The variety and extent of non-pharmaceutical measures implemented by the government to control COVID-19 in Argentina were exceptional, making this country the best example to analyze the evolution of COVID-19 under the most stringent and longerlasting restrictive policies- which up to May 31st 2021 included 119 days of strict nation-wide lock-down, 304 days of less restrictive lock-downs, and 35 days of curfews. Two of the three peaks of infection correlated with the germicidal solar flux received in Argentina, suggesting a seasonal component and a role for the virus persisting in the environment. A massive public gathering crowding the presidential square in Buenos Aires, during which nearly half of those present were without face masks, did not alter the infection curve in that city. Comparative epidemiological data (standardized per million inhabitants) shows that COVID-19 in Uruguay, a neighboring country whose capital is at a similar latitude than Buenos Aires and who did not mandate lock-downs or curfews, progressed much slower (until vaccination started) than in Argentina. The number of yearly deaths caused by respiratory diseases and influenza in Argentina before the pandemic was similar to the total number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 cumulated on April 25, 2021, more than a year after the pandemic started. The failure to detect any benefit on ameliorating COVID-19 by the long and strict nation-wide lock-downs in Argentina should raise world-wide concerns about mandating costly and ineffective restrictive measures during ongoing or future pandemics. Significance for public health Epidemiological data released by the Ministry of Health of Argentina was compared with the public health policies instituted by that country that have resulted among the longest, most restrictive, and more strictly enforced measures in the world intended to control COVID-19. Analysis of the data failed to detect a benefit of the public health measures instituted in Argentina when compared to a neighboring country with opposing policies. The findings reported here should be considered by Argentina as well as by other countries mandating or planning to implement long lasting stay-at-home orders and lock-downs to control COVID-19 or during future pandemics to come.
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