Evolution Of Institutions Research Articles

Ethnofederalism and Indigenous self-determination in Northern Canada and the Russian Federation

ABSTRACT This article explores the impacts of ethnofederalism on the efforts of Indigenous peoples in Canada and the Russian Federation to self-determine in regional contexts that are politically dominated by ethnic groups who constitute national minorities. We compare the evolution of Indigenous governance institutions in Quebec and Sakha (Yakutia), asking whether Indigenous peoples in these jurisdictions have benefitted from the efforts of the titular nationalities (the Quebecois and Sakha) to enhance their own autonomy within their respective federations. We consider whether these constituent units’ governments, as representatives of larger ethnic minorities who have struggled to assert autonomy within a federal system, are more sympathetic to the territorial and political aspirations of smaller Indigenous groups. The article contributes to a dearth of scholarship comparing the efforts of Indigenous peoples in Canada and Russia to achieve greater self-determination. We conclude that while the Inuit of Nunavik in northern Quebec have made significant progress in realizing autonomy, they have been constrained by the political environment in the province. Indigenous peoples in Sakha (Yakutia) have made less progress in terms of securing political autonomy but have benefitted from an alliance with the Sakha in the face of centralizing tendencies at the federal level.

Public governance in the era of pandemic: The developing market research

Indonesia’s COVID-19 Resilient Village (Kampung Tangguh) initiative has significantly impacted crucial institutions and highlighted the vulnerability of village-level social systems during the pandemic. This study focuses on the program’s institutional dynamics, particularly in Malang, East Java, to understand its role in empowering social capital and resources. Unlike previous works that mainly explore government responses, this qualitative research relies on participatory social science methods and purposively selected informants. The findings reveal that the Kampung Tangguh program transformed local leaders into key actors, shifting from apathy to proactive engagement in pandemic control. This community-driven resilience system led by neighborhood heads and villagers marks a crucial turning point. It establishes a proactive model adaptable to various crises as a foundation for researchers and policymakers, fostering innovation and driving social system transformation. This study underscores village-level democratization and knowledge dissemination’s pivotal role in effective governance and institutional evolution.

ՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԳԼԽԻ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱԴՐԱԿԱՆ ՊԱՏԱՍԽԱՆԱՏՎՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԻՄՆԱՀԱՐՑԵՐԸ ՍԱՀՄԱՆԱԴՐԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՐԵՓՈԽՈՒՄՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ

The work is dedicated to the powers of the President of the Republic of Armenia and issues of constitutional responsibility in the context of the 2015 constitutional amendments. Historical and comparative legal analysis presents the evolution of the constitutional institution of the president in the Republic of Armenia, examines the demands presented to the presidential candidate, the powers of the head of the state and the structures of their implementation according to the Constitution adopted in 1995, then the constitutional amendments of 2005 and 2015. The issues of positive and negative constitutional responsibility of the presidents of RA and other states, the grounds and procedure for the dismissal of the president are also a subject of study. It is noted that it is a primary task for the President of the Republic of Armenia to observe the observance of the Constitution, as this duty derives from the constitutional position of the head of the state. The head of state is the highest official who carries out the highest representation of the state both in domestic and international relations. ensures the continuity of state institutions, acts as the guarantor of the constitutional order, integrity and independence of the state. The analysis of the international constitutional practice proves that the head of the state can occupy a different place in the system of state power. In a number of countries, the institution of the head of state is not provided in any branch of the state power, or it is provided in the legislative and executive powers at the same time, or only in the executive power. In the Republic of Armenia, the institution of the head of the state is under development due to changes in the form of government formed as a result of constitutional changes in the country.

МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНА СИНТЕЗІЯ КОНВЕНЦІЙ ТА ПАТЕРНІВ СУЧАСНОЇ ПОПУЛЯРНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ США

This article offers a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of contemporary popular culture in the United States, with a focus on its development over the past two decades. The research encompasses various theoretical approaches, including philosophical, economic, sociological, psychological, historical, and anthropological perspectives, aiming to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of popular culture within the context of globalization and digital transformation. Attention is given to the impact of recommendation algorithms on popular culture, particularly their role in fostering cultural homogenization, personalizing cultural experiences, and shaping new cultural trends. The issues of cultural hybridization, the ritualization of social practices, and the significance of collective memory in the context of popular culture are also explored. Historical analysis reveals the periodization and evolution of cultural institutions, while the socio-anthropological approach highlights the importance of symbolic structures in the formation of cultural narratives. The philosophical lens emphasizes the postmodern characteristics of contemporary popular culture, including the deconstruction of traditional cultural patterns, and analyzes the dynamics of metaphysical concepts, particularly the idea of presence within the conditions of hyperreality. Sociological methodologies assist in addressing the structuration of cultural practices and adaptive processes of socialization through social networks and other digital platforms, which are emerging as new spaces for the construction of social identities. The psychological analysis focuses on the cognitive and emotional effects induced by popular culture, including cognitive disintegration caused by excessive media consumption, and the impact of social comparison on self-esteem and the psychological well-being of individuals. It is emphasized that popular culture products can be designed to appeal to unconscious desires and internalized norms, shaping motivational structures and social behavior patterns. The economic perspective highlights the processes of commodification of cultural products and the monetization of cultural industries. The article underscores the necessity of integrating these approaches to gain a deeper understanding of how contemporary popular culture in the United States influences global cultural processes and shapes the future directions of cultural practices and social structures. The conclusions emphasize the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that allows for a comprehensive consideration of the impact of popular culture on society, its cultural norms, identities, and social dynamics.

The evolution of economies, technologies, and other institutions: exploring W. Brian Arthur's insights

Abstract Technology is a complex adaptive system that is both shaped by, and shapes, institutional arrangements. This critical insight, developed in depth by W. Brian Arthur – the father of complexity economics – is relevant to researchers interested in institutions. Arthur provides a method for capturing the underlying dynamics. He offers conceptual tools centred on the concept of increasing returns to make sense of some crucial challenges. He also suggests technical tools, including agent-based modelling, to tackle ill-defined economic, legal, and institutional problems. This article explores his body of work and derives some institutional insights from it.

A proposal for a composite indicator based on ratios (CIBOR) to compare the evolution of Spanish financial institutions

A proposal for a composite indicator based on ratios (CIBOR) to compare the evolution of Spanish financial institutions

Legal pluralism, ideology, and institutional change: the evolution of institutions for coastal resource governance in Ghana

Abstract Co-management regimes are institutional innovations that hold the promise of achieving sustainable common-pool resource governance. However, the transition to such institutional regimes in coastal resource systems has faced challenges in many countries. This article examines the processes and outcomes of such institutional changes in coastal fisheries in Ghana, where the transition to co-management was unsuccessful. Combining theoretical perspectives from legal pluralism in legal anthropology and ideational theories of institutional change within institutional economics, the paper uses process tracing to examine the role of ideology and historical institutional dynamics of the resource context in the institutionalization and failure of co-management arrangements for governing coastal fisheries. The study finds that ideological conflicts and historical legacies of legal pluralism hindered the practice and outcomes of coastal fisheries co-management in Ghana. The article argues for particular attention to the historical institutional dimensions and underlying worldviews of the resource context in institutional interventions for sustainability in coastal resource systems.

Development and Refinement: Study on the Changes of Preferential Policies for Higher Education in Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of Institutional Evolution

Development and Refinement: Study on the Changes of Preferential Policies for Higher Education in Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of Institutional Evolution

Establishment and development of state and legal mechanisms to prevent bankruptcy: domestic and foreign experience

This article analyzes the historical development of the institution of bankruptcy, highlights its evolutionary changes in the context of the general principles of humanism. It is noted that in the past bankruptcy was considered a serious crime, but in the 19th century a transformation of approaches was observed, where harsh sanctions gave way to the humanization of society. Changes in modern trends are considered, pointing to the rejection of the separation of bankruptcy systems and emphasizing the concept of an effective system of insolvency law and bankruptcy prevention. The article is aimed at a retrospective analysis and highlighting of key aspects of the evolution of the bankruptcy institution with an emphasis on the transition from a punitive to a compensatory concept and the importance of preventive measures. The period from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century was considered. The norms and legislative acts of France, Germany, and Italy are analyzed, highlighting the variety of approaches to determining the insolvency and responsibility of debtors. In particular, the laws issued in the 16th century, which for the first time distinguished between unfortunate and malicious insolvency, are examined. An important stage is the analysis of the period of bankruptcy law reforms in the 19th century, when a change in the direction of legislation on business preservation and social protection of employees of debtor enterprises is noted. The article also notes reforms in French and German legislation aimed at balancing liquidation and rehabilitation procedures. The general conclusion is that the history of bankruptcy is closely related to the social organization of the country and the financial challenges of its era.

Concept and content of probation in criminal legislation

This article is dedicated to analyzing the concept and legal nature of probation in Ukrainian criminal legislation. The study focuses on understanding probation as a form of criminal-legal influence that combines elements of punishment and opportunities for rehabilitation for the convicted. Considering the historical context and contemporary realities of criminal legislation, the author examines the evolution of the probation institute, from the release from punishment for minor crimes in the pre-revolutionary period to conditional sentencing and suspension of the sentence in independent Ukraine. Particular attention is given to the changes that occurred following the adoption of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001, which marked a significant expansion of non-custodial punishments and defined new legal frameworks for probation. The article also explores various legal interpretations and scientific approaches to defining the essence of probation, emphasizing its ambiguity and complexity. The article analyzes the concept of «probation» in the context of criminal legislation, taking into account the perspectives of prominent scholars. The author aims to investigate the essence of this term, its object, and the subject of regulation in criminal legislation. It is revealed that the institution of probation in Ukraine developed less intensively compared to Western countries, with its formation commencing with the adoption of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001. The article highlights the stages of the establishment and development of the probationary system in independent Ukraine, emphasizing the transition to a new approach to penalties not associated with imprisonment.
 The study scrutinizes the institution of criminal law in Ukraine - release from punishment and its serving, particularly in the context of conditional releases. Section XII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine examines various forms of release. Special attention is given to conditional releases linked to the fulfillment of specific requirements during the probationary period. The article elucidates the procedure for applying release from punishment with probation, emphasizing the role of the court and the obligations of the convicted individual. It notes that different human rights advocates have different interpretations of the term «probation.»

Проблемы становления Древнерусского государства в трудах Александра Магнуса Фромгольда фон Рейца

The article notes the main points of the biography of one of the key figures of Russian historical and legal science — A. M. F. Reitz, and also analyzes the work he published in 1829, called “An Experience in the History of Russian Law”. The scientist examines the process of formation of state characteristics in the context of the evolution of tribal institutions under the influence of a number of external and internal factors (which are analyzed in this article). In particular, according to the scientist, evolution is determined by demographic processes; the growth of the population united by clan ties within the boundaries of one settlement entails the transformation of the patriarchal power of the tribe leader into the collegial power of clan elders. The scientist also points to acute social contradictions as one of the significant reasons for the emergence of the state.
 A. M. F. Reitz, developing ideas previously expressed by his predecessors Professors I. G. Neumann and I. F. G. Evers, sees not the individual power of the Grand Duke in the Old Russian state, like European monarchs, but collective suzerainty; questions the established point of view in Russian historiography about the establishment of the power of the eldest in the family in the early period of the existence of the Old Russian state.
 The scientist considers inheritance and will as the basis for the legitimate transit of power; power is retained within one clan and its transfer is regulated by rules similar to the rules of inheritance law. The scientist defined the Old Russian state by its form of government as an absolute monarchy and, following I. F. G. Evers, defined the Old Russian state by its territorial structure as a union state created through an agreement of princes, and not by a natural unification of territories. Ideas substantiated in the works of A. M. F. Reitz, found a response in the scientific creativity of the works of virtually all historians of Russian law.

Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in Empowering Rural Women

This article follows the evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) from the Independence provisions in the 73rd constitutional amendment concerning reservations for women and other vulnerable sections. The goal of the 73rd constitutional amendment of 1993 is to examine and comprehend how the amendment affects women's empowerment. Indeed, women's reservations in PRIs have created enormous opportunities for their empowerment, especially for those who belong to the weakest segments of society. Despite significant progress, women's subordination to men is still a widespread occurrence. India is seeing a sharp increase in violence against women at a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, and the majority of girls are still not afforded equal opportunities in school. The Indian government designated 33% of the seats in Panchayats for women and granted constitutional status to village-level councils, or Panchayati Raj institutions, in one of the most significant moves towards the empowerment of women.

Born to Hit and Run? Rugged Individualism, justice quality and non-stopping after traffic collisions in the U.S.

Judicial effectiveness influence on premediated violent crimes is widely acknowledged, however little is known on its effect on Hit&Run (H&R) accidents, which are involuntary crimes in the first stage (the “Hit”) while becoming voluntary in the second stage (the “Run”). This paper provides a quantitative estimation of the effect of judicial effectiveness on H&R accidents in the U.S, where they generate high socioeconomic and emotional cost. We exploit a unique micro-regional database for U.S. counties for 2010–2018 and an instrumental variable model which draws on the Durkheimian role of individualism in shaping the evolution of institutions. We find that higher judicial effectiveness, induced by historical and persistent individualism, has a substantial signaling effect capable of deterring H&R. Results are supported by several robustness checks, including testing alternative measures for judicial effectiveness to account for its composite dimensions.

THE LEVEL OF STUDY AND PROSPECTS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ELECTIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article provides a bibliographic review of the study of the evolutionary development of elections during the period of independent Kazakhstan, including data on elections of rural akims, and also draws scientific attention to some aspects of the development of the electoral system. The scientific article was published within the framework of program-targeted funding (No. BR21882308) “The evolution of political institutions and structures in the history of Kazakhstan (XIX-XXI centuries).

Digitally Enhanced Business Pedagogy: The Evolution and Implications of Digital Business Presentations inHigher Education Institutions

The article assesses the importance of the Digital Business Presentations (DBP) in science and teaching in the context of contemporary communication, dominated by the digital approach, not only in the field of analysis, but also in the visualization of information. In an era when we increasingly use computer tools (programs and applications) and appreciate short but interesting content, digital presentations have become important for both business and science. Using various methods and techniques, the DBP allows the presentation of complicated ideas in an uncomplicated way. They usually last from 3 to 10 minutes and focus on the essence of the concept of a new solution and its business application. The main aim of the article is to review and propose new tools that enable students to practically present their ideas related to various subjects, such as Entrepreneurship, Logistics, Marketing etc. The article also shows some trends in communication, where knowledge of the basic values and principles of the DBP affects the way we currently present innovative ideas on the discussion forum in business.

Promoting the High Quality Development of Private Enterprises in the New Era: Institutional Evolution, Realistic Characterization, and Future Approaches

Promoting the High Quality Development of Private Enterprises in the New Era: Institutional Evolution, Realistic Characterization, and Future Approaches

Недостоверные нарративы в контексте институциональных изменений

The article develops approaches of the narrative economics to the analysis of evolution of institutions in the context of dissemination of unreliable (false) information about various kinds of economic processes. Narratives are seen as a way of transferring information and knowledge in a form that is maximally complementary to the perception of actors. Fake news became the most important channel of distribution of false narratives in modern society. The avalanche-like spread of fake news and the narratives contained therein is taking place against the background of a significant transformation of the institutions of reputation and expertise. The widespread and rapid spread of unreliable narratives poses systemic threats to the development of modern economic orders in the face of emerging institutions of surveillance capitalism. Misinformation in alternative narratives is associated with the actions of interest groups that have the incentive to falsify past and present information about ongoing reforms, leading to a pluralistic reality. Through proto-narratives, knowledge of theories and models circulating in the academic environment is transmitted in a simplified form. Persistent myths about various aspects of the conduct and results of economic policies are also spread through proto-narratives. Unreliable or distorted proto-narratives are widespread in the social environment of the Russian innovation system. Examples of such narratives include neo-liberal myths about measuring efficiency through the number of patents or scientific rating publications. In the process of reforming the Russian innovation system, it is important to understand the genesis of the various proto-narratives and their influence on the formation of the institutional structure in the context of the specific features of its evolution.

Environmental governance of China’s Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACTOn the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), we present this special symposium to advance knowledge on environmental governance of China’s overseas engagement. While China’s fast-growing investments across the world have large implications for global and local environmental politics, this phenomenon has so far received insufficient attention of students of environmental politics. Moreover, China has become increasingly proactive in promoting green development in the BRI, but little research has assessed relevant governance initiatives. Recognising this research gap, contributors to the symposium provide rigorous analysis on institutional interactions involving China and host country actors as well as forces driving new governance initiatives aiming to green the BRI. Building on the insights drawn from the symposium, we propose a research agenda to focus on the effects of China-US geopolitical rivalry, institutional evolution, and agency of host countries to understand the evolving system governing environmental impacts of China’s overseas engagement.

От царя до вождя: реконструкция истории православной общины Казанско-Богородицкой церкви села Алексашкино (на материале архивных документов)

The paper offers a reconstruction of the history of the Russian Orthodox parish formed around the church of Our Lady of Kazan in the village of Aleksashkino, Saratov region (formerly Samara province) in the 19th-20th century. The reconstruction is based on the previously unstudied documents from the state archives of Samara and Saratov regions, archives of the Federal Security Service (Saratov region), and “Samara Diocesan Gazette” materials, as well as interviews with village elders.The study aims to recreate the life of the typical Russian Orthodox parish in the Volga region and examine the evolution of the social institutions connected with the church. The parish history appears in a context of interrelations with the secular government that took a dramatic turn in the Soviet period. The evolvement of the village’s educational institutions receives special attention. Another essential part of the proposed reconstruction is tracing the personalities who stood behind the parish activities – priests, churchwardens, and village teachers. Their names and details of their lives are an inseparable part of the suggested reconstruction. The paper offers a periodization of the parish history that includes five stages, starting from the preaching house and finishing with the 1951 fire. Each period is considered within a separate paper section, while the conclusion summarizes the data on the modern village church. References accompanying the data offer vast opportunities for the further investigation of the Orthodox parishes in the Volga region.

Typological evolution of temporary accommodation facilities

Temporary accommodation facilities are largely a reflection of socio-economic processes in the middle of society at a certain stage of its existence. The structure of modern hotels bears the imprint of historical prototypes that were formed in countries with different cultural, social, and architectural traditions. Studying the historical evolution of such institutions makes it possible to determine certain historical stages of their formation, identify modern development prospects and outline futuristic directions for their modernization. The article examines the historical evolution of temporary accommodation facilities, the formation and development of their typology. The peculiarities of the architectural and planning organization of hotel establishments of different periods of construction are established. The impact of socio-economic factors on the formation of temporary accommodation facilities at various stages of human development is monitored. The main stages of the development of hotels are highlighted: the ancient period, the Middle Ages, modern times, the formation of the concept of "hotel" at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Selected periods of rapid development: the beginning of the 20th century up to the period of the world economic crisis of the 1930s; 1950-60 (the end of World War II, the formation of mass tourism); 1980s - the beginning of the 21st century (the flourishing of international tourism); 2020 - to the present days (the impact of the global pandemic Сovid-19, the war in Ukraine, the general global economic recession). During the last decades, taking into account the climatic, ecological, man-made and socio-political challenges, the hotel business has become characterized by: a certain departure from "internationalization" in the architectural and design solutions of hotel establishments; appeal to national cultural traditions; specialization of hotels; expansion of the network of institutions of medium-low level of comfort; the direction of ecological and energy-efficient construction; the use of "theatrical effects" and futurism in the design of hotel interiors and exteriors; spread of eco-hotels, "green tourism" facilities, "capsule hotels". The article deals with the issues of architectural and figurative transformation of buildings during the reconstruction of historical industrial enterprises (mid-eighteenth century - first half of the XX century). The main principles for the implementation of such a transformation are determined: ensuring urban integrity; preservation of the historical image of industrial architecture; nuances in their general architectural and spatial organization (symbiosis with the environment); contrast between old and new; compliance with national and regional cultural traditions; environmentally friendly solutions. Examples of the application of these principles in the world practice of the reconstruction of industrial buildings for various public functions are analyzed. Techniques that allow to implement these principles in the renovation of historical buildings are defined. These methods include: conservation and restoration of the characteristic elements of industrial architecture; reuse of authentic materials and designs; the inclusion of industrial equipment in the interiors and exteriors of objects of reconstruction; the use of forms, materials, structures, furniture - contrasting with the primary industrial structure while ensuring symbiosis with the environment due to the nuanced solution of the overall composition, the delicate inclusion of new elements, the preservation of rhythmic patterns, the use of building and finishing materials, elements of architectural «camouflage» (grids, perforations, glazing, openwork metal structures, etc.); «absorption» of old buildings or their parts by new structures. In addition, an accentuated appeal to the characteristic features of the national cultural traditions of the construction region, the use of local building and finishing materials, forms, structures, the use of local ornaments, patterns, objects of arts and crafts is proposed. It is recommended to use environmentally friendly materials, landscaping elements in the interiors and exteriors of buildings, the formation of a building area using the natural landscape along with the inclusion of industrial elements of industrial architecture.