Evolution Of Crime Research Articles

The Evolution of Crimes and Punishments of the Corruption Origin in Russia

The Evolution of Crimes and Punishments of the Corruption Origin in Russia

The Role of Justice Collaborators in Narcotics Crime Prosecution

This article examines the significance of Justice Collaborators in the legal process, particularly in narcotics cases. With the evolution of crime, especially organized narcotics crime, the introduction of Justice Collaborators has become a pivotal component in the criminal justice system. This study explores the concept of Justice Collaborators, their roles, legal protections, and the impact of their participation in legal proceedings. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research analyzes various legal documents, court decisions, and statutory provisions related to Justice Collaborators in Indonesia. The findings indicate that Justice Collaborators play a crucial role in unveiling complex criminal activities and assisting law enforcement in investigation and prosecution. The study also highlights the legal and physical protections offered to these individuals, emphasizing their importance in dismantling organized crime networks. The implications of these findings suggest a need for further refinement in legal provisions concerning the selection and protection of Justice Collaborators, ensuring their effective utilization in the judicial process.Highlights: Justice Collaborators are instrumental in uncovering complex criminal activities, particularly in organized narcotics crime. The legal system provides both physical and legal protections to Justice Collaborators, ensuring their safety and cooperation. The involvement of Justice Collaborators necessitates ongoing refinement in legal provisions for their selection, protection, and use in legal processes. Keywords: Justice Collaborators, Narcotics Crimes, Legal System, Organized Crime, Law Enforcement

Forensic intelligence teaching and learning in higher education: An international approach

Over the years, forensic science has primarily positioned itself as a service provider for the criminal justice system, following the dominant and traditional reactive law enforcement model. Unfortunately, this focus has limited its capacity to provide knowledge about crime systems and to support other forms of policing styles through forensic intelligence. Although forensic intelligence research has steadily developed over the last few years, it is rarely covered in the core of academic teaching and research programs. Developing forensic intelligence programs would empower graduates with an awareness of forensic intelligence meaning and models, creating great opportunities to shape their future professional activities and progressively shift the dominant paradigm through a bottom-up approach. In this article, the teaching and learning strategies in forensic intelligence developed at the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) and adapted at the University of Technology Sydney (Australia) and the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canada) are presented. The objective behind the strategy is to reflect on and work on real case scenarios using a progressive teaching and learning approach that builds upon the theory and practical exercise putting students in real-life situations. Through this innovative learning process, students move away from the Court as the sole end purpose of forensic science. They learn to adopt different roles, adopt a proactive attitude as well as work individually and collaboratively. This teaching and learning strategy breaks the current silos observed in the forensic science discipline by focusing on processes and critical thinking. It can be foreseen, through the evolution of crime and policing models, that the learning and teaching strategy described in this article offers and will offer the students with many new job opportunities. The article concludes with the advantages that such teaching and learning programs in forensic intelligence bring to the forensic science community.

Innovative Approaches to Criminalistics

In this scientific study, the authors made attempts to consider the current problems of criminalistics caused by the features of modern crime and highlighted modern innovative approaches to the detection and investigation of crimes. There is a trend in the evolution of crime, which determines the need for new modern criminalistics innovations, as well as new approaches to training investigative officers. Тhe article uses proven methods of scientific analysis. The authors analyse the views of leading experts on the main areas and trends of innovative development of Russian criminalistics. Тhe authors justify the need for simultaneous development of material innovations (new technologies), ideal innovations (new theories, concepts, recommendations) and the most innovation-oriented subject of law enforcement. The results of the research can be used in research and forensic activities, as well as in teaching criminalistics and related courses in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions of legal profile

NUEVOS DESAFÍOS PARA LA POLICÍA NACIONAL ENFOCADOS A LA INTELIGENCIA CRIMINAL

This paper invites the application of a pattern of criminal intelligence in the institution as an instrument that emerges from the evolution of crime, nationally and internationally. In the National Police, there are conditions to implement a model of criminal intelligence and from that perspective, the Directorate of Police Intelligence, through Foresight Intelligence Center, launched an investigation called “Model Approach to Criminal Intelligence in the National Police of Colombia” as a component of the criminal investigation, in order to contribute to policy formulation in crime prevention and monitoring, which ensures the safety of citizens threatened by the emergence of different forms of violence and criminal methods.

A büntetés alakváltozásai a társadalmi érdekmotivációk tükrében

A cikk a bűn-büntetés kontextusban mutatja be azokat a társadalomelméleti, lélektani jelenségeket, kölcsönhatásokat, amelyek történeti szerepet játszottak a büntetésről alkotott felfogások kialakításában. Röviden ismerteti a bűn lélektanát és a közvélemény szerepét a bűnről alkotott felfogások alakulásában.

The theoretical Basis for Criminological forecasting of Crime (with Russia Example)

The paper discusses the problems of criminological forecasting of crime. The analyses have been based on issues concerning theoretical foundations and assumptions of this process in Russia. Since it is a country with considerable socio-demographic, religious and cultural diversity, it must analyse, assess and monitor these territorial differences in crime and skilfully anticipate the changes taking place there. Russia is the country that already has experience in predicting the development of crime. Current Russian criminological literature has been used in the deliberations. The publication presents various definitions of criminological crime forecasting. Attention was drawn not only to the need to anticipate changes in criminal trends but also to the evolution of crime causes. The sources of information necessary to forecast this phenomenon have also been indicated. It has been emphasized that this is, in particular, knowledge about socio-economic and political transformations taking place in the country. The several stages and complexity of the forecasting process, as well as its result in the form of a crime forecast, have also been underlined. By presenting a number of forecasting objectives, its usefulness for the protection of the security of the state and its citizens have been emphasized. The basics of conducting research analyses in the form of three scientific methods (extrapolation, modelling, and application of criminological expertise) have been discussed, as well. The classifications of forecasting and the periods applied in practice have been presented. The above issues have been discussed on the basis of theoretical assumptions adopted by Russian criminologists. Attention has been focused on the most important issues for preventing and combatting crime. The considerations have confirmed the need to anticipate the development of crime.

FUNCIONAMENTO E GESTÃO DO SISTEMA PRISIONAL BAIANO.

O presente texto trata da evolução dos crimes de homicídio no Brasil e no estado da Bahia, bem como o controle dos presos no sistema prisional. Buscou-se compreender a proporção dos presos em relação ao quantitativo de homicídios nos intervalos de tempo em que os dados são coincidentes. A pesquisa foi realizada no sistema prisional baiano entre os anos de 2013 e 2017. Foi aplicado o método hipotético-dedutivo associado às técnicas de pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, a fim de compreender os reflexos e extensão da influência que os presos possuem dentro e fora do sistema prisional da Bahia. Partiu-se do estudo das unidades prisionais, fazendo-se preliminarmente um levantamento dos homicídios ocorridos no Brasil e na Bahia. Da mesma maneira fez-se o levantamento da evolução do contingente carcerário ao longo do tempo. Como resultado da pesquisa constatou-se que a série dos homicídios no Brasil e na Bahia ocorreu de forma similar (sempre crescente). Embora todas as séries tem marcha crescente, a evolução dos crimes na Bahia é mais acentuada do que no Brasil. Já em relação aos presos, a serie temporal se mostrou estacional, contrariando a evolução da série dos crimes letais. Constatou-se ainda que a gestão dos presos no sistema prisional é dividida entre o Estado e os prisioneiros. Com a divisão de poder no controle dos presos, constatou-se que facilitou a formação de uma “sociedade criminosa” dentro das prisões e que transbordou para os territórios das cidades.

Ônus da prova das excludentes de ilicitude no processo penal e a necessidade de rompimento com a sua matriz civilista

O presente trabalho propõe uma análise crítica do tema do ônus da prova das excludentes de ilicitude no processo penal, aprofundando acerca do destinatário desse ônus, se acusação ou defesa. Tradicionalmente, no Brasil prevalece o entendimento jurisprudencial de que ônus da prova das excludentes de ilicitude incumbe ao acusado, numa equiparação dessas excludentes aos fatos impeditivos, modificativos ou extintivos do direito, próprios da matriz processual civil. A origem das teses que deram sustentação para a construção da concepção atual constituirá o mote do estudo crítico a ser empregado para se avaliar a compatibilidade da matriz civilista com as regras sobre o ônus da prova no processo penal. Para uma compreensão detida do tema, necessária a realização de um percurso histórico de aspectos dogmáticos próprios do direito processual civil e do direito penal que confluem para a presente temática, como a regra de distribuição do ônus da prova no processo civil e a evolução da teoria do crime.

La medición del delito y la importancia de sus aportaciones para la criminología contemporánea = The measurement of crime and the importance of its contributions to contemporary criminology

For Criminology the measurement of crime is important because it allows to test criminological theories, the study of the correlates of the crime, the knowledge of the victims and the design of the criminal policy. The question that arises is which of the instruments used for the measurement of crime, oficial statistics, victimization surveys and self-report studies, is the most appropriate to know the crime rates and evolution of crime in our country. In Spain the oficial statistics are the ones that offer us data that we can work with because they have been performed periodically, while victimization surveys and self-report studies have been scarce. Among the oficial statistics, the best statistics on crimes are police statistics, published in the Yearbook of the Ministry of the Interior, against information provided by other oficial statistics, such as those of the Office of the Prosecutor and those of the Council General of the Judiciary, because they collect the first information on the commission of criminal acts and contain less bias.

The urban–rural divide, regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime

Potential regional variation in crime rates has been recognized as an issue of clear importance given its implications for the development and evaluation of theories of criminal activity, determining the appropriate level of disaggregation at which to undertake empirical analyses of crime and whether crime fighting policies should be constructed at a national or local level. Consequently, a literature has evolved examining the similarities in US regional crime rates and whether a national trend exists or is emerging. The present article extends the recent research into the emergence of a national trend by considering convergence in alternative classifications of crime using a data set subject to a higher degree of disaggregation than considered hitherto. The results obtained overturn previous findings obtained using more highly aggregated data, indicating the detection of convergence to be dependent upon the level of disaggregation considered. In addition, the extent of convergence detected is shown to vary across classifications of criminal activity and reflect anecdotally noted changes in the evolution of crime at a national level. The implications of the observed regional variation in crime for the urban–rural divide and theoretical, empirical and policy analyses are noted.

Historical Evolution of Crimes of Disrespect. Reasons for its Disappearance in the current Spanish Penal Code

AbstractThis paper aims to deepen the historical analysis of the crimes of disrespect in Spanish penal law. This criminal concept, although born surrounded by controversy (1850), remained in force in different criminal codes until its repealing 1995. In particular, a review is made of its treatment in the various penal texts, on which it’s most immediate antecedents were based and identifying the circumstances that once led to its criminalization. The paper ends with some reflections on the reasons that may have led to its decriminalization.

EVOLUTION OF TERRORISM ACT AGAINST CIVIL AIRCRAFT

Since an aircraft was invented, an aircraft is not only used for transporting person from one place to another, but also can be used in war until revenge terrorism ideology and faith against a state. Furthermore, an aircraft is a representative of state where the aircraft is registered, which is also defined by terrorist as a target to attack a state. Attacking a civil aircraft is categorized as an international crime. Hereinafter, since Tokyo Convention 1960 declared, the evolution of crimes against civil aircraft has been evolved. The main target of offences is still an aircraft, however, the offence is diverted by attacking others target such as all facilitations relating to the security in civil aviation including airport and air navigation. 9/11 accident in USA is a picture how terrorism offence is still evolving. Now, aircraft and ground navigation facilitations are not the only main object in attacking by terrorist. The aircraft now is used to attack others ground target which are represented a state. The evolving of terrorism acts, in the end, is the reason why Beijing Convention 2010 on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation was made.

Crime and Justice Reinvestment in Europe: Possibilities and Challenges

The current paper reviews some of the main features and figures of crime and criminal justice in Europe, including rehabilitation and cost–benefit analyses. Related to crime and justice, victimization rates in different European countries (which show the magnitude and evolution of crime) are offered, as well as some insights on the differential criminal policy and punitiveness of distinct countries. In terms of offender treatment and cost–benefit analyses, an overview of the European systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the topic is provided, highlighting the main treatment strategies and countries of application, the typologies of treated offenders, and the efficiency of treatment, prisons, and alternatives.

Breaks and Convergence in U.S. Regional Crime Rates: Analysis of Their Presence and Implications

The literature examining the relative properties of U.S. regional crime rates is extended. Using a novel method, convergence in alternative classifications of crime is detected over the period 1965 to 2009. Subsequent statistical analysis identifies distinct epochs in the evolution of crime which match those noted anecdotally in the literature. The findings concerning convergence within these epochs prove interesting, with results found to vary both between the alternative crime classifications and through time. In particular, evidence of divergence is noted which contrasts starkly with other results for earlier and later periods. Potential explanations for the observed results, their importance for policy and their implications for theory and future research are discussed.

Consumo de merca, crimen y tambores en la narrativa uruguaya: de Estokolmo a La Alemana de Gustavo Escanlar

This article examines the evolution of crime in two Uruguayan novels written by Gustavo Escanlar. In these narratives, the figure of the good bandit is intertwined with the drug dealer in a crime syndicate. I analyze crime fiction as a portrayal of power relationships, as theorized by Foucault and some criminologists. On the other hand, I focus on culture as a commodity in a neighborhood well known by its celebration of carnival and Umbanda religion. Lastly, I examine the role of the intellectual as a producer and consumer of crime fiction

Durkheim, Deviance and Development: Opportunities Lost and Regained

The full theoretical potential of Durkheim's ideas on crime and punishment has not been developed by his followers, who have focused on his earlier, less defensible formulations at the expense of his later, more significant developments. While labeling theory and functionalist approaches have drawn heavily on Durkheim's work, his contribution to an evolutionary theory of crime and punishment has only recently begun to attract attention. It is argued that a reformulated Durkheimian model needs to be developed before further progress towards an adequate evolutionary theory may be achieved. Considering the size of the secondary literature on Durkheimian theory, it is surprising that so little has been done to develop a cumulative theory of crime and punishment on the basis of Durkheim's basic perspective. Durkheim appears to have suffered the sad fate of being often cited to legitimize a study or argument which promptly goes on to pursue different or only tenuously related theories. This ritual, moreover, generally involves references to a small number of statements taken from The Division of Labor in Society, or (more rarely) from The Rules of Sociological Method, with Durkheim's more general theoretical aims and his remarks in later works being for the most part ignored. In marked contrast to Marx, Durkheim has been ill-served by his followers; thus, while Marx has provided a basis for the development of a rich array of innovative theoretical advances within criminology (as well, of course, as in other areas) the potential for cumulative growth within Durkheim's work has remained undeveloped. This has been especially true of Durkheim's ideas on the evolution of crime and punishment, which have only begun to receive serious attention during the last few years. It is to this issue that we shall address ourselves in what follows, our purpose being not to undertake yet another exercise in detailed exegesis, but rather to consider the extent to which Durkheim and his followers failed to develop further what were promising and innovative ideas. We will contend that not only would the study of crime and punish01981 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/81/041009-24$01.60

Criminology.

With the recent rapid advance in the biologic, psychologic and social sciences, on which criminology is based, there is now available a much larger fund of knowledge from which to construct a criminologic theory and to devise a practical program of dealing with the problem of the criminal. It is obvious that crime cannot be attributed to any one group of causes. The author has attempted a comprehensive survey of the whole field of criminology under the headings of the theory of the nature and evolution of crime; criminal sociology; criminal anthropology; criminal psychology; criminal jurisprudence, and penology. In his scheme of penal treatment he says that the problem is fundamentally one of the manipulation of human character, and that with the exception of the rearing of the young there can be no better opportunity for endeavoring to develop human character along useful social lines. Penal institutions as they now