Events Of February Research Articles

Atmospheric rivers drive exceptional Saharan dust transport towards Europe

This study highlights the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (ARs) over northwest Africa towards Europe, which were accompanied by intense episodes of Saharan dust transport all the way to Scandinavia, in the winter season. Using a combination of observational and reanalysis data, we investigate two extreme dusty AR events in February 2021 and assess their impact on snow melt in the Alps. The warm, moist, and dusty air mass (spatially-averaged 2-meter temperature and water vapour mixing ratio anomalies of up to 8 K and 3 g kg−1, and aerosol optical depths and dust loadings of up to 0.85 and 11 g m−2, respectively) led to a 50% and 40% decrease in snow depth and surface albedo, respectively, in less than one month during the winter season. ARs over northwest Africa show increasing trends over the past 4 decades, with 78% of AR events associated with severe dust episodes over Europe.

A multisociety organizational consensus process to define guiding principles for acute perioperative pain management

The US Health and Human Services Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force initiated a public–private partnership which led to the publication of its report in 2019. The report emphasized...

Effect of a cold event on population and community of pit-inhabiting sea urchins in Western Pacific coasts

AbstractCoastal tide pools in southern Japan are inhabited by the rock-boring sea urchin Echinostrephus molaris, which excavate pits in the substrate. These pits are subsequently used by non-boring sea urchins such as Anthocidaris crassispina and Echinometra sp. B, and the recolonized pits are often inhabited by a commensal limpet-like trochid snail species, Broderipia iridescens. We explored the population and community dynamics of these sea urchins and the limpet-like snail by monitoring occupancy of 512 pits in tide pools in Shirahama, Japan from May 2017–May 2019. Initially, nearly all pits were occupied by any one of the three sea urchin species, but an unusual cold event in February 2018 caused a mass die off of these sea urchins. After this event, occupancy decreased from 99% to 15%, and the tropical species Echinometra sp. B disappeared from the study pools. We observed slow population recovery of E. molaris and A. crassispina, provably via migration of sub-adults from the subtidal zone. Turnover rate of the pit-occupying sea urchin species was <1.0% before the cold event, but drastically increased after the cold event. Population size of the commensal snail decreased along with those of their host, but the rate of commensalism was constant at 50–55% throughout the study period, suggesting that these snails followed their host sea urchins repeating inter-pit migration. Despite mass mortality and slow recovery, the sea urchin density remained high enough to maintain persistent sea urchin barrens throughout the study period.

Local Government in Siberia in the 18th-Early 20th Century

The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by its insufficient study in the national historical science. Based on pre-revolutionary legislation, archival materials, and pre-revolutionary periodicals, the article examines the peculiarities of local government in Siberia during the imperial period. The research is grounded on the principles of historicism and objectivity and reveals the peculiarities of local government in Siberia in the 18th – early 20th centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that administration in Siberia was characterized by an almost complete absence of self-governing principles. Therefore, the powers of administrative and police bodies on the Siberian outskirts of the country had their own specifics and were broader than in the European provinces of Russia, along the almost absolute subordination of local self-government bodies to the police institutions of the regions, which was also specific for Siberia during the imperial period. Unable to resist additional challenges, the system of regional administration, which ensured public order in the Siberian region in the 18th – 19th centuries, was rapidly destroyed during the revolutionary events of February 1917

A message from the ‘underground forge of the gods’: history and current eruptions at Mt Etna

Mt Etna has made headlines over the last weeks and months with spectacular eruptions, some of them highly explosive. This type of paroxysmal eruptive behaviour is characteristic of Etna's activity over the past few decades and so it is no surprise that Etna is among the most active volcanoes worldwide. Etna is well‐known for its extraordinary geology and due to its repeated eruptive activity it provides a continuous supply of new scientific opportunities to understand the inner workings of large basaltic volcanic systems. In addition to its scientific value, Etna is also a world famous tourist attraction and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2013 for its geological and cultural value and not least for its fine agricultural products. Etna's status as an iconic volcano is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, Etna has been a literary fixture for at least 3000 years, giving rise to many ancient myths and legends that mark it as a special place, deserving of human respect. From the ancient eruptions to the latest events in February–April 2021, people try to explain and understand the processes that occur within and beneath the volcano. In this article, we briefly summarize the recent eruptive activity of Etna as well as the ancient myths and legends that surround this volcano, from the underground forge of Hephaestus to the adventures of Odysseus, all the way to the benefits and dangers the volcano provides to those living on its flanks today.

A Study of Two Impactful Heavy Rainfall Events in the Southern Appalachian Mountains during Early 2020, Part II; Regional Overview, Rainfall Evolution, and Satellite QPE Utility

Two heavy rainfall events occurring in early 2020 brought flooding, flash flooding, strong winds, and tornadoes to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Part I of the study examined large-scale atmospheric contributions to the atmospheric river-influenced events and subsequent societal impacts. Contrary to expectations based on previous work in this region, the event having a lower event accumulation and shorter duration resulted in a greater number of triggered landslides and prolonged downstream flooding outside of the mountains. One purpose of this study (Part II) is to examine the local atmospheric conditions contributing to the rather unusual surface response to the shorter duration heavy rainfall event of 12–13 April 2020. A second purpose of this study is to investigate the utility of several spaced-based QPE and vertical atmospheric profile methods in illuminating some of the atmospheric conditions unique to the April event. The embedded mesoscale convective elements in the warm sector of the April event were larger and of longer duration than of the other event in February 2020, leading to sustained periods of convective rain rates. The environment of the April event was convectively unstable, and the resulting available potential energy was sustained by relatively dry airstreams at the 700 hPa level, continuously overriding the moist air stream at low levels attributed to an atmospheric river.

A Study of Two Impactful Heavy Rainfall Events in the Southern Appalachian Mountains during Early 2020, Part I; Societal Impacts, Synoptic Overview, and Historical Context

Two heavy rainfall events occurring in early 2020 brought flooding, flash flooding, strong winds and tornadoes to the southern Appalachian Mountains. The atmospheric river-influenced events qualified as extreme (top 2.5%) rain events in the archives of two research-grade rain gauge networks located in two different river basins. The earlier event of 5–7 February 2020 was an event of longer duration that caused significant flooding in close proximity to the mountains and had the higher total accumulation observed by the two gauge networks, compared to the later event of 12–13 April 2020. However, its associated downstream flooding response and number of landslides (two) were muted compared to the April event (21). The purpose of this study is to understand differences in the surface response of the two events, primarily by examining the large-scale weather pattern and available space-based observations. Both storms were preceded by anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking events that led to a highly amplified 500 hPa wave during the February storm (a broad continent-wide 500 hPa cyclone during the April storm) in which the accompanying low-level cyclone moved slowly (rapidly). Model analyses and space-based water vapor observations of the two events indicated a deep sub-tropical moisture source during the February storm (converging sub-tropical low-level moisture streams and a dry mid-tropospheric layer during the April storm). Systematic differences of environmental stability were reflected in differences of storm-averaged rain rate intensity, with large-scale atmospheric structures favoring higher intensities during the April storm. Space-based observations of post-storm surface conditions suggested antecedent soil moisture conditioned by rainfall of the February event made the widespread triggering of landslides possible during the higher intensity rains of the April event, a period exceeding the 30 day lag explored in Miller et al. (2019).

Radiation Risks in a Mission to Mars for a Solar Particle Event Similar to the AD 993/4 Event

Within the past decade, evidence of excess atmospheric 14C production in tree rings, coupled with an increase in annually resolved measurements of 10Be in Arctic and Antarctic ice cores, have indicated that an extremely large solar particle event (SPE) occurred in AD 993/4. The production of cosmogenic nuclei, such as 36Cl in consonance with 10Be, indicate that the event had a very energetic “hard” particle spectrum, comparable to the event of February 1956. Herein, we estimate the potential radiation risk to male and female crew members on a mission to Mars that would occur from such an SPE. Critical organ doses and effective doses are calculated and compared with NASA space radiation limits for an SPE comparable to the AD 993/4 event, occurring during the transit phase to Mars, or while the crew members are operating on the surface of Mars. Aluminum shielding, similar in thickness to a surface lander, a spacecraft, and a storm shelter area within the spacecraft, are assumed for the transit phase. For surface operations, including the shielding provided by the atmosphere of Mars, shielding comparable to a spacesuit, enclosed rover, and a surface habitat are assumed. The results of our simulations indicate that such an event might have severe consequences for astronauts in transit to Mars. However, on the surface of Mars, the atmosphere provides some protection against an event similar to the 993/4 SPE. In general, the results show that additional shielding may be required for some of the assumed shielding scenarios.

The Treasury Market Flash Event of February 25, 2021

<ns3:p>The Treasury market flash event of February 25, 2021 underscores the pivotal role of high-speed liquidity provision in the most liquid electronic parts of the Treasury market. We find evidence that the sharp drop in prices that day was accompanied by a sudden drop in market depth and a brief deterioration in high-speed liquidity provision amid elevated transaction volumes, albeit to a much lesser extent than during the episode of severe illiquidity in March 2020. Similar to some previous episodes accompanied by moderately elevated economic and financial market uncertainty, market depth has recovered steadily since February 25 at a pace comparable to that observed following other such episodes, while high-speed liquidity provision appears to have rebounded fairly quickly. That said, market depth has taken over a month to partially recover, which suggests that Treasury market liquidity has been more heavily reliant on high-speed replenishment to meet trading demand and may remain fragile.</ns3:p>

Study of the Quasi 10‐Day Waves in the MLT Region During the 2018 February SSW by a Meteor Radar Chain

AbstractWe present a study of the quasi 10‐day waves (Q10DWs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) during a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in February 2018 based on three meteor radars located at Mohe (MH, 53.5°N, 122.3°E), Beijing (BJ, 40.3°N, 116.2°E), and Wuhan (WH, 30.5°N, 116.6°E). The enhanced Q10DWs are observed in the meridional component at MH and in the zonal component at BJ and WH. In the meridional component, the monthly mean Q10DW amplitudes in February 2018 are greater than 10 m/s at MH but weaker than ∼7 m/s at BJ and WH. In the zonal component, monthly mean Q10DWs amplitudes are ∼15 m/s at BJ and WH but only 9 m/s at MH. These latitudinal differences of the Q10DWs in the MLT region are very likely due to the Q10DW activity in the lower atmosphere and the mean background winds. The strong southward winds might bring the wave energy to MH in the meridional component during the occurrence of SSW, while the enhanced Q10DWs in the zonal component at BJ and WH are likely associated with the strong Q10DWs in the lower atmosphere and weakening eastward winds after the central date of the SSW. The significance test indicates that the enhanced Q10DWs in the meridional wind of MH and in the zonal wind of WH are very likely affected by the SSW. In addition, nonlinear interactions between the Q10DWs and other planetary waves also modulate the variations in the MLT region at BJ during the SSW.

Dust Transport from Inland Australia and Its Impact on Air Quality and Health on the Eastern Coast of Australia during the February 2019 Dust Storm

Dust storms originating from Central Australia and western New South Wales frequently cause high particle concentrations at many sites across New South Wales, both inland and along the coast. This study focussed on a dust storm event in February 2019 which affected air quality across the state as detected at many ambient monitoring stations in the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment (DPIE) air quality monitoring network. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecast Model—Chemistry) model is used to study the formation, dispersion and transport of dust across the state of New South Wales (NSW, Australia). Wildfires also happened in northern NSW at the same time of the dust storm in February 2019, and their emissions are taken into account in the WRF-Chem model by using Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN) as emission input. The model performance is evaluated and is shown to predict fairly accurate the PM2.5 and PM10 concentration as compared to observation. The predicted PM2.5 concentration over New South Wales during 5 days from 11 to 15 February 2019 is then used to estimate the impact of the February 2019 dust storm event on three health endpoints, namely mortality, respiratory and cardiac disease hospitalisation rates. The results show that even though as the daily average of PM2.5 over some parts of the state, especially in western and north western NSW near the centre of the dust storm and wild fires, are very high (over 900 µg/m3), the population exposure is low due to the sparse population. Generally, the health impact is similar in order of magnitude to that caused by biomass burning events from wildfires or from hazardous reduction burnings (HRBs) near populous centres such as in Sydney in May 2016. One notable difference is the higher respiratory disease hospitalisation for this dust event (161) compared to the fire event (24).

Evaluation of the ability of CFSv2 to forecast polar vortex displacements in the stratosphere of the Northern hemisphere

In this paper, the ability of the CFSv2 model to forecast the polar vortex displacements in the stratosphere of the Northern hemisphere is evaluated. We use the ERA-I reanalysis daily data of the potential vortex (pv) and the horizontal wind; vertical wind in the 430, 475, 530, and 600 K in the potential temperature field; and the temperature in the geopotential height at 50 hPa. And the 1–850 hPa isobaric surface temperature and u, v wind field daily data from the 9-month business forecast data of the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2). The two polar vortex displacement events shift to Eurasia that occurred in Feb 2008 and Jan 2012. The results show that the polar vortex displacement events in February 2008 and January 2012 shifted toward the European region. During the polar vortex displacements, the westerly wind at 60°N latitude decreases, the temperature gradient reverses at the north polar and 60°N latitudes at 50 hPa, and a weaker stratospheric warming occurs in this process. For two of the polar vortex displacement events, the CFSv2 predictions of the start, largest, and end times of the polar vortex displacement are accurate at forecast lead times of 0 and 5 days, and the prediction results for the westerly winds and temperature gradients are also excellent. However, the CFSv2 prediction ability at forecast lead times exceeding 20 days is poor. For the polar vortex displacement event in February 2008, the CFSv2 predictions are good for the start and largest times but are not consistent with the actual situation for the end time at a forecast lead time of 10 days. The CFSv2 predictions are good for the end time but are not accurate for the start and largest times at a forecast lead time of 15 days. For the polar vortex displacement event in January 2012, the CFSv2 predictions are poor for the start, largest and end times and for the zonal wind, but are good for the temperature gradient during the displacement at forecast lead times of 10 days. The change in the polar vortex boundary and zonal wind and temperature gradients cannot be predicted at forecast lead times of 15 days.

Приветственные телеграммы крестьян Центрального Черноземья Государственной думе в марте – апреле 1917 г.: источник и его информационные возможности

The article is devoted to the study of salutatory telegrams from peasants of the Central Black Earth Region to the State Duma in the spring of 1917. This source has significant cognitive capabilities. Being a mass source, it lends itself to quantitative analysis. 274 telegrams sent by peasant gatherings, rallies, and committees have been studied. It is indicated that 16,8 % of telegrams were also signed by representatives of non-peasant population, mostly, clergy and teachers. There is no doubt in the sincerity of most messages: good wishes for the Duma and curses on tsarism came directly from the population, but they were formalized in salutatory formulas by the village administration representatives, teachers, and clergy. However, it is obvious that there were telegram clich?s that circulated in adjacent volosts and uezds, and the "telegram activity" appeared in the territories and specific settlements, which soon came into conflict with the authorities, trying to solve their problems not only peacefully, but also by force. The peasants’ ideas about the bearers of supreme power were inadequate. Having played its outstanding role in the events of February – early March 1917, the Duma did not manage to become a full-fledged authority, and M.V. Rodzianko was not a key figure in the revolutionary politics. Nevertheless, until mid-April, the peasant population perceived him as a leader and the State Duma as a true parliament or even a government, thus expecting from them a radical solution to the accumulated problems. It is indicated that the telegram senders, being agents of modernization in the village, were simultaneously carriers of traditional values, the presence of which is found in the source. Limitations of cognitive capabilities of the studied source are highlighted. Firstly, in order to provide emotional support to the revolutionary power, the telegrams contain few concrete proposals from peasants to the evolutionary power. The peasants rationalized only conditions under which there would be a transition to the "brighter future." Secondly, the movement involved the minority of provincial population, which prompts to raise the question of the wishes of the "silent majority," who undoubtedly reacted warily to the revolution.

Бывшие сотрудники МВД Тамбовской губернии после Февральской революции 1917 г.

The problems of changing the position of the Ministry of Internal Affairs after the events of February–March 1917 in the Tambov Governorate are investigated. We study the state policy, the attitude of local authorities and the public to representatives of this socio-professional group, individual features of the adaptation of its representatives to new socio-political conditions. The relevance of the research is due to both significant gaps in the historiography of the issue, especially at the regional level of the study of the problem, and a certain consonance with the modern problems of Russian law enforcement agencies in the context of transformations. It is concluded that representatives of the broad popular strata and the soldier masses treated former em-ployees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs extremely negatively, which was especially pronounced in the period that followed the revolutionary events of February 1917. However, the leadership of both the governorate as a whole and in individual counties pursued an ambivalent policy towards representatives of this social and professional group. On the one hand, the tasks were set for the maximum removal of former law enforcement officers from participation in public and political life, and on the other, their professional skills were in demand in the newly created militia bodies.

Swell wave progression in the English Channel: implications for coastal monitoring

Energetic swell waves, particularly when they coincide with high water levels, can present significant coastal hazards. To better understand and predict these risks, analysis of the sea levels and waves that generate these events and the resulting coastal impacts is essential. Two energetic swell events, neither of which were predicted by modelled flood forecasts, occurred in quick succession in the English Channel. The first event, on 30 January 2021, produced moderate significant wave heights at or just below the 0.25 year return period along the southwest English coast, but combined with significant swell caused overtopping at East Beach in West Bay and at Chesil Beach. The second event, on 1 February 2021, generated the highest wave energy periods measured at many locations along the southern English coastline and, at high water, caused waves to run up over the promenades at Poole Bay and Christchurch Bay and caused overtopping at Hayling Island. Both events are described in detail, and their spatial footprints are mapped through a joint return period analysis using a copula function. It is found that typical joint return period analysis of water level and significant wave height underestimates potential impacts, while a joint consideration of water level and wave power (P) describes the 31 January event better and a joint consideration of water level and energy period (Te) best describes the 1 February event. Therefore, it is recommended that Te and P are adopted for coastal monitoring purposes, and that future studies further explore the use of both parameters for swell monitoring.

Generation of Independence in the Revolution of Dignity

The paper highlights the environment of the generation of independence in the Revolution of Dignity, studies the motivation of participation, moods, ideas and expectations, their transformation with the development of events, experiences and lessons of the Maidan. We have 59 in-depth interviews with natives of all regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which have become a basis for the research. Regional groundwork allowed us to take a closer look at the activities of local Maidans, when the contrast between the capital and the regions, new experiences and challenges faced by local activists, gender differences, post-Maidan (non)-transformations in the regions were clearly visible. The paper also focuses on the recollections of the events of February 2014 and the image of the Heavenly Hundred. The young people appreciated the «inner world» of the revolution — the unity, mutual understanding, support and help they found among the Maidan residents. They were not ready to face the death on the Maidan. After two or three years, their personal stories and lessons taken of the Revolution of Dignity, visions of their future and the country as a whole are still fresh and allow to reveal the post-Maidan Ukrainian society from the perspective of the generation of independence.

Political Events of February 1917 in the Diocesan Periodicals of Western Siberia

The events of February 1917, presented on the pages of the church periodicals of Western Siberia, is examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography the political upheavals of this period have been analyzed on the basis of materials from regional diocesan records. The authors note that the diocesan records are an important historical source. A detailed analysis of the content of articles of Omsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk periodicals (“Diocesan Gazette”) on the presentation of the political events of February 1917 in them is carried out. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the attitude of the regional clergy to the revolutionary events in the period from February to April 1917. The presented results of the comparative analysis can be grouped according to the chronology and significance of the events that took place. The article concludes that it was during this period that one could hear the opinion of the Russian Orthodox Church on political changes in the country. It is noted that of particular interest were the issues of the relationship between the Church and the Provisional Government, this topic remained the most acute after the fall of the monarchy. It is shown that the representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church wanted to restore historical justice and receive autonomous government and independence from the secular authorities.

DAGESTAN REGION BETWEEN THE TWO REVOLUTIONS OF 1917 
 (BALANCE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL POWERS)

The article discusses the distribution of socio-political powers in Dagestan region during the period of the February and October revolutions of 1917. The aim of the paper is to examine the process of formation of socio-political groups, to consider their opposition. The February events of 1917 in Petrograd led to the victory of the revolution. In this regard, a difficult situation arose in the Dagestan region: the victory led to a deterioration of the political situation, to demarcation within the opposing political forces. The paper highlights the formation of various political groups and government bodies which replaced tsarism. The study shows that the Provisional Regional Executive Committee and its district and local authorities, Councils of Soldiers and Officers (Workers) Deputies, religious communities, organizations belonging to one or another ethnic group, etc. were organized in the region. The authors point out the organization of the Provisional Regional Executive Committee, which became the body of power of the Provisional Government, to the opposition of the members of the committee itself, to the organization of Union of Allied Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan, etc. The fact that representatives of socio-political groups took an active part in congresses and meetings held in the North Caucasus, Dagestan is noted.
 Analysis of the period under study demonstrates that the political situation in Dagestan was tense, however the struggle of opposing parties was carried out within the democratic principles. It mainly manifested itself in the struggle between the socialist group and representatives of N. Gotsinsky. When writing the paper, the works of domestic researchers was used, among which the works of contemporaries of revolutionary events.

Rapid Assessment of Hillslope Erosion Risk after the 2019–2020 Wildfires and Storm Events in Sydney Drinking Water Catchment

The Australian Black Summer wildfires between September 2019 and January 2020 burnt many parts of eastern Australia including major forests within the Sydney drinking water catchment (SDWC) area, almost 16.000 km2. There was great concern on post-fire erosion and water quality hazards to Sydney’s drinking water supply, especially after the heavy rainfall events in February 2020. We developed a rapid and innovative approach to estimate post-fire hillslope erosion using weather radar, remote sensing, Google Earth Engine (GEE), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The event-based rainfall erosivity was estimated from radar-derived rainfall accumulations for all storm events after the wildfires. Satellite data including Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to estimate the fractional vegetation covers and the RUSLE cover-management factor. The study reveals that the average post-fire erosion rate over SDWC in February 2020 was 4.9 Mg ha−1 month−1, about 30 times higher than the pre-fire erosion and 10 times higher than the average erosion rate at the same period because of the intense storm events and rainfall erosivity with a return period over 40 years. The high post-fire erosion risk areas (up to 23.8 Mg ha−1 month−1) were at sub-catchments near Warragamba Dam which forms Lake Burragorang and supplies drinking water to more than four million people in Sydney. These findings assist in the timely assessment of post-fire erosion and water quality risks and help develop cost-effective fire incident management and mitigation actions for such an area with both significant ecological and drinking water assets. The methodology developed from this study is potentially applicable elsewhere for similar studies as the input datasets (satellite and radar data) and computing platforms (GEE, GIS) are available and accessible worldwide.

Strengthening of the political component in the antigovernment actions of students in Naddnipryanska Ukraine in the the 90’s of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries

The purpose of the article: to consider the process of strengthening of political requirements, the radicalization of the student movement at universities in the under Russian Ukraine. In modern literature, in our opinion, such questions as the level of schism among students, in particular, the role of the so-called “Academics”, excessive radicalism in assessing professions, the negative impact on the left of radical left parties. Methods: historical-structural, paradigmal, etc. Main results. This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of student disorders in the universities of pre-revolutionary under Russian Ukraine (St. Vladimir University in Kyiv, Novorossiysk University in Odessa, Kharkov University) during the critical period of the 90’s of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Using the historical comparative system-structural research methods, an analysis of the evolution of student disorders was conducted during this period; the reasons for substantial changes were revealed. Comparing the students’ requirements of the 60’s when their demands were mostly connected with the academic points, protest movements even of such content became more catastrophic. For example, the Student Judicial Commission stated that it was illegal to award a scientific degree of Doctor of Chemistry to Professor I. P. Osipov, a well-known specialist of Kharkiv University on theoretical inorganic and organic chemistry (in particular, the thermo-chemistry of solution chemistry) in analytical chemistry and pharmacology, the expert on forensic expertise in cases of arsons and fakes. Similarly, the injustice a part of the students shown to Professor O. O. Einhelman (St. Vladimir University) petitioning in courts protecting rights of regular citizens, orphans and a future author of Ukraine Constitution project 1918. The third students’ congress in the beginning of 1896 firstly appeared the slogan of support for the working class. Events of February 1899 when security guards bitten students of Saint-Petersburg University became a kind of watershed after which the opportunity for effective dialogue between the authorities and students narrowed to the limit. Reasons for the rise of radicalism today are known domination of atheistic worldview of the most part of student youth, promotion of left parties, belief in socialism, as a panacea youth minimalism and intolerance to evolutionary politics falling family influence lack of an effective education system in universities. The Rules for students of 1895 forbidden student reading houses, kitchenettes, holding theatrical performances, balls. There were illegal public speeches, fraternity, cash fees, lithographic content of lectures without the permission of professors, etc. It was allowed to create a student’s family as an exception since May 18, 1898, but only with the consent of the director of educational establishment or rector. On the other hand system of material assistance to a poor student was operating; scholarship funds; practice; exemption from payment for studies; dormitories were built. These benefits were denied to Jew students that often made them the most active protesters. The Academic Council of Kharkiv University believed that the students’ disorders were due to the lack of a university professorial disciplinary court, which had disconnected from professors. Mention that after the assassination by student Karpovich the Minister of Education Bogolepov the government made concessions by adopting on December 22, 1901, “Provisional rules for the organization of student institutions in higher educational institutions”. Then on August 24, 1902, the provisional rules were approved for the activities of the professorial disciplinary court, which worked closely. Well, the influence of radical parties of students’ disbelief in the evolutionary principle of the development of disunity of “academics”, so called students who did not want to participate in disorders led to a new round of rebels. Thus, by the beginning of 1905, the students became a “flammable material” that took an active part in the revolutionary events of the beginning of the XX century. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of its use in the preparation of historical and pedagogical manuals. A certain originality is the widespread use of archival sources. Scientific novelty. For the first time, concrete examples show the mosaic complexity of student speeches, including those overly radical and largely deeply erroneous decisions that can be explained not only by the inexperience of young people, but also by the peculiarities of the then social and political situation. Type of article: descriptive-analytical.