Evidence-based Prevention Strategies Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling of Cholera Mitigation Incorporating Handwashing

Cholera is a bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium produces a toxin that leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is often associated with areas with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water and overcrowded conditions. Cholera remains a significant global health concern, with outbreaks occurring frequently in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aims to investigate the role of handwashing in mitigating cholera. considering the key factors such as mode of transmission, incubation period, signs and symptoms, treatment measures, risk factors and the main causes of cholera. The study tends to assess the effectiveness of handwashing as a preventive measure against cholera transmission. The research addresses the critical gap in understanding the specific contribution of handwashing in preventing cholera, considering its complex transmission dynamics. The expected results of this study are an association between increased handwashing and a decrease in cholera occurrence. Results from this study will inform evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and contribute to the broader field of infectious disease prevention modeling. The study seeks to elucidate the dynamics of cholera transmission, considering the interplay between susceptible, infectious and recovered population. Analysis of the model shows that there exists a region where the model is mathematically and epidemiologically well posed because its solutions were positive and bounded. Computation of the basic reproduction number, was done using the next generation matrix approach. It was determined that when R0 < 1, cholera does not spread. Stability analysis of the cholera model showed that the disease free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Ideally, this means that keeping R0 < 1 is a possible strategy for curbing the spread of the disease. Analysis of the endemic equilibrium shows its existence when R0 > 1. Furthermore, the endemic equilibrium is also locally asymptotically stable. This shows that when R0 > 1, the disease persists and spreads in the population. Numerical simulation was done using MATLAB software to show the effectiveness of handwashing on cholera mitigation.

Management of vaginoplasty canal complications.

Increasing uptake of gender affirming surgery has allowed for a wider breadth of publication examining complications associated with vaginoplasty. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of complications associated with vaginoplasty procedures, focusing on intraoperative, early postoperative, and delayed postoperative complications across different surgical techniques. Intraoperative complications such as bleeding, injury of the rectum, urethra and prostate, and intra-abdominal injury are discussed, with insights into their incidence rates and management strategies. Early postoperative complications, including wound dehiscence, infection, and voiding dysfunction, are highlighted alongside their respective treatment approaches. Moreover, delayed postoperative complications such as neovaginal stenosis, vaginal depth reduction, vaginal prolapse, rectovaginal fistula, and urinary tract fistulas are assessed, with a focus on their etiology, incidence rates, and management options. Vaginoplasty complications range from minor wound issues to severe functional problems, necessitating a nuanced understanding of their management. Patient counseling, surgical approach, and postoperative care optimization emerge as crucial strategies in mitigating the impact of complications. Standardizing complication reporting and further research are emphasized to develop evidence-based strategies for complication prevention and management in vaginoplasty procedures.

Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding of socioeconomic context might enable more efficient evidence-based preventive strategies in oral health. The study assessed the caries-related socioeconomic macro-factors in 12-year-olds across European countries. This systematic review involved epidemiological surveys on the caries status of 12-year-olds from 2011 to 2022. DMFT was analyzed in relation to gross national income (GNI), United Nations Statistical Division geographical categorization of European countries (M49), unemployment rate, Human Development Index (HDI), and per capita expenditure on dental health care. A meta-analysis was performed for countries reporting data on DMFT, stratified by GNI, and geographical location of European countries, using a random-effects model. The study involved 493 360 children from 36 countries in the geographic region of Europe. The analysis confirmed a strong negative correlation between income and caries experience (p < .01). Children living in higher-income countries showed 90% lower odds of poor oral health than in middle-income countries. Children living in West Europe showed 90% lower odds of poor oral health than children living in East Europe. The strong effect of macro-level socioeconomic contexts on children's oral health suggests favoring upstream preventive oral health strategies in countries with economic growth difficulties, Eastern and Southern parts of Europe.

Work-related suicide: Evolving understandings of etiology & intervention.

Previously published analyses of suicide case investigations suggest that work or working conditions contribute to 10%-13% of suicide deaths. Yet, the way in which work may increase suicide risk is an underdeveloped area of epidemiologic research. In this Commentary, we propose a definition of work-related suicide from an occupational health and safety perspective, and review the case investigation-based and epidemiologic evidence on work-related causes of suicide. We identified six broad categories of potential work-related causes of suicide, which are: (1) workplace chemical, physical, and psychosocial exposures; (2) exposure to trauma on the job; (3) access to means of suicide through work; (4) exposure to high-stigma work environments; (5) exposure to normative environments promoting extreme orientation to work; and (6) adverse experiences arising from work-related injury or illness. We summarise current evidence in a schema of potential work-related causes that can also be applied in workplace risk assessment and suicide case investigations. There are numerous implications of these findings for policy and practice. Various principle- and evidence-based workplace intervention strategies for suicide prevention exist, some of which have been shown to improve suicide-prevention literacy, reduce stigma, enhance helping behaviours, and in some instances maybe even reduce suicide rates. Prevailing practice in workplace suicide prevention, however, overly emphasises individual- and illness-directed interventions, with little attention directed to addressing the working conditions that may increase suicide risk. We conclude that a stronger emphasis on improving working conditions will be required for workplace suicide prevention to reach its full preventive potential.

Population-wide impact of a pragmatic program to identify and manage individuals at high-risk of cardiovascular disease: a cluster randomized trial in 120 villages from Northern China

ObjectivesTo explore the population-wide impacts of an evidence-based high-risk strategy for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in resource-poor populations.MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among 120 villages in rural China, with 60 on intervention and 60 on usual care as controls, for 2 years. The intervention emphasized training village doctors to identify high-risk individuals and administering standardized treatments focusing on hypertension management. A random sample of 20 men aged ≥50 years and 20 women aged ≥60 years was drawn from each village before randomization for the baseline survey, and another independent random sample with the same age and sex distribution was drawn at 2 years for the post-intervention survey. The primary outcome was the population mean systolic blood pressure (SBP). Secondary outcomes included the proportions of patients who received regular primary care, antihypertensive medications, aspirin, or lifestyle advice.ResultsA total of 5,654 high cardiovascular risk individuals were identified and managed by village doctors in intervention villages for 15 months on average, with mean SBP lowered by 19.8 mmHg and the proportion with blood pressure under control increased from 22.1% to 72.7%. The primary analysis of the two independent samples (5,050 and 4,887 participants each) showed that population-wide mean SBP in intervention villages did not differ from that in control villages at 2 years (mean difference = 1.0 mmHg, 95% CI: −2.19, 4.26; P = 0.528), though almost all secondary outcomes concerning primary care indicators significantly increased in intervention villages.ConclusionsIn our study, the pragmatic cardiovascular risk management program targeting on high-risk individuals significantly improved the quality of primary care. However, its impact on population blood pressure level and the burden of hypertension-related diseases appeared very limited. Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrial.gov identifier, NCT01259700.

Evidence-Based Strategies for Injury Prevention and Exercise Prescription in Elderly Communities: The Physical Therapist's Perspective

Injury prevention and exercise prescription are critical components of healthcare for older adults. Physical therapists play a critical role in fall risk screening, assessment, and prevention in elderly communities. By incorporating STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries) and other evidence-based tools and resources, physical therapists can help identify and address fall risk factors, link older adults with community-based programs and resources, and reduce the incidence of falls and related injuries in this population. Evidence-based interventions for fall prevention include exercise interventions that are tailored and include a combination of exercise types, considering individual abilities and preferences. Exercise programs can reduce falls in older people living in residential aged care facilities, but exercise has little or no lasting effect on falls after the end of a program. Physical therapists should consider the patient's fall risk, functional limitations, and comorbidities when prescribing exercises for balance and falls prevention. Physical therapists can help elderly communities implement evidence-based strategies for injury prevention and exercise prescription by adopting a person-centered approach, challenging ageist stereotypes, using sound outcome measures, prioritizing physical activity, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals. By doing so, physical therapists can promote the health, independence, and well-being of older adults, and help them lead active, fulfilling lives. A combination of strength, balance, and functional training exercises, as well as other evidence-based strategies, can significantly reduce the risk of falls in elderly communities. Physical therapists and healthcare providers should consider these interventions when developing fall prevention programs for older adults. Exercise interventions for preventing falls in elderly communities should be implemented regularly, with a frequency of at least three sessions per week, and for a duration of up to 12 months. Keywords: Elderly communities, injury prevention, exercise prescription in elderly, falls prevention, aging

Human-Centered Design and Development of a Fall Prevention Exercise App for Older Adults in Primary Care Settings.

Falls in older adults are a serious public health problem that can lead to reduced quality of life or death. Patients often do not receive fall prevention guidance from primary care providers (PCPs), despite evidence that falls can be prevented. Mobile health technologies may help to address this disparity and promote evidence-based fall prevention. Our main objective was to use human-centered design to develop a user-friendly, fall prevention exercise app using validated user requirements. The app features evidence-based behavior change strategies and exercise content to support older people initiating and adhering to a progressive fall prevention exercise program. We organized our multistage, iterative design process into three phases: gathering user requirements, usability evaluation, and refining app features. Our methods include focus groups, usability testing, and subject-matter expert meetings. Focus groups (total n = 6), usability testing (n = 30) including a posttest questionnaire [Health-ITUES score: mean (standard deviation [SD]) = 4.2 (0.9)], and subject-matter expert meetings demonstrate participant satisfaction with the app concept and design. Overall, participants saw value in receiving exercise prescriptions from the app that would be recommended by their PCP and reported satisfaction with the content of the app. This study demonstrates the development, refinement, and usability testing of a fall prevention exercise app and corresponding tools that PCPs may use to prescribe tailored exercise recommendations to their older patients as an evidence-based fall prevention strategy accessible in the context of busy clinical workflows.

Current State of Factors Influencing the Development of Running Speed in the 100m Sprint for Non-Specialized University Students at Tan Trao University

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of factors influencing the development of running speed in the 100m sprint for non-specialized university students at Tan Trao University. The primary objective of this research is to identify and examine the key elements that contribute to the improvement of short-distance running speed among this student population. Through an extensive review of both domestic and international literature, the study encompasses 20 relevant publications from 2012 to 2024, establishing a robust foundation for understanding the current state of research and best practices in this domain. The findings reveal that the development of running speed is influenced by a multifaceted interplay of biomechanical, physiological, psychological, and training-related factors. Specifically, the study delves into the significance of proper running technique, muscle strength and power, aerobic and anaerobic fitness, energy system utilization, athlete motivation, goal-setting, and mental preparation. Additionally, the paper highlights the importance of implementing effective training programs that incorporate periodization, volume and intensity management, and evidence-based injury prevention strategies. The implications of this study are paramount, as it offers valuable insights for coaches, physical education instructors, and sports science professionals working with non-specialized university students. The findings can inform the design and implementation of comprehensive training programs aimed at enhancing the speed capabilities of this population, while also prioritizing injury prevention and overall athletic development.

Emerging Strategies and Effective Prevention Measures for Investigating the Association Between Stroke and Sudden Cardiac Fatality.

Stroke-related cardiac death is a significant concern for patients with stroke and their healthcare providers. It is a complex and multifaceted condition that requires careful management of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for stroke-related cardiac death. The review highlights the importance of identifying and managing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle factors, as well as non-modifiable risk factors such as age and genetics. Additionally, the review explores emerging strategies for prevention, including the use of wearable devices and genetic testing to identify patients at risk, stem cell therapy and gene therapy for cardiac dysfunction, and precision medicine for personalized treatment plans. Despite some limitations to this review, it provides valuable insights into the current understanding of stroke-related cardiac death and identifies important areas for future research. Ultimately, the implementation of evidence-based prevention strategies and personalized treatment plans has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with stroke and reduce the burden of stroke-related cardiac death in the population.

Injury Risk and Prevention Strategies Among Saudi and Irish Amateur Women Soccer Players – A qualitative study

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to explore how Saudi and Irish women amateur soccer players perceive soccer-related injury risk and prevention, including barriers and facilitators to the implementation of prevention strategies. Online interviews were conducted with 36 amateur women soccer players (20 Saudi and 16 Irish) of 18 years and older. Findings were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Three main themes were identified; (1) “we don’t have enough knowledge about injury prevention” (2) implementing injury prevention measures varies across players and teams, and (3) “we love the game…but we are undervalued”. The biopsychosocial characteristics of the players influenced their experiences on injury prevention in all three themes. Tailored educational programmes for women, their coaches, and parents of younger players, as well as provision of the required support for amateur teams are recommended to encourage participation and implementation of evidence-based injury prevention strategies, taking player’s biopsychosocial characteristics into account.

Effectiveness of catheter-associated urinary tract infections bundle approach to reduce urinary catheter associated infection rate among children admitted in Paediatric unit

Background: CAUTI bundle care aims to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infection, enhance quality of life and promote comfort. The present study aimed to assess the effect of CAUTI bundle approach on urinary catheter associated infection rate among children admitted in paediatric unit of KGMU. Methods: Quantitative research approach was done on 46 children who were admitted in paediatric unit, KGMU, Lucknow. Purposive sampling technique was used. Socio demographic was obtained by socio demographic Performa, CAUTI was assessed by urine culture test and symptomatic assessment of UTI. Results: The result revealed that on the basis of urine culture results, in exposed group majority of the children that is 18 (78.26%) was sterile and rest 5 (21.73%) was infected and in unexposed group 13 (56.52%) children was sterile and remain 10 (43.47%) was infected. And on the basis of symptomatic assessment for CAUTI, in exposed group majority of the children that is 17 (73.91%) are less symptomatic and remain 6 (26.08%) was more symptomatic for CAUTI and in unexposed group most of the children that is 14 (60.86%) was less symptomatic for CAUTI and rest 9 (39.13%) was more symptomatic for CAUTI. Conclusions: CAUTI bundles approach provides evidence-based prevention practices and strategies to reduce CAUTI. The present study found that CAUTI bundle care was effective in reducing CAUTI in children.

Injury profiles in sub-elite Women's Cricket: Exploring incidence, prevalence, nature, onset and body region

IntroductionThe rise in participation in sports, like women's cricket, is linked with increased injury risk. Providing high-level longitudinal data is the first step in implementing evidence-based injury prevention strategies. DesignProspective cohort study. ObjectiveThis cohort study aims to describe the injury profiles in sub-elite women's cricket in South Africa during the 2022/23 season. MethodsInjuries were prospectively recorded using injury surveillance questionnaires, injury surveillance database, and logbooks completed by each team's medical staff. Injury rates were investigated for match and training days, body region, player role, nature, and activity at the time of injury. ResultsThree teams with a total of 44 players (20.86 ± 1.6 years) were included in the study. Injury incidence was 85.23 per 1000 player match days, 15.91 for match time-loss and 69.32 for non-time-loss, with 2.95% of players unavailable for match selection on any day. Fast bowlers had the highest injury incidence. Fielding caused 46.67% of all injuries. Injury incidence was higher in training than in matches. The wrist/hand had the highest injury incidence and caused the most match time-loss. ConclusionThis study provides valuable insights regarding the current injury rates in sub-elite female cricket players.

Socioeconomic inequalitiesincancerincidence and mortality: An analysis of GLOBOCAN 2022.

Given the recent updates in cancer burden estimates by GLOBOCAN 2022, this study was undertaken to provide pertinent perspectives within the context of the Human Development Index (HDI) and major world economies. Datasets sourced from GLOBOCAN encompassed cancer cases and deaths across all cancer types in 2022, alongside projections up to 2050. Cancer incidences and deaths of the top 10 cancers within China and four distinct HDI-classified regions were compared using descriptive analyses. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and mortality rates (ASMRs) worldwide for the most prevalent cancers in 2022 across ten largest economies and four-tier HDIs were examined. The top five cancer types concerning both incidence and mortality in China were delineated by sex and age group. In males, prostate cancer predominated in countries with low, high (except China), and very high HDI. Prostate and liver cancers were prominent causes of death in countries with low HDI. In females, breast and cervical cancers predominated in countries with low-to-medium HDI. Lung and colorectal cancer incidence and deaths increased with high HDI for both sexes. ASIRs and ASMRs for breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers in the top 10 economies were higher than the global average. However, liver, stomach, and cervical cancers in most Western countries exhibited lower rates. In China, hematologic malignancies (43%) were prevalent among children aged 0-14 years, whereas thyroid cancer led among adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years. Regarding incidence and mortality, lung cancer predominated for individuals over 40 years, except for females aged 40-59 years, in whom breast cancer predominated. Projected trends indicated substantial increases in new cancer cases (76.6%) and deaths (89.7%) over the next three decades. Infection- and poverty-related cancer burdens are offset by increased prostate, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer incidence associated with rapid societal and economic transitions. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in China feature characteristics of developed and developing countries, necessitating tailored, evidence-based, and comprehensive strategies for effective cancer prevention and control.

Central Venous Access Device–Associated Skin Complications in Adults with Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study

To identify the prevalence and type of central venous access device-associated skin complications for adult cancer patients, describe central venous access device management practices, and identify clinical and demographic characteristics associated with risk of central venous access device-associated skin complications. A prospective cohort study of 369 patients (626 central venous access devices; 7,682 catheter days) was undertaken between March 2017 and March 2018 across two cancer care in-patient units in a large teaching hospital. Twenty-seven percent (n = 168) of participants had a central venous access device-associated skin complication. In the final multivariable analysis, significant (P < .05) risk factors for skin complications were cutaneous graft versus host disease (2.1 times greater risk) and female sex (1.4 times greater risk), whereas totally implanted vascular access device reduced risk for skin complications by two-thirds (incidence risk ratio 0.37). Central venous access device-associated skin complications are a significant, potentially avoidable injury, requiring cancer nurses to be aware of high-risk groups and use evidence-based preventative and treatment strategies. This study has confirmed how common these potentially preventable injuries are. Therefore, the prevalence of these complications could be reduced by focusing on improvements in skin assessment, reductions in central venous access device dressing variation and improving clinician knowledge of this injury.

Causes of Infant Choking (Children up to 1 Year of Age) and Strategies for Prevention: Systematic Review

Introduction: Choking in babies is not only a health issue, but also a source of anxiety for parents and caregivers, as it can lead to serious consequences, including serious injuries and, in extreme cases, death. Objective: Offer a thorough analysis of the existing literature on this critical topic. Methods: This study constitutes a systematic review, classified as exploratory and descriptive. The preparation of the research was a bibliographical search in electronic databases on methods associated with RSL (Systematic Literature Review) and the applications of SMARTER (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique using Exploiting Rankings). Results: A comprehensive systematically search of the literature yielded a total of 423 articles referring I'm the main causes of choking in children under 1 year of age, of which 11 articles were eligible I'm be included in this systematic review. Conclusion: Continued research and public education efforts are important in mitigating the risks associated with choking in infants. Implementing evidence-based prevention strategies is crucial to ensuring the safety and well-being of newborns and young infants.

Examining the impact of a health report card on follow through with fall risk recommendations: an observational study

BackgroundIncreasing older adults’ awareness of their personal fall risk factors may increase their engagement in fall prevention. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of and participant satisfaction with a comprehensive occupational therapy fall risk screening and recommendations for evidence-based fall prevention strategies based on personalized fall risk results for community-dwelling older adults.MethodsCognitively normal participants (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0) were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal study of memory and aging. Participants completed 2 annual in-home visits, fall risk questionnaires, and 12 months of fall monitoring between visits. Participants received a health report card with their fall risks and tailored recommendations in 6 domains. Participants completed follow-up questions at their next annual in-home visit about the fall risk recommendations and their satisfaction with receiving their fall risk results.ResultsTwo hundred five participants completed 2 annual visits and 12 months of fall monitoring. Of the 6 domains of recommendations provided, participants were most likely to follow through with getting an annual eye exam and reviewing their medications with their doctor or pharmacist. Older adults who fell were significantly more likely to receive recommendations for finding fall prevention classes (p = 0.01) and having a doctor or pharmacist review their medications (p = 0.004). The majority of participants were satisfied receiving their fall risk results (92%) and believed it to be beneficial (90%), though few participants shared their results with their doctor (20%).ConclusionsAn occupational therapy fall risk screening and tailored recommendations were not sufficient to encourage follow through with fall risk recommendations. Older adults may benefit from additional support and encouragement to reduce their fall risk. Additional research is needed to examine awareness of fall risks and follow through with fall risk recommendations among community-dwelling older adults.

The burden and outcomes of firearm injuries at two district-level emergency centres in Cape Town, South Africa: A descriptive analysis

Background. In South Africa (SA), injuries are the second leading cause of years of healthy life lost, and interpersonal violence dominates the SA injury profile. Half of all injury-related deaths in SA are intentional, and firearms contribute to a quarter of these deaths. Injury surveillance systems are essential to develop, implement and monitor strategies that reduce preventable trauma. Objectives. To describe the burden of patients with firearm injuries and their outcomes at district-level emergency centres in the Western Cape. Methods. This study was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. All patients who presented to two district-level emergency centres with a firearm injury over a 12-month period (1 January 2019 - 31 December 2019) were eligible for inclusion. Results. Firearm injuries represented 5.7% of the trauma burden at the two district emergency centres. Of the 776 patients with firearm injuries who were included, the median age was 27 years, and 91% were male. A total of 520 (67%) patients self-presented, and there were 18 (2.3%) deaths in the emergency centre and a further 23 (3%) as inpatients. Of the total where wound location was determined (n=595), 30.4% sustained more than one firearm injury, and 112 out of the 167 admitted to Mitchells Plain Hospital required at least one visit to theatre. This accounted for 413 theatre hours and 1 376 inpatient bed days at Mitchells Plain Hospital. A significant proportion of patients (n=219, 29%) were transferred from the emergency centres to a tertiary service for further care. Conclusion. Firearm injuries represent a substantial proportion of the trauma burden at district emergency centres in the Western Cape Province. Managing patients with firearm injuries is resource intensive, as evident by their high acuity, the need for operative care, the long length of stay, the high burden on emergency medical services with interfacility transfers and the high demand for tertiary care. Data from this study aid our understanding of the prevalence and burden of firearm injuries at district level emergency centres, and multisectoral action, supported by evidence-based primary and secondary preventive strategies, is required to reduce the burden of firearm injuries, and mitigate their effects.

Racial/ethnic differences in the bullying victimization-suicidality link among LGBQ high school students in the United States.

Although the relationship between bullying victimization and suicidal behaviors of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (i.e., unsure of their sexual orientation) students has been well documented in research, few studies have focused on how bullying victimization might be related to suicidal behaviors among youth with intersectional identities. This study examines associations between bullying victimization and suicidal behaviors across racial/ethnic groups in a sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) students. Data for this cross-sectional study were derived from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey combined data set (2003-2019), with a sample of 95,603 students who identified as LGBQ. Analyses included descriptive statistics and logistic regression. We found that homophobic bullying victimization was associated with higher odds of suicidal ideation and plans among the total sample and Black and Hispanic students. School-based bullying victimization was associated with higher odds of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts among white and Hispanic students and higher suicidal ideation among multiracial-non-Hispanic students. Cyberbullying victimization was not associated with suicidal behavior among Asian students, but it was associated with all forms of suicidal behavior among youth of other racial/ethnic identities. Addressing bullying victimization and suicidality with culturally relevant, evidence-based violence prevention strategies is critical.

Modifiable Risk Factors and Risk of Colorectal and Endometrial Cancers in Lynch Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary cause of colorectal and endometrial cancers. Modifiable risk factors, including obesity, physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking, are well-established in sporadic cancers but are less studied in Lynch syndrome. Searches were conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for cohort studies that investigated the association between modifiable risk factors and the risk of colorectal or endometrial cancer in people with Lynch syndrome. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for colorectal and endometrial cancers were pooled using a random effects model. The protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD 42022378462), and the meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guidelines. A total of 770 citations were reviewed. Eighteen studies were identified for qualitative synthesis, with seven colorectal cancer (CRC) studies eligible for meta-analysis. Obesity (HR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.52 to 3.73]) was associated with increased CRC risk. There was no increased CRC risk associated with smoking (HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.82 to 1.32]) or alcohol intake (HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.97 to 1.81]). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and some dietary factors might increase risk of CRC although more studies are needed. In a qualitative synthesis of three endometrial cancer cohort studies, female hormonal risk factors and T2DM may affect the risk of endometrial cancer, but obesity was not associated with an increased risk. Lifestyle recommendations related to weight and physical activity may also be relevant to cancer prevention for individuals with Lynch syndrome. Further high-quality prospective cohort studies, in particular, including endometrial cancer as an end point, are needed to inform evidence-based cancer prevention strategies in this high-risk population.

Impact of the minimum wage increase on intimate partner violence (IPV): a quasi-experimental study in South Korea

BackgroundPoverty is associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), but whether exogenous increases in wage could reduce IPV among low-income women is still unclear. We examined whether the 2018 minimum wage...