Everyday Behavior Research Articles

The Effects of Social, Economic, and Psychological Pressures on Negative Practices During Emergency Crises in Jordanian Society: The Coronavirus Pandemic as a Case Study

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the influence of social, economic, and psychological factors on the prevalence of negative behaviors during emergency crises in Jordanian society.
 Methods: The researchers utilized a questionnaire as the primary research instrument. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 1111 respondents to assess the impact of social, economic, and psychological factors on their everyday behaviors. The sample size was affected by the curfew, resulting in some limitations.
 Results: The findings indicate that social, economic, and psychological influences had a significant impact on individuals' behaviors, with high levels reported for each domain (social: 3.768%, economic: 3.706%). However, the occurrence of negative practices was rated at a moderate level (2.775%). The study reveals that the aforementioned variables contribute to individuals' engagement in negative behaviors. Additionally, this study proposes a creative-critical model to assist criminology scholars in managing negative reactions, particularly during urgent circumstances. By examining this study, experts in the field can predict and address people's negative reactions before they manifest, enabling them to make informed decisions in such critical conditions.
 Conclusions: This study provides practical insights into the effects of specific variables on individuals' negative responses to the Coronavirus pandemic, a timely topic. The findings can support experts in crisis management, particularly during epidemics, by proactively addressing and preventing negative behaviors before they occur.

Umweltwissen und Umweltbewusstsein von Studierenden der Generation Z: eine Online-Umfrage an der Universität Ulm

BackgroundThe issues of climate change, environmental pollution and species extinction play an increasingly central role in the public debate. At the same time, however, there is a significant gap between environmental knowledge and sustainable action (so-called value-action gap). The education system, especially at the university level, is an important institution for imparting well-founded knowledge on this topic and, as a consequence, for deriving targeted options for action. The present study surveyed the current environmental knowledge and environmental awareness, including the everyday behavior of Generation Z students of medical study programs in comparison to science-oriented study programs. MethodsIn October/November 2021, an anonymous and voluntary online survey was conducted at the University of Ulm to evaluate the environmental knowledge and awareness of students in all semesters of the study programs Human Medicine, Dentistry, Molecular Medicine, Biology and Teaching. A total of 317 students fully completed the questionnaire. ResultsThe results confirm the current state of studies on the environmental awareness of the German population. The value-action gap is also detectable among students. Students perceive the urgency of environmental protection measures and action on climate change and also link these with emotional feelings, but in terms of behavior personal interests (still) tend to largely take precedence over environmental protection. In addition, according to our findings, the image of stereotypes and prejudices of the various courses of study is also partially confirmed in the surveyed environmental awareness. ConclusionThe significant differences in environmental awareness between the compared degree programs and the gap between knowledge and action call for an individual but consistent implementation of the topics of climate change and environmental protection in the curriculum in all investigated degree courses. With the knowledge and awareness gained in this way, academics as distinguished members of society can convey climate awareness and fulfill the function as a role model.

When do I feel good when I am nice? A diary study about the relationship between prosocial behavior and well‐being

AbstractPrevious research has shown that prosocial behavior not only benefits the person being helped, but also promotes the well‐being of the person helping. Still, several specific characteristics of the helping situation have not yet been considered in one single study. Thus, we examined under which circumstances the helper's well‐being is more or less positively influenced. We carried out a 7‐day diary study with 363 participants who reported on their everyday prosocial behavior as well as their well‐being. We examined the effect of 13 potential moderation variables based on theoretical assumptions of self‐determination theory and theories about reciprocity and altruism, as well as invested resources. Overall, the results replicated the positive effect of prosocial behavior on well‐being. However, the helper's autonomy, the recipient's gratitude and low responsibility for the situation, the improvement of the situation through helping, and low expected self‐blame (when not helping) on the side of the helper were necessary conditions. Moreover, taking within‐subject effects into consideration, significant random effects in multilevel models showed that the effect of prosocial behavior on well‐being can highly differ from person to person, emphasizing that not all people under all circumstances are happier when they help others.

Increase in Alcohol Use Among the Geriatric Trauma Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound effects on the everyday behaviors of all patients. At the same time, the United States population is aging, and an increasing portion of traumatically injured patients are geriatric. Our study aims to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the geriatric trauma population. We performed a retrospective review of the trauma database from our single institution level I trauma center examining pandemics impact on geriatric trauma demographics, mechanism of injury, injury severity, hospitalization characteristics, and alcohol use. Data during the pandemic was compared to the prior 3 years and controlled for seasonality. Statistical analysis demonstrated an increase in duration of mechanical ventilation and alcohol use during the pandemic while other factors remained stable. This shows the need for targeted alcohol assessment in the geriatric trauma population during periods of social isolation and additional research into the effects of the COVID-19 on trauma patients.

A Study of Psychological Mechanisms and Relevant Application Research of Status Quo Bias

This paper introduces a phenomenon in which individuals are unwilling to change their current state after period of directed choices. We call it status quo bias. Status quo bias is an influential theory in behavioral economics, where people's reluctance to risk common sense in the face of unknown choices is explained by a combination of loss aversion and regret theory, causing the choices to look better than its alternatives. We choose to utilize examples of Coca-Cola company and European organ donation as the basis of our study to concentrate on the deeper influence of status quo bias on some degree of significance to the individuals or companies concerned who are affected by it as the study method. Meanwhile, the reason we choose to study this topic is that it is a classic and important basic theory in behavioral economics, and it has an unshakable position in the current industrial structure and economic development environment of most enterprises, and it is also widely use in daily life. We also analyze the pros and cons in terms of losses and gains, and we demonstrate through examples that gains do outweigh losses when following the status quo bias. From the application of this paper, we can conclude the following points: the study of the theory of status quo bias can help us better understand the behavior of micro-actors in the market and improve the theories about consumer behavior and other related areas in the direction of economics; decision makers can respond to people's tendency of status quo bias in practical areas such as marketing industry, administrative fields or public policies and so on. To sum up, it is significant to grasp well in both the comprehension and interpretation of everyday decision-making behavior of status quo and its application in various practice areas.

I just don’t agree with my parents: Why Chinese adolescents keep secrets

The present study investigated 195 Chinese adolescents’ ( Mage = 15.9, SD = 1.46, 56% female) everyday secret-keeping behaviors and their rationale for their behaviors as reported in a two-week daily diary. A total of 860 secrets were reported. Chinese adolescents primarily kept secrets involving personal activities, followed by academic events and events concerning interpersonal relationships and electronic use. Justifications for their secretive behaviors mainly included reports of fear of parental disapproval in all types of events, particularly in personal events. Adolescents’ fear of parental disapproval was often referenced in the context of adolescents’ belief that their parents differed when it came to the value of doing activities outside of academics and attitudes towards adolescents’ academic successes and failures. Our findings highlighted the significance of academic events and achievement in Chinese adolescents’ secret-keeping behaviors and the central role of avoiding parental punishment or criticism in their justifications across all types of events. Girls reported a greater proportion of secrets concerning personal activity and a smaller proportion concerning electronic use than boys. Developmental differences were also found in the reporting of keeping secrets in personal activity and electronic use, i.e., adolescents reported more secrets in personal activity but fewer secrets concerning electronic use when they grew older. The findings highlight the importance of balancing adolescents’ needs for autonomy development and academic achievement in adolescent-parent relationships.

Sorry—Bad Habit! Validation of the German Self-Report Habit Index with a Test for Its Relation to Potentially Addictive Forms of Health-Risk Behaviors

AbstractHabits are highly automated behaviors that have received renewed attention in addiction research. The Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI) is a widely used measure of habits. Two cross-sectional online studies aimed at validating a German version of the SRHI to assess two everyday health-risk behaviors: caffeine consumption and smartphone/tablet use. In both studies (N = 1310), the SRHI scales (one adapted for caffeine consumption, one for smartphone/tablet use), as well as corresponding addiction scales and health outcomes (study 1), or established validity measures (study 2), were assessed. Both SRHI scales showed satisfying item characteristics, high internal consistencies (αs > .90), adequate construct validity, and a three-factorial solution with a satisfying model fit (CFI/TLIs > .95, SRMRs ≤ 0.05). Highest correlations emerged between SRHI and addiction scales. The studies show that the German SRHI can be used to validly assess health-risk behaviors. The observed strong correlations of the SRHI scales with addiction scales suggest that (self-reported) habit is indeed an important aspect to consider in addiction research.

0753 Mothers’ sleep and executive function: Downstream implications for parenting and toddlers’ executive function

Abstract Introduction Mothers’ sleep is positively associated with positive parenting (e.g., responsiveness) — what has not been established is how mothers’ executive function (EF) could mediate this association, and how, in turn, mothers’ parenting could influence the development of their toddlers’ EF. Methods Mothers and toddlers (N = 351) were followed at child ages 30, 36, and 42 months. Mothers were M = 32.70 years old (SD = 5.03); 49% of toddlers were male. The sample was largely middle class and 90% White. Fifteen percent of mothers were single. Thirty-one percent of mothers did not work outside the home, and 28% worked full time. Mothers’ sleep was measured via actigraphy. Mothers’ positive parenting was measured both in the home and the lab. At home, the toddlers’ bedtime routine was observed and rated for mothers’ responsiveness and involvement. In the lab, mothers’ positive affect during free play with their toddler was coded (with independent, inter-rater reliability of ICC = .80). The lab measure was correlated with the home visit measure (r = .22, p < 0.01). Mothers’ EF was measured via self-report on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF), which assesses everyday metacognition, behavior regulation, and emotion regulation. The average, where higher scores reflect worse EF, was used. Toddlers’ EF was measured by coders’ ratings of toddlers’ ability to sustain focused attention during independent free play in the lab visit (ICC = .83). Results Cross-sectionally, mothers’ sleep was associated with their EF (B = .12, p<.05). In a structural equation model across time, mothers’ actigraphic sleep that was shorter, later, and more variable predicted worse EF (B = 0.07), which in turn predicted less positive parenting (B = - 0.08), at levels trending towards significance. Mothers’ positive parenting was associated with toddlers’ observed sustained, focused attention, both within (r = .13, p < 0.05) and across time (r = .13, p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that a mother’s sleep can affect her EF and parenting, which can then support toddlers’ sustained attention development, an important aspect of executive function. Support (if any) Grants MH099437 from NIMH and HD073202 from NICHD

On That <em>Toy-Being</em> of Generative Art Toys

On That <em>Toy-Being</em> of Generative Art Toys

Are electrophysiological correlates of response inhibitionlinked to impulsivity and compulsivity? Amachine-learning analysis of a Go/Nogo task.

Heightened impulsivity and compulsivity are often found in association with both dysfunctional everyday behavior and with psychopathology. Impulsivity and compulsivity are also linked to alterations in behavioral response inhibition and its electrophysiological correlates. However, they are rarely examined jointly and their effect outside of clinical samples is still disputed. This study assesses the influence and interaction of impulsivity and compulsivity as measured by questionnaires (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised) on behavioral performance and event-related potentials (N2, P3a, and P3b) in a visual Go/Nogo task. Data from 250 participants from the general population (49% female; age M = 25.16, SD = 5.07) were collected. We used robust linear regression as well as regression tree analyses, a type of machine learning algorithm, to uncover potential non-linear effects. We did not find any significant relationship between the self-report measures and behavioral or neural inhibition effects in either type of analysis, with the exception of a linear effect of the lack of premeditation subscale of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale on behavioral performance. The current sample size was large enough to uncover even small effects. One possibility is that inhibitory performance was unimpaired in a non-clinical sample, suggesting that the effect of these personality traits on inhibition and cognitive control may require a clinical sample or a more difficult task version. Further studies are needed to uncover possible associations and interactions to delineate when impulsivity and compulsivity lead to dysfunctional everyday behavior and psychopathology.

Engagement with Urban Soils Part II: Starting Points for Sustainable Urban Planning Guidelines Derived from Maya Soil Connectivity

Using the Precolumbian lowland Maya model of urban soil connectivity discussed in Part I, we review how soil connectivity can transition into urban planning policy and, by extension, could ultimately become codified as vantages and guidelines for urban design. In Maya agro-urban landscapes, the interspersion of open and green space with construction and paving provides edges (or interfaces) between sealed and unsealed soils at which the potential for soil connectivity manifests. These edges create an undeniable opportunity for urban planning to determine methods, guidelines, and conditions that can enhance soil connectivity. We argue that adequate attention to soils in urban sustainability goals would counteract misconceptions about the compact city paradigm and compensation for soil sealing in urban practice. Through preserving and increasing urban soil availability, proximity, and accessibility, advisory policies can stimulate shared values and everyday behaviours that reinforce the responsible and productive use of urban soils. Such urban planning can enable and encourage widespread participation in urban soil management. To promote policymaking on urban soils, we assess the importance and challenges of using urban green space as a proxy for the presence of urban soils. Our review suggests that urban green space offers high potential for use in urban planning to develop habit architectures that nurture soil-oriented pro-environmental behaviour. However, we also acknowledge the need for consistent and systematic data on urban soils that match sustainable urban development concepts to assist the effective transition of soil connectivity into urban planning codifications. Formulating adequate soil-oriented planning guidelines will require translating empirical insights into policy applications. To this end, we propose methods for enhancing our understanding and ability to monitor urban soil connectivity, including onsite surveys of land-use and bottom-up experience of soils, the mapping of the edges between sealed and unsealed soils, and using landscape ecological scales of analysis. In conclusion, we position soil care and connectivity as a primary task for urban planning and design and digest our findings and empirical vantages into concrete starting points devised as instruments to support urban planning in achieving soil codification.

Association between the COVID-19 Vaccine and Preventive Behaviors: Panel Data Analysis from Japan.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine is key to reducing the probability of contracting COVID-19. The vaccine is generally known to prevent severe illness, death, and hospitalization as a result of the disease and for considerably reduce COVID-19 infection risk. Accordingly, this might significantly change an individual's perceived risk of altering everyday behaviors. For instance, the proliferation of vaccination is anticipated to reduce preventive behaviors such as staying at home, handwashing, and wearing a mask. We corresponded with the same individuals monthly for 18 months from March 2020 (early stage of COVID-19) to September 2021 in Japan to independently construct large sample panel data (N = 54,007), with a participation rate of 54.7%. We used a fixed effects model, controlling for key confounders, to determine whether vaccination was associated with a change in preventive behaviors. The major findings are as follows. Contrary to the prediction, (1) based on the whole sample, being vaccinated against COVID-19 led people to stay at home; however, it did not change the habit of handwashing and wearing a mask. Especially after the second shot, respondents were likelier to stay at home by 0.107 (95% CIs: 0.059-0.154) points on a 5-point scale compared to before the vaccination. Dividing the entire sample into young and old, (2) those aged ≤ 40 years were more likely to go out after being vaccinated, and (3) people over 40 years of age were more likely to stay at home (similar to the first result). Preventive behaviors impact all individuals during the current pandemic. Informal social norms motivate people to increase or maintain preventive behaviors even after being vaccinated in societies where these behaviors are not enforced.

An Anthropological Perspective of Childbirth in the Batak Toba Tribe

This paper results from a study of the phenomenon born in the Batak Toba ethnic group. Birth in the Batak Toba society is a joy together. Not only family but even the surrounding community also rejoice. Batak Toba’s cultural values are a source of everyday behavior in the kinship system. Kinship is related to birth, which determines the position of the Batak Toba community. This study aimed to assess the process of giving birth and some of the rites performed and rarely performed in the Batak Toba tribe today. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research and literature review studies. Studies are written from various secondary sources, scientific journals, and anthropology based on the latest. The writing is carried out in a structured manner by classifying and developing various scientific sources based on the topics discussed. The analysis is carried out comprehensively to form a conclusion. The results show that the cultural practices carried out by the Batak Toba after giving birth are still carried out today. There are several themes: Postnatal care, childbirth care, efforts to maintain postnatal health, care for baby's organs, and the postnatal stages of children in the Batak Toba ethnicity, which are used for generations and traditional medicine is still running.

The illusion of pure reason in science: A cautionary note.

Introspection tells people that their behavior is both consciously reasoned and functional (i.e., rational), at least based on the evidence available to them. In contrast, research has found that much human behavior reported to be consciously determined, is strongly influenced by heuristics and the mechanistic principles of associative learning that usually function unconsciously and are sometimes sub-optimal. Scientists are trained to base their conclusions on a rational analysis of evidence, which enhances the scientific validity of their conclusions. But scientific training appears to do little to constrain the role of unconscious heuristics. The present point is that scientists are humans and, as such, they are subject to the influence of heuristics in their scientific conclusions just as laypeople are in their everyday behavior. As an example, the availability heuristic and how it seemingly feeds the repetition-induced truth effect are described. One consequence of this is that failures to replicate frequently cited papers do little to devalue the irreplicable reports. Although unconscious heuristics influence the scientific thinking of researchers, scientists are typically unaware of the role of these heuristics due to their operating below the horizon of introspection. This appears to explain the persistence, in light of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, of the views by many researchers that 'a prediction error is necessary for learning' and that 'reactivated memories have to be reconsolidated to be retained for future access.'

V12-01 VISUALIZATION OF IDIOPATHIC LEAD MIGRATION RESULTING IN SNM DEVICE FAILURE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023V12-01 VISUALIZATION OF IDIOPATHIC LEAD MIGRATION RESULTING IN SNM DEVICE FAILURE Nicholas Koch, Kayla Graham, Samuel Ivan, Heather Winn, Ryan Darvish, and Michael Kennelly Nicholas KochNicholas Koch More articles by this author , Kayla GrahamKayla Graham More articles by this author , Samuel IvanSamuel Ivan More articles by this author , Heather WinnHeather Winn More articles by this author , Ryan DarvishRyan Darvish More articles by this author , and Michael KennellyMichael Kennelly More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003347.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Twiddler’s syndrome is a well described phenomenon in cardiac literature where manipulation of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) batteries results in twisting of the lead, ultimately causing knotting , fracture and/or malfunction. Twiddler’s syndrome is also identified in neuromodulation devices, though poorly studied and understood in urologic literature surrounding sacral neuromodulation (SNM). After a patient’s premature failure of a SNM device with twisted leads, we sought to identify the underlying etiology. METHODS: One patient experienced two SNM device failures within 5 months due to lead migration and extreme twisting. This video outlines our investigation into the patient's underlying etiology Twiddler’s syndrome, previously published instances of the phenomenon in cardiology and sacral neuromodulation, a discussion of risk factors, and a finding of spontaneous Twiddler’ syndrome captured via fluoroscopy and office examination on video, with realtime visualization of patients IPG flipping within it's pocket. RESULTS: After in office physical examination and fluoroscopic investigation captured live on video, she was found to have a mobile and easily manipulated battery with observed and recorded flipping of her battery associated with everyday behaviors, including dressing. CONCLUSIONS: Neuromodulator lead migration and malfunction can occur due to Twiddler’s syndrome, often associated with the intentional manipulation of the lead by patients, commonly with psychiatric diagnoses. However, our video demonstrates via physical exam and fluoroscopy an instance of unintentional manipulation likely due to device location, patient habitus and pocket size. Considering these findings, the evaluation of a patient’s body habitus for location of placement, as well as use of additional safety measures including limiting pocket size, anchoring of the device ± use of TYVK pouch, are important considerations for surgical planning that may aid in prevention of idiopathic Twiddler’s syndrome and premature device failure. Source of Funding: N/A © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e1065 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Nicholas Koch More articles by this author Kayla Graham More articles by this author Samuel Ivan More articles by this author Heather Winn More articles by this author Ryan Darvish More articles by this author Michael Kennelly More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Male Perspective on Construction of Masculinity: Issues and Challenges in Lahore

Masculinity is the dominant gender discourse of masculine behaviour embedded in men’s everyday practices, behaviours, and actions. Since at least the 1980s, these gendered social norms have been argued to create stress, strain, and conflicts for men. Investigating those experiences and circumstances where gender patterns are less or more open to change is an important task of this research. Therefore, this study aims to include men in the “study up” approach of the gender research domain and include their experiences in the conversation of gendered lobbying under patriarchal perceptions. Using the Gender Role Strain paradigm as a guiding framework, the study intends to explore the male perspective on the construction of masculinity in contemporary Pakistani society. A qualitative phenomenological research design has been used, and snowball and purposive sampling techniques are used in conjunction for the recruitment of participants with the help of pre-defined inclusion criteria. The participants of the study are diverse in terms of age, educational background, and family situation. Each participant was interviewed at length using an in-depth interview guide, including topics from the beginning of childhood across the lifespan. The result of the interviews supports the social constructionist perspective of masculinity and also focuses on the strain and challenges of the masculine norms associated with the existing conceptions of masculinity and gender role strain.

INTEGRATION OF ISLAMIC SPIRITUAL EMOTIONAL AND INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

The results of education are not only cognitively centered but are emphasized on everyday moral behavior, which reflects on spiritual intellectual intelligence. This study aims to describe and analyze the planning and implementation of the integration of Islamic spiritual emotional and intellectual education in vocational high schools. The results of this study: Integration of Spiritual, Emotional, and Intellectual Education Curriculum at Nahdlatul Ulama Al Barokah Babat Vocational High School begins with curriculum integration planning in five stages, namely concept formulation, curriculum formulation at the education unit level by adding Arabic and NU subjects, preparation of academic and non-academic programs. The process of implementing curriculum integration through intra-curricular activities containing Arabic and Nuanism subjects, religious extracurricular activities, and habituation activities. The education curriculum integration model is a multidisciplinary model and a transdisciplinary model.

Key factors associated with child occupants’ suboptimal head positions when travelling in child restraint systems: Results from a naturalistic driving study of children in cars

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to quantify the real-world, everyday travel behaviours of child vehicle occupants and associations with child restraint systems (CRS)/booster seat (BS) head positions that are suboptimal in terms of crash injury risk. MethodsThe data from a naturalistic driving study (NDS) provided 414 trips for analysis. Child occupant behaviour, head position within their forward-facing CRS (FFCRS) or BS and other relevant information was coded for nine discrete 5 s intervals or ‘epochs’ (5%, 17%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 53%, 75%, 89% & 95% of trip duration). A total of 2158 epochs were analysed. The relative contributions of factors of interest to suboptimal head position were explored through a generalised estimating equation (GEE), which accommodated correlation between measurement in each epoch for an individual child. ResultsThe GEE revealed that, when compared to child occupants travelling in a FFCRS, child occupants travelling in a BS were twice as likely to have a suboptimal head position. Child occupants were also nearly one and a half times more likely to have a suboptimal head position if they were in the older age range for the restraint type that they were using (FFCRS or BS), if they had incorrect shoulder belt/harness use, or if they were interacting with other vehicle occupants. In addition, when compared to engagement in conversation, children's engagement in a lap-based activity (including use of electronic devices, toys and reading) increased the odds of suboptimal head position by nearly two and half times,. ConclusionsThis study identified key factors associated with child occupants’ head positions when travelling in a CRS. These findings suggest that various head positions are adopted during everyday travel. Future restraint and vehicle designs that improve the ability of child occupant protection systems (CRS and vehicle-based devices) to safely accommodate a wide range of suboptimal head positions that were commonly observed during everyday travel are encouraged.

Informal STEM learning: Examples from everyday spatial behaviors.

Extensive research has shown a close relationship between spatial abilities and success in STEM disciplines because many STEM problems often require students to reason about spatial information. Everyday spatial behaviors may predate and facilitate the development of spatial skills. Therefore, the current study examined children's everyday spatial behaviors and their associations with broader child development outcomes and individual differences. Based on previous research, we developed an everyday spatial behaviors questionnaire for children (ESBQC). A total of 174 parents and their children aged 4-9 years old participated. In ESBQC, parents rated how much difficulty their children experience with different spatial behaviors, such as putting together a puzzle, retracing a route, or hitting a moving ball. Factor analysis revealed 8 components in ESBQC. The internal reliabilities were relatively high. ESBQC was positively correlated with age but not with sex. Furthermore, ESBQC predicted sense of direction, even after considering age and bias associated with parent reports. Our questionnaire may provide a useful tool for parents and other stakeholders to better understand everyday spatial behaviors and encourage interest and competence in spatial skills, ultimately promoting STEM learning in informal, everyday settings.

Taking Inventory of the Creative Behavior Inventory: An Item Response Theory Analysis of the CBI

ABSTRACT The original 90-item Creative Behavior Inventory (CBI) was a landmark self-report scale in creativity research, and the 28-item brief form developed nearly 20 years ago continues to be a popular measure of everyday creativity. Relatively little is known, however, about the psychometric properties of this widely used scale. In the current research, we conduct a detailed psychometric investigation into the 28-item CBI by applying methods from item response theory using a sample of 2,082 adults. Our investigation revealed several strengths of the current scale: excellent reliability, suitable dimensionality, appropriate item difficulty, and reasonably good item discrimination. Several areas for improvement were highlighted as well: (1) the four-point response scale should have fewer options; (2) a handful of items showed gender-based differential item functioning, indicating some gender bias; and (3) local dependence statistics revealed clusters of items that are redundant and could be trimmed. These analyses support the continued use of the CBI for assessing engagement in everyday creative behaviors but suggest that the CBI could benefit from thoughtful revision.