clay minerals, the chlorite content is the highest, followed by illite/smectite formation and kaolinite, while the illite content is the lowest. The major diagenesis effect of the Chang 8 reservoir includes compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomatism, and rupturing. The assumed diagenetic sequence is the following: mechanical composition → early sedimentation of chlorite clay mineral membrane → early cementation of sparry calcite → authigenic kaolinite precipitation → secondary production and amplification of quartz → dissolution of carbonate cement → dissolution of feldspar → late cementation of minerals such as ferrocalcite. Now, the study area is in Stage A in the middle diagenetic period. Through the inclusion of temperature measurements, in conjunction with illite dating and thermal evolutionary history analysis technology in basins, the Chang 8 reservoir of this study was determined as the phase-I continuous accumulation process and the reservoir formation epoch was 105~125 Ma, which was assigned to the Middle Early Cretaceous Epoch.

GISH painting of the Y chromosomes suggests advanced phases of sex chromosome evolution in three dioecious Cannabaceae species (Humulus lupulus, H. japonicus, and Cannabis sativa).

In plants, dioecy is relatively rare, and it involves sex chromosome systems that often developed independently over time. These characteristics make dioecious plants an attractive model to study sex chromosome evolution. To clarify the patterns of plant sex chromosome evolution, studies should be performed on a wide range of dioecious species. It is interesting to study the sex chromosomes in related species that evolved during a long period of independent sex chromosome evolution. The Cannabaceae family includes three dioecious species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus use the XX/XY chromosome system, whereas Humulus japonicus contains multiple sex chromosomes (XX/XY1Y2). To better understand sex chromosome evolution and the level of genomic divergence of these three related species, we undertook self-GISH and comparative GISH analyses. The self-GISH allowed visualization of the Y chromosomes of C. sativa, H. lupulus, and H. japonicus. The self-GISH signal was distributed along the entire Y chromosome, excluding the pseudo-autosomal region (PAR). Our results indicate that the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) spans the overwhelming majority of the Y chromosomes of all three species studied. The self-GISH results reveal the accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences in the Y chromosomes of all three species studied. This sequences presented in autosomes and/or chromosome X at a lower copy number than in Y. In comparative GISH experiments where the probe DNA of one species was applied to another species, a weak signal was exclusively detected on 45S rDNA sites, indicating a high level of genomic differentiation of the species used in this study. We demonstrate small PAR size and opposing large MSY and its positions on Y chromosomes. We also found that these genomes are highly differentiated. Furthermore, the data obtained in this study indicate a long period of independent and advanced sex chromosome evolution. Our study provides a valuable basis for future genomic studies of sex and suggests that the Cannabaceae family offers a promising model to study sex chromosome evolution.

Evolution of project studies through the lens of engaged scholarship: A longitudinal bibliometric analysis

Building on the debate on engaged scholarship in project studies, this article aims to explore the extent and potential of practitioner involvement in research on projects and thereby characterise the evolution of the field through the lens of engaged scholarship. We conduct a longitudinal bibliometric analysis of 6584 articles published on projects between 1964 and 2017 to capture the volume and citation impact of publications featuring practitioner involvement in comparison to purely academic publications. The analysis identifies distinct research production patterns, allowing us to delineate and characterise three evolutionary periods in project studies: projects as an execution methodology (1964-1989), projects as an organisational concept (1990-2001), and projects as a theoretical framework (from 2002). In this way, the article enriches the ongoing debate about engaged scholarship in project studies, and discusses the endemic challenges, as well as unused potential, of actively involving practitioners in the production of research on projects.

From dawn till disc: Milky Way’s turbulent youth revealed by the APOGEE+Gaia data

ABSTRACT We use accurate estimates of aluminium abundance from the APOGEE Data Release 17 and Gaia Early Data Release 3 astrometry to select a highly pure sample of stars with metallicity −1.5 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ 0.5 born in-situ in the Milky Way proper. The low-metallicity ([Fe/H] ≲ −1.3) in-situ component we dub Aurora is kinematically hot with an approximately isotropic velocity ellipsoid and a modest net rotation. Aurora stars exhibit large scatter in metallicity and in many element abundance ratios. The median tangential velocity of the in-situ stars increases sharply with metallicity between [Fe/H] = −1.3 and −0.9, the transition that we call the spin-up. The observed and theoretically expected age–metallicity correlations imply that this increase reflects a rapid formation of the MW disc over ≈1–2 Gyr. The transformation of the stellar kinematics as a function of [Fe/H] is accompanied by a qualitative change in chemical abundances: the scatter drops sharply once the Galaxy builds up a disc during later epochs corresponding to [Fe/H] &amp;gt; −0.9. Results of galaxy formation models presented in this and other recent studies strongly indicate that the trends observed in the MW reflect generic processes during the early evolution of progenitors of MW-sized galaxies: a period of chaotic pre-disc evolution, when gas is accreted along cold narrow filaments and when stars are born in irregular configurations, and subsequent rapid disc formation. The latter signals formation of a stable hot gaseous halo around the MW progenitor, which changes the mode of gas accretion and allows development of coherently rotating disc.

Epistasis Creates Invariant Sites and Modulates the Rate of Molecular Evolution.

Invariant sites are a common feature of amino acid sequence evolution. The presence of invariant sites is frequently attributed to the need to preserve function through site-specific conservation of amino acid residues. Amino acid substitution models without a provision for invariant sites often fit the data significantly worse than those that allow for an excess of invariant sites beyond those predicted by models that only incorporate rate variation among sites (e.g., a Gamma distribution). An alternative is epistasis between sites to preserve residue interactions that can create invariant sites. Through computer-simulated sequence evolution, we evaluated the relative effects of site-specific preferences and site-site couplings in the generation of invariant sites and the modulation of the rate of molecular evolution. In an analysis of ten major families of protein domains with diverse sequence and functional properties, we find that the negative selection imposed by epistasis creates many more invariant sites than site-specific residue preferences alone. Further, epistasis plays an increasingly larger role in creating invariant sites over longer evolutionary periods. Epistasis also dictates rates of domain evolution over time by exerting significant additional purifying selection to preserve site couplings. These patterns illuminate the mechanistic role of epistasis in the processes underlying observed site invariance and evolutionary rates.

The tempo of cetacean cranial evolution

The evolution of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) represents one of the most extreme adaptive transitions known, from terrestrial mammals to a highly specialized aquatic radiation that includes the largest animals alive today. Many anatomical shifts in this transition involve the feeding, respiratory, and sensory structures of the cranium, which we quantified with a high-density, three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of 201 living and extinct cetacean species spanning the entirety of their ∼50-million-year evolutionary history. Our analyses demonstrate that cetacean suborders occupy distinct areas of cranial morphospace, with extinct, transitional taxa bridging the gap between archaeocetes (stem whales) and modern mysticetes (baleen whales) and odontocetes (toothed whales). This diversity was obtained through three key periods of rapid evolution: first, the initial evolution of archaeocetes in the early to mid-Eocene produced the highest evolutionary rates seen in cetaceans, concentrated in the maxilla, frontal, premaxilla, and nasal; second, the late Eocene divergence of the mysticetes and odontocetes drives a second peak in rates, with high rates and disparity sustained through the Oligocene; and third, the diversification of odontocetes, particularly sperm whales, in the Miocene (∼18-10 Mya) propels a final peak in the tempo of cetacean morphological evolution. Archaeocetes show the fastest evolutionary rates but the lowest disparity. Odontocetes exhibit the highest disparity, while mysticetes evolve at the slowest pace, particularly in the Neogene. Diet and echolocation have the strongest influence on cranial morphology, with habitat, size, dentition, and feeding method also significant factors impacting shape, disparity, and the pace of cetacean cranial evolution.

The Role of Vts1/Smaug in Adaptive Heritable Gene Expression

The ancient RNA Binding Protein (RBP) Vts1 has been identified to self‐assemble along with the Smaug regulator to produce enhancing non‐amyloid prions in mRNA decay. Seen in Drosophila, the sterile‐alpha‐motif (SAM) domain of Vts and the Smaug regulator acts as an embryonic regulator for maternal transcript degradation through cytoplasmic deadenylase in progeny development. Specifically, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Vts/Smaug regulator forms condensates that self‐template to create prions functioning towards epigenetic heritable inheritance. The RBP Vts1 SAM domain recognizes in RNA hairpins Smaug recognition elements, SREs, initiating the process of degradation and self‐assembly. The structure of RBPs are composed of an ordered RNA binding domain, and an unventured intrinsically disordered region (IDR). At the quaternary level structure, the Vts1 protein matches as a hexamer of 489 kDa dominant peak with an oligomer of more than eight monomers, and the IDR is around 490 kDa as well while the RBD‐Vts1 is around 75 kDa. The condensed version of Vts1 fuse into structures of 10 micrometers due to the IDR driving self‐association to create oligomers. The RNA binding SAM domain and IDR have induced transcription degradation and post‐transcriptional regulation in a new mechanism, prompting adaptive gene expression for developmental decisions in organisms over evolutionary time periods. Though many RBP prion condensates are not heritable and inactivate protein function, the SMAUG+ prions of the condensed Vts1/Smaug protein in S. Cerevisiae instead respond to environmental stress and produce new emerging phenotypes that are actually heritable over a large biological time‐scale. Furthermore, SMAUG+ conversion is reversible and an enhancer of RBP Vts1 function, producing adaptive gene expression systems in fluctuating environments. In various yeast models, the SMAUG+ allows yeast to decide nutrient replenishment after starvation which creates a new adaptive advantage for organisms. The new cellular decision making regulated by the prion is in two forms of rapid mitosis or meiosis creating a non‐stress state; SMAUG+ has created an adaptive memory that can influence developmental and cellular decisions in addition to plant growth in limited nutrients. Such advancements in heritable prion inheritance can uncover the function of intrinsically disordered sequences. The Walton SMART team has designed a 3D model with MSOE Center for Biomolecular Modeling to investigate the SAM domain of Vts1 further and examine the role of SMAUG+ prions in adaptive heritable gene expression.

Comparison of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Plant Disease Prediction

The оссurrenсe or сhаnge in the diseases in а specific аreа саn be рrediсted in аdvаnсe with the help оf рlаnt disease fоreсаsting model. This helps to undertake suitable management measures to аvоid the losses well in аdvаnсe. Disease forecasting рrediсts рrоbаble outbreaks or increased disease intensity over a period in a particular area. This technique helps in timely аррliсаtiоn оf сhemiсаls to рlаnts, which also involve all асtivities оf сrор protection and intimate the farmers in the community via text messages or e-mail etс. means оf соmmuniсаtiоn. Environment controls the evolution and survival period of various pathogens. Environmental соnditiоns like minimum leaf wetness duration, soil moisture, micro-level relative humidity etс. contribute in evolution of disease causing раthоgens. Disease fоreсаsting system thus helps in рrediсting and avoiding evolution and spread of diseases. This рарer uses Mасhine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms to detect, classify and рrediсt the роssible раthоgens/diseases in the раrtiсulаr type оf сrор/рlаnt соnsidering based on weather соnditiоns. Temperature, moisture and humidity are the раrаmeters taken into соnsiderаtiоn. Соnvоlutiоn Neural Networks (СNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Artificial Neural Network (АNN), Suрроrt Vector Mасhines (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbоurs (KNN) аre the five algorithms implemented and соmраred based on the obtained оutрut ассurасy. ANN outperforms all the other algorithms compared in this paper with accuracy of 90.79%.

Small Human Population Drastic Impact, as Inferred From Multi-Proxies of a Temporary Carpathian Lake

Over the last thousands of years, human impact led to significant changes in the landscape, with impacts on the environment and the functioning of the ecosystems. We assumed that even small human settlements developed around water bodies might have a substantial impact that surpasses the natural cycles of climate change in an area, especially linked to forest cutting. We have chosen a temporary lake in the Romanian Carpathians as temporary lakes are overlooked in paleoclimatic studies, although they have potential as hotspots for paleoenvironmental research studies. Zăton Lake has exposed riverbank sediments dated with radioactive lead and optical stimulated luminescence techniques, analyzed for sediments and paleomagnetism, and sampled for fossil Oribatida mites. The results show that for the last 2,200 years, natural cycles of warm and cold periods changed the oribatid communities around the lake, with warmer cycles of rich fauna alternating with poor fauna during colder periods. However, in the last few centuries, the increased human occupation in the area replaced the ecologically diverse fauna with eurytopic taxa, more similar to the colder periods of the environmental evolution around the lake. Even if the human occupation around the lake was negligible, probably a few hundred to ∼2,500 people as in the present, the impact on the area is drastic, with ecologically nonspecific species becoming dominant. In conclusion, even small and temporary water bodies can contain unique and valuable information on past histories of climate change and human impacts. At regional scales, the combined effects of climate change and long-term human impacts in local areas can have deleterious effects on invertebrate species and communities.

A Novel Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization with Laplace Distribution and Experience Exchange

Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm is an evolutionary powerful algorithm that has better global searching capability. However, in the later period of evolution of the TLBO algorithm, the diversity of learners will be degraded with the increasing iteration of evolution and the smaller scope of solutions, which lead to a trap in local optima and premature convergence. This paper presents an improved version of the TLBO algorithm based on Laplace distribution and Experience exchange strategy (LETLBO). It uses Laplace distribution to expand exploration space. A new experience exchange strategy is applied to make good use of experience information to identify more promising solutions to make the algorithm converge faster. The experimental performances verify that the LETLBO algorithm enhances the solution accuracy and quality compared to original TLBO and various versions of TLBO and is very competitive with respect to other very popular and powerful evolutionary algorithms. Finally, the LETLBO algorithm is also applied to parameter estimation of chaotic systems, and the promising results show the applicability of the LETLBO algorithm for problem-solving.

Solid‐state heteronuclear multiple‐quantum spectroscopy under a magic‐angle spinning frequency of 150kHz

AbstractWe hereby demonstrate that1H detected15N‐1H heteronuclear multiple‐quantum spectroscopy can be carried out at a magic angle spinning frequency of 150 kHz. While the15N‐1H multiple‐quantum coherences can be directly excited from the dipolar order created by the method of adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame, it is technically more advantageous to acquire the chemical shift evolution of the heteronuclear multiple‐quantum coherence by two separate chemical shift evolution periods for1H and15N. We also show that the heteronuclear multiple‐quantum correlation spectrum can be obtained by shearing the corresponding heteronuclear single‐quantum correlation spectrum.