Everyday Conflict Research Articles

Ethics of clinical trials in dermatology

The ethics of clinical trials have been the subject of numerous previous publications and mandates that are used by institutional review boards on an everyday basis. The protection of human rights and the sanctity of informed consent are critical components of clinical research monitored by human subjects investigation committees throughout our profession. In this contribution, the everyday conflicts of interest that can compromise clinical research in dermatology are presented in a case format. Of utmost importance, the primary interest of the investigating dermatologist should always be the patient at hand and those who could benefit from the research. Navigating the turbulence created by finances, academia, and corporate America is critical. By presenting several case scenarios within the relatively rare disease arena of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, these conflicts can be appreciated. Consequently, understanding these influences in one disease setting permits generalizations to be applied to any dermatologic clinical research.

The Everyday Occupation of Space by Teenagers in a Deprived Neighbourhood: Conflict Without Mobilisation

ABSTRACTAround the world, there is increasing concern with the ways in which different populations use public spaces and places. Focusing on the French context, this paper investigates conceptual difficulties inherent in the co‐occupation of space by different population groups. The focus is to shed light on the ordinary engagement of teenagers in a working‐class neighbourhood in terms of differentiated social practices according to gender, age, social network, the physical and social morphology of the neighbourhood, and relational and situational criteria. Their occupation of space is channelled by public policies as well as educational, family, and socio‐educational care that structure their time and space. However, this paper highlights also the subjective dimension. Manipulating the ‘regime of familiarity’ and the ‘regime of regular planning’, teenagers learn through experimentation to use the ‘regime of justification’, thus challenging adult spatiality in terms of their moral and political involvement.The deliberate and involuntary characteristics of their occupation of space transgresses the accepted uses of public space and disturbs adults. Their actions produce discomfort, which adult residents express through distancing practices. Teenagers recall various situations of general dissatisfaction that they are unable to synthesise in a complaint with reference to a general problem, and they express this feeling through stronger transgressions. Low‐level conflict between adults and teenagers is thus self‐perpetuated.Furthermore, teenagers' occupation of space is differentiated between girls and boys, between the ‘cool’ teenagers and the ‘geeks’, the teenagers from the neighbourhood and those from the outside, those who ‘have origins’ and those who do not. This generates unpleasant reciprocal disturbance and an everyday conflict that is further perpetuated by the failure to frame this disturbance as a public problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stressful Life Events and Psychosomatic Symptoms Among Students Smokers and Non-smokers

The objective of this study is to analyze the rate of stressful life events and psychosomatic symptoms among students smokers and non-smokers and examine the predictive contribution of stress and smoking to subjective health status. Methods were conducted on a convenience sample of 200 students from the University of Mostar, with a median age of 21 (inter-quartile range, three). Exposure to stress was determined using the scale of stressful life events, which assesses social alienation, time pressure, academic failure, everyday social conflicts and academic maladjustment. Psychosomatic symptoms were explored by the questionnaire of psychosomatic symptoms, which assesses gastrointestinal, dermatological, musculoskeletal, pseudoneurological, cardiovascular, flu and cold symptoms. Students were divided into a group of smokers and non-smokers. A group of non-smokers consisted of 101 students who had never smoked, while group of smokers consisted of 99 students who smoke at least three cigarettes per day. The significant differences of results in stressful live events between smokers and non-smokers were obtained for the subscales of social alienation, academic failure and everyday social conflicts. Smokers differed from non-smokers in rate of gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular symptoms and the symptoms of flu and cold. Exposure to stressful life events and smoking were significant predictors of psychosomatic symptoms. The results showed that stressful life events related to academic failure and social relation were important variables in understanding the smoking. Subjective psychological and physical symptoms were most frequently prevalent in smokers compared to non-smokers. Exposure to stressful life events and smoking predicted difficulties in psychological subjective health status.

Supplemental Material for Preschoolers' Everyday Conflict at Home and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns

Supplemental Material for Preschoolers' Everyday Conflict at Home and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns

Acculturation-based and everyday parent–adolescent conflict among Chinese American adolescents: Longitudinal trajectories and implications for mental health.

The purpose of the study was to examine 2 types of conflict for Chinese American families that have not been integrated in previous literature: everyday conflict and acculturation-based conflict. We explored the relation between the 2 types of conflict over time and their associations with adolescent adjustment (i.e., anxiety/somatization, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem). The sample consisted of 316 Chinese American adolescents (M = 14.8 years, SD = .73 at Wave 1) who participated in a 3-wave longitudinal study. The results showed that everyday and acculturation-based conflict are related and change in parallel over time. However, the 2 types of conflict are unique predictors of the 4 different indicators of psychological functioning. Results also suggested that psychological functioning is a better predictor of trajectories of conflict than vice versa. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of considering how the acculturation process contributes to parent-adolescent conflict regarding everyday issues and deeper cultural values.

Everyday Conflict and Daily Stressors: Coping Responses of Black Women

The purpose of this study was to explore how Black women cope with the impact of daily stressors in their lives. To understand stress and coping among Black women, it was necessary to explore the interlocking effects of race, gender, and social class on these stressors and their effects on the women’s ability to cope with the consequences for their health and emotional and psychological well-being. An exploratory design with grounded theory methods was used to develop a midrange theory about stress and coping among Black women on the basis of the women’s experience with sociocultural factors, namely, race, gender, and social class. The implications for practice of the findings underscore the continuing significance of racism and sexism in the everyday lives of Black women.

Climate and society in colonial Mexico: a study in vulnerability

List of Tables and Figures. Series Editors' Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 A Vulnerable Society. Introduction. Changing Vulnerabilities. Climate Change and the 'Double-Sided' Structure of Vulnerability 5 Exploring Climate and Society in Mexico. Climate History and Vulnerability in Mexico. Case Studies and Approach. 2 Climate, Culture and Conquest: North, South and Central Mexico in the Pre-European and Contact Period. Environmental Marginality and Society in the Conchos Basin, Chihuahua. Guanajuato and the Chichimec Territory. Power and Political Growth in the Central Valley of Oaxaca. 3 Exploring the Anatomy of Vulnerability in Colonial Mexico. Introduction. The Tools of Conquest and Colonization. The Emergence of Regional Colonial Political Economies. Climatic Variability and Vulnerability in Colonial Mexico: A Preview. 4 Responding to Crisis: Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity in Colonial Mexico. Introduction. Moral Economic and Institutional Responses to Climate and Crisis in Colonial Mexico. Speculation and Scarcity: Capitalizing on Climate Knowledge. Trade in Grains: Providing for the 'Engines' of the Colonial Political Economy. Tribute, Food Aid and the Supernatural: Appealing to a Common Sense of Loss. 'Compadrazgo', Community Engagement and Public Works. 'Most sensitive and saddening events': Flood Risk and Social Capital Response in Colonial Guanajuato. 'Great floods' and 'Strong winds': Damaging Events, Adaptation and 'Non-Adaptation' in Colonial Oaxaca. Responding Strategically: Climate, Consciousness and Experimentation. 5 Dearth, Deluge and Disputes: Negotiating and Litigating Water and Climate in Colonial Mexico. Introduction. Water and Local 'Everyday Conflicts' in the Country and City. Regional Resistance: Drought, Disease and Rebellion in Northern Mexico. Vulnerability, Riots and Rebellions: Rare Events or 'Tipping Points'? 6 Illusory Prosperity: Economic Growth and Subsistence Crisis in the Disastrous Eighteenth Century. Introduction. Decline and Depression in Seventeenth-Century Mexico. Economic Boom and Bust: Absolutism and Globalization in Late Colonial Mexico. 'A time of calamity': A Synthesis of Climate and Crises in Late Colonial Mexico. From Crisis to Insurrection: Vulnerability and Popular Unrest in the Early Nineteenth Century. 7 Regional, National and Global Dimensions of Vulnerability and Crisis in Colonial Mexico. Introduction. Prolonged Drought and the Conditions of Crisis in Late Colonial Chihuahua. Drought, Risk and the Social Construction of Flooding in the Bajio. Resilience and the Rare Event: Climate, Society and Human Choice in the Indigenous South. Crises in Context and Historical 'Double Exposure'. Closing Comments. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

Horror Crime or Bad Habit? Blasphemy in Premodern Europe, 1200–1650

In public debates the issue of blasphemy is often marked as a modern phenomenon. In fact, blasphemous speech acts were also an integral part of everyday life in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern Europe. Cursing and swearing, oaths and other blasphemous utterances were used in all strata of society. While enraged preachers condemned this mortal sin and various laws threatened with capital punishment, the common practice was different as most blasphemies passed with minor punishments or even without any kind of prosecution. Attacks on the honour of God were constituent elements of everyday conflict behaviour. Blasphemy therefore must not be misinterpreted as indication of religious indifference or even unbelief, but rather as different usage of the religious sphere in premodern times.

Negotiators who give too much: Unmitigated communion, relational anxieties, and economic costs in distributive and integrative bargaining.

A series of studies found that the personality dimension of unmitigated communion (H. L. Fritz & V. S. Helgeson, 1998) leads negotiators to make concessions to avoid straining relationships. Results indicate that even within the population of successful business executives, this dimension of relational anxiety can be identified distinctly from more general relational orientations, such as agreeableness, and that it distinctly predicts accommodating tendencies in everyday conflicts. In economic games, unmitigated communion predicts giving in contexts in which the relational norm of reciprocity applies, but not in contexts tapping instrumental or altruistic motives for cooperation. In distributive negotiations, the effect of unmitigated communion in lowering a negotiator's outcome is mediated by prenegotiation anxieties about relational strain and plans to make large concessions if needed to avoid impasse (lower reservation points). In integrative negotiations, high unmitigated communion on both sides of the negotiation dyad results in relational accommodation, evidenced by decreased success in maximizing economic joint gain but increased subjective satisfaction with the relationship.

Where Ordinary Activities Lead to War

Where Ordinary Activities Lead to War

Os predicados da ordem: os usos sociais da justiça nas Minas Gerais 1780-1840

Através da análise da atividade do sistema de justiça na comarca do Rio das Mortes, durante o período de construção do Estado imperial, este artigo busca elucidar seus usos e significados entre os diferentes grupos sociais, salientando sua presença na resolução dos conflitos cotidianos e na negociação da ordem. Pretende-se discutir determinados aspectos da construção do Estado, associados ao processo progressivo de monopolização e controle da ordem social, sendo esta tomada como resultante da crescente capacidade do Estado em negociar seus parâmetros através do sistema jurídico.

Another Brick in the Wall? Putting Freedom and Democracy on the Curriculum in Hungarian Schools

Hungary is an East Central European country with a population of 10 million. Every day about 1,821,000 children (between the ages of six and eighteen) go to kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools. Approximately a further one million parents and teachers are affected by the public institutional system. How does this mass of many millions of people manage everyday conflicts? What conflict management and civic models does Hungarian public education use today, 15 years after transition to democracy? Relying on nation-wide studies carried out in recent years by the Kurt Lewin Foundation I will now attempt to reveal answers to questions like these. Our work presents the connection and correlation between school aggression, hazing, and the civic socialisation of the individual. The text is also inclusive of a number of interview extracts, too.

The art of managing everyday conflict: understanding emotions and power struggles

The art of managing everyday conflict: understanding emotions and power struggles

Conflict and the Organization-in-the-Making: A Relational View of Perspective-taking, Practice, Social Reproduction and Change

Building on the concept of organizations as conflictual systems characterized by the production of negotiated order, this paper considers the role of everyday conflict within organizations. Conflict is commonly viewed as disruptive to social and organizational order. In contrast, the practice theories of Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu, and others indicate the dynamic mechanisms by which social systems reproduce order. These mechanisms involve the recursive relationship of social structure and social process through the development of habituated practice, but they have been challenged as providing little explanation for social change. In response, the argument made here is that conflict is a necessary element to explain human agency and changes in practices in organizational contexts. This argument is explored through examination of a case of multi-party conflict in a bookstore cooperative. In this case conflict is seen as stemming from the relational clash of differing perspectives, reflecting the multiple perspectives taken toward any set of organizational events. The interaction of perspectives stimulates the production of mutations in knowledge and practice, with the organization always in-the-making. Some terms of a conflict vocabulary - re-minding, re-membering, and re-acting - are proposed as one means to communicate the conflict's functionality in contemporary, pluralistic organizations.

The peculiarities of conscript’s experienced stress and coping

Stress and particularly coping is one of the most widely studied topics in military psychology. That is caused by two main reasons: 1. Military operational environment can be described as extremely stressful. One of the criteria of good military preparedness is the ability to perform in the stressful situations. 2. The price of stress effects on military performance can be very high. This article investigates peculiarities of conscript’s experienced stress and coping according transactional stress model of R. S. Lazarus. Sample of 114 conscripts was participating in the main research. Two scales – „The Primary Appraisal of Military Service Scale“ and „The Conscript’s Experienced Stress Scale“ – were specially constructed for this study. The secondary appraisal of military service was measured with four items proposed by R. S. Lazarus. Coping was assessed by D. Roger „Coping Style Questionnaire“ which was modified by A. Elklit. V. Domanskaitė-Gota and D. Gailienė (Vilnius University) prepared the Lithuanian versijon of this „Coping Style Questionnaire.“ Military service performance was assessed using the evaluation of theoretical tests and general evaluation of physical test.Gathered data confirmed 6 sources of conscripts’ stress. These are: 1) performance of military tasks; 2) tiredness and lack of time; 3) leaders’ behaviour; 4) everyday routine and conflicts; 5) making great demands of conscripts; 6) difficult tasks. It appeared that the biggest stress is caused by everyday minor events (tiredness and lack of time, everyday routine and conflicts), the smallest level of stress is associated with leaders’ behaviour and making great demands of conscripts. The stress level in the beginning of military service can be used for the anticipation of the stress level in the end of military service and also of the experienced stress in military service. Primary appraisal of different military service aspects was strongly related to experienced stress (p ≤ 0.01). Experienced stress was also significantly related to emotional and avoiding coping strategies (p ≤ 0.01). The significant correlation was also obtained while analysing results of military service performance and emotional coping strategy – those conscripts, who use emotional coping strategy more frequently, are worse evaluated for military service performance (p ≤ 0.05). The experienced stress was related to military service performance – those who had experienced small stress were evaluated better for military performance comparing with those conscripts who had experienced big stress.

‘There Very Children were Soe Full of Hatred’: Royalist Clerical Families and the Politics of Everyday Conflict in Civil War and Interregnum England

In Ugborough, Devonshire, in the mid-1640s, the young son of Emmanuel Sharp, the former Royalist rector of Bathealston, Somerset, joined a group of children at a bonfire. As people gathered to hear news of another battle won by Parliament, a local tailor spotted one child and denounced him as a ‘priest’s bastard’. Mrs Sharp flew to the defence of her son’s legitimacy and her own marital honour. Heavily pregnant, Mrs Sharp miscarried as a result of the commotion. The involuntary abortion was allegedly acclaimed by local Puritans, who purportedly celebrated ‘[t]hat ye calf was dead, & if ye cow had died also they would have made a Bonfire… [up] to Heaven’.

“Clean your Room!”

Middle-class African American adolescents' and parents' (n = 82 families) everyday conflicts were examined longitudinally over 2 years. The number and frequency of conflicts did not change from early to middle adolescence, but mothers rated conflicts as less intense and adolescents rated conflicts as more intense over time. Conflicts over home-work increased and conflicts over the adolescents' rooms declined from early to middle adolescence. African American adolescents primarily justified conflicts on the basis of personal jurisdiction, and personal reasoning increased significantly with age. Mothers' pragmatic justifications for conflicts increased and their social-conventional justifications decreased over time. Across ages, nearly all conflicts were resolved by adolescents' giving in to parents. Compromise was relatively infrequent but increased with age, whereas reported use of punishment decreased. Although conflict may reflect normative developmental processes of individuation, the cultural and ecological context of middle-class African American families influences its expression and resolution.

The relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: ethical problems with the every-day conflict of interest.

The relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: ethical problems with the every-day conflict of interest.

Interpersonal Conflicts of Women in Nursing Homes: An Administrative Perspective

Older women may respond to conflicts by suppressing anger. Suppressed anger is associated with depression and hypertension. Research on the everyday conflicts of community-dwelling older women has begun to emerge. Such information is not available for women in nursing homes, and is necessary for developing interventions that can help protect women in nursing homes against anger-related illness. Nursing home administrators were surveyed to evaluate women's health promotion programming in general, and the incidence of and institutional response to conflicts of women residents. About 74% of residents were women; yet, women's health promotion programs were rare (offered in 1 out of 25 facilities, or 4%). Ninety percent of administrators identified depression as the most significant women's health problem, but tended to see it as warranting medical rather than programmatic attention. Eighty percent identified strained interpersonal relationships as a significant health problem for women, requiring programmatic attention. In particular, administrators identified the need for programming to help women residents resolve conflicts with roommates and family members. Formal mechanisms for managing conflicts of residents did not exist in sample nursing homes.

Everyday Conflict and Stress Among Older African American Women

Older African American women are at high risk for morbidity due to anger suppression and stress. Yet sources of everyday stress and conflict in the lives of older African American women have not been documented. Such information is essential for developing health promotion programs. A focus group study was conducted with older African American women on everyday stress and conflict. Everyday stress stemmed from worries about functional disability and about accessing transportation. Everyday conflicts occurred with adult children, teen-aged grandchildren, and older neighbors or peers. Conflicts with adult children centered on how the adult child was raising his/her children. Conflicts with grandchildren centered on social respect. Conflicts with neighbors/peers centered on perceived rudeness or past transgressions. Participant strategies for dealing with stress and conflict tended to be avoidant. A training program in constructive conflict strategies for older African American women is presented that draws on information gained in the focus groups.