Events In Poland Research Articles

„Sprache der Wende”. Przełom roku 1989 w oczach pisarzy wschodnioniemieckich

This article presents the involvement of East German writers in the autumn events of the 1989 breakthrough in the wider context. These events included, above all, the demonstrations organized by the liberal wing of the Writers’ Union and the “For Our Country” statement, which aroused wide controversy. The article describes the main axes of the “literature controversy,” a debate which lasted from the beginning to the middle of the 1990s and concerned the political responsibility of East German writers. The author’s reflections are largely based on archival materials, which encompass testimonies of social reactions to the actions of the government, the appeals of intellectuals, and the opinions of writers from the FRG and GDR (including those in exile) on the political future of Germany. The article outlines the specificity of the GDR writers’ milieu over several decades, comparing it with analogous circles in Poland. The article ends with a reflection on the relationship between these two circles and the reaction of East German writers to the events in Poland in the 1980s.

The Dialectic of Neoliberal Exploitation and Cultural‐Sexual Exclusion: From Special Economic Zones to LGBT‐Free Zones in Poland

AbstractThis article analyses the process of spatial segregation in Poland: the transition from economic deprivation and the neoliberal logic initiated in the 1990s, which can be symbolised by special economic zones, to the atmosphere of cultural exclusion manifested by LGBT‐free zones created at the level of municipalities, cities and regions in Poland in 2019 and 2020. The authors defend the thesis that events in Poland have confirmed that not only the state can be authoritarian, but that local and regional authorities can also reproduce an authoritarian and excluder vision of social order. The article also shows similarities between the arguments of the modern populist right, which demanded the establishment of LGBT‐free zones, and anti‐Semitic slogans of the pre‐war (1918–1939) right, which demanded the creation of ghettos for Jews. In conclusion, the authors call for avoiding the mistake of separating economic exclusion from cultural discrimination and treating these challenges separately.

Climatic hazards for native tree species in Poland with special regards to silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

The study defines the hazards for European native trees, such as silver fir and European beech generated by extreme weather events in Poland in 1954–2015. For this purpose, these extremes have been ranked in terms of their frequency. Trends of their frequency over studied period have also been tested. The study was based on meteorological data collected from 6 weather stations situated in central and eastern Poland, in the vicinity of the northeastern edge of the silver fir and European beech ranges. It was found that weather extremes which pose the largest threat to trees in Polish forests were late spring frost and strong winds. On average, these extremes occurred several times a year. Droughts and heavy snowfalls were less frequent and occurred every 1.3–4.7 years, on average. Winter severe frost was the rarest and occurred every 5.1–10.1 years. It should be emphasised that, despite the observed global warming, the weather extremes typical for winter and spring, namely severe frost, late spring frost and heavy snowfalls, were also present in Poland in the twenty-first century and no negative trend in their frequency was identified. However, a negative trend in the De Martonne aridity index was identified at some weather stations, which indicates an increased risk of drought.

Political aspects of contemporary Polish popular literature

The subject of the article is to examine the relationship between the most important political events in Poland in the 20th and 21st centuries and Polish fantasy prose. The author distinguishes three basic periods related to the most important historical moments in contemporary Polish history. These are events related to the regaining of independence and the emergence of a new statehood, the period of Polish rule by Marxists and the period after the democratic revolution of Solidarity. The analyzed material relates publishingly to these three periods. Another subject of research isthe thematic relationship between individual novels and the politicalaspects of a given period. With regard to the third (most extensive) period, the analysis also includes novels that go beyond the canon of the most important political events of that time. The conducted analyzes indicate specific mechanisms of constructing fantasy novels with political motives. The second research intention isto define the function in which political themes are introduced into specificliterary works. It applies to both intra-text and cultural functions.

Applying the Avant-Garde: Display Experience in the Exhibition of Modern Art (1948)

The Exhibition of Modern Art (Wystawa Sztuki Nowoczesnej) organized in 1948 in the Palace of Art (Pałac Sztuki) in Cracow was one of the most prominent art events in Poland during the last century. It is considered one of the unprecedented moments in shaping the modernity. The exhibition was thought to be designed as a whole venture, integrating the modern art demonstration with the will to make it accessible to all the social groups. The desire of the authors was to endear the authorities, since the Stalinist repressions were approaching, and present the modern art as accessible to the society and needed in the “new socialist order”. Simultaneously, the primal context for the exhibition, underlined by its authors as well as the critics in subsequent years, were the surrealist exhibitions in Paris. This new avant-garde mode of displaying, so attractive for the Polish artists, put in the foreground not the traditional reception of art, implied by the traditional museology, but mostly focused on the spectator’s experience and used all possible kinds of tools to enhance it. These two approaches were usually presented as antagonistic and impossible to reconcile. The article attempts to analyze the tools which the display’s authors used to merge the avant-garde display with didacticism. While looking at the Recovered Territories Exhibition which took place a couple of months earlier, one might notice that the Exhibition of Modern Art was not the first display that accommodated the avant-garde solutions to the didactic and propagandistic venture.

On the Way to the Marathon-Motivation for Participating in Mass Running Events Among Children and Adolescents: Results of the Poznan Half Marathon Pilot Study.

The market for mass sports events geared towards adults is already saturated, while more new initiatives are exclusively targeting children and adolescents. Mass sports events for amateur athletes can be a great way to encourage young people to exercise regularly, such as in cases where physical education classes do not fully play this role. A lot of research has already been conducted on the subject of adult motivation for participating in amateur sports events, i.e., marathons, ultramarathons, duathlons or triathlons. However, the research niche is children and adolescents’ motivation. The aim of this study is to recognize motivation among children aged 12 for participating in children’s running events in Poland. The study was conducted via a diagnostic survey using the Motives for Physical Activity Measure–Revised (MPAM-R) scale to determine what motivation is most important for young athletes and whether there are any differences in terms of gender. The highest values were obtained by motivation related to fun and enjoyment during sporting events, while the lowest values were obtained by motivation related to social affiliation. Aspects associated with good fun should be promoted during activities related to the marketing of sporting events for young people. This article contains the results obtained from the Poznan Half Marathon pilot study and recommendations for future lines of research. Such results will allow us to understand the motivation behind modern young amateur athletes and to better manage mass sports events that target children and adolescents.

Virtual University: Model, Tools, Practice (11–12 June 2019)

One of the most important events in Poland in this field is the annual Virtual University Conference: Model, Tools, Practice. The symposium has a rich, 19-yearold tradition. Every year, the conference is alternately organised by Warsaw higher education institutions: Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, University of Warsaw, and Warsaw University of Technology.

Public Health Interventions to Mitigate Early Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland.

This study aimed (1) to present public health interventions to mitigate the early spread of SARS-CoV-2 implemented in Poland between January 9 and March 29, 2020, and (2) to analyze the potential impact of these regulations on the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland.All legal regulations published in the Journal of Laws between January 9 and March 29, 2020, were analyzed. Out of 406 legal regulations identified, 56 were related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Moreover, the official announcements published on the governmental websites dedicated to the coronavirus and health issues were analyzed.On March 4, Poland reported the first laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case. On March 9, Poland introduced border sanitary control. Six days after the first laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case, all mass events in Poland were banned. All schools and universities were closed 8 days after the first COVID-19 case. All gastronomic facilities and sport and entertainment services were limited starting on March 14. Eleven days after the first COVID-19 case, controls at all Polish borders were introduced, and a ban on entry into Poland by foreigners (with some exemptions) was implemented. Starting on March 15, all citizens returning from abroad had to undergo compulsory 14 days self-quarantine. On March 20, a state of epidemic was announced, which resulted in new social distancing measures starting on March 25.In Poland, compared to other European countries, far-reaching solutions were implemented relatively early to reduce the spread of infection.

Sprawy obrony wychowania religijnego w przekazie białostockiego tygodnika „Zjednoczenie Katolickie” (1933-1935)

<p>„Zjednoczenie Katolickie” ukazujące się w Białymstoku w latach 1933–1935 było tygodnikiem katolickim założonym przez ks. Aleksandra Chodykę. Z analizy zawartości tego periodyku wynika, że zamieszczano w nim nie tylko informacje o bieżących wydarzeniach w kraju i za granicą, ale przede wszystkim koncentrowano się na problemach związanych z nauką i nauczaniem Kościoła. W tym kontekście odtworzono przedstawiane przez dziennikarzy nieprawidłowości i trudności w realizacji ustawowych zadań wychowania religijnego, zwracając uwagę na wszystkie opisywane incydenty w tym zakresie, niezależnie od miejsca ich występowania w kraju: negatywne przejawy stosunku do wiary dyrekcji i nauczycielstwa seminariów nauczycielskich, nieprzyjazne odniesienia do Kościoła w szkołach na wschodnich i zachodnich kresach Polski oraz na Pomorzu, próby ograniczania aktywności organizacji religijnych uczniów we Lwowie i na Śląsku, a także powody oprotestowania przez biskupów decyzji władz państwowych o redukcji godzin przeznaczonych w szkołach na naukę religii.</p>

ZARYS DZIAŁALNOŚCI SPECJALNEGO OŚRODKA SZKOLNO-WYCHOWAWCZEGO NR 2 W PŁOCKU NA TLE KSZTAŁTOWANIA SIĘ PRZEPISÓW O WYCHOWANIU I NAUCZANIU OSÓB NIEPEŁNOSPRAWNYCH UMYSŁOWO

DOI: 10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(10) Disability has been a phenomenon that accompanied human beings from the beginning if its existence. Humankind suffered a lot because of their handicap. Over the centuries, a person with a disability was treated differently; from being treated as chosen by the gods to terrible death as possessed by evil spirits. Disability – related events in Poland are the background for presenting the outline of the history and activities of the Special Care and Educational Center No.2 in Plock, from1950 to the present day.

An analysis of music festival customers in Poland in 2018-2019

The research was taken up because of the author’s interests. The author is an active participant of all mass events in Poland and goes to music festivals at least once a year. Being an attendee of such festivals and also a member of the community under investigation, the author started to notice the recurring behaviour of the visitors. The author’s main interest in this area is the motives the clients of the entertainment industry have when choosing the form of spending free time and how the organisers of music festivals in Poland can influence this decision. In order to gather the necessary data, the author used the theoretical division of client layers offered by W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne in the ‘Blue Ocean Strategy’. The data have also been supplemented with the author’s own knowledge about the practical side of this problem. By constructing an extensive yet very interesting form, the author got 1000 answers altogether related to the position of Poles in the surveyed area. Using a number of recommendations from the Marketing and Strategy positions, the collected results have been supplemented with noteworthy theory.

In search of an adequate novel on the democratic changes of 1989/1990. A paradigmatic approach

Literary debates on Central Europe often concern the problems of the democratic breakthrough in the former Eastern bloc. Central Europe is also a common cultural and literary heritage; however, it must be shown how literary visions resonated in specific discussions and literary works in various countries before and after the democratic transformation of 1989/1990. Revolutionary events in Poland resulted in the “Autumn of Nations”, and the expectations of readers and critics for a suitable novel about the breakthrough and transformation process were high.

Do Years of Running Experience Influence the Motivations of Amateur Marathon Athletes?

The aim of the study was to investigate if years of running experience influence the motivations of marathon athletes. An empirical study was conducted during the last (20th) PKO Poznan Marathon, one of the largest and most popular mass running events in Poland, which was held in Poznan (Poland) in October 2019. A total of 493 marathon runners (29% of whom were female, and 71% of whom were male) took part in the cross-sectional study, which used the diagnostic survey method. The questionnaire employed the division of motives from the motivation of marathoners scale (MOMS) by Masters et al., adapted to the Polish language by Dybala. Running motivations have already been analysed for variables such as age, gender and place of residence, but there is a research gap regarding existing research, as the relationship between motivations and running experience has not yet been studied. One-way analysis of variance for independent samples was used to verify statistical hypotheses. Prior to making the relevant calculations, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was checked via Levene’s test. Variances were assessed with an F-test, and if they were unequal, Welch’s correction was applied. Eta squared (η2) was used as a measure of effect size. The calculations carried out showed that running experience was not a statistically significant factor in the motivations of runners taking part in a marathon.

Social Determinants of Crime and Hatred Incidents at Mass Sports Events in Poland

Crime and hatred have been a permanent part of mass events organized in Poland. The situation is the most difficult in the case of football matches, especially at the national level. Despite legal changes and many measures adopted by sports clubs, the police and other institutions, not only has the situation not changed but there are symptoms of its deterioration. It is extremely worrying that these informal groups form structures that operate following the principles characteristic of organized crime. The subject of study in this article are the phenomena of crime and hatred occurring at mass events organized in Poland; its purpose is to identify the causes and present conclusions regarding necessary actions, based on an analysis of statistics and reports. Methods characteristic of theoretical studies have been employed developing this study, as well as the results of surveys conducted in 2014. The basic research problems involve finding answers to the following questions:
 
 – Did the determination of police in ensuring the safety of the EURO 2012 final tournament calm the mood and improve security of mass events?
 – What is the current scale of crime, hooligan acts and collective violations of security and public order in relation to mass events organized in Poland today?
 – Are the solutions in this area systemic, durable and consistent?The hypothesis was that, although public security authorities have been implementing
 
 a wide range of measures, crime and deep-rooted hatred towards enemy clubs and ideological opponents continue to be a hallmark of football fan circles and thus of some mass events organized in Poland. The inconsistent continuation of good practices adopted in the past, perceiving the problem only in terms of isolated incidents, and the lack of statistics that would help to prepare precise scientific analyses, all require moderation in predicting positive changes in this narrow area of public security.

Dynamika rozwoju biegów masowych w Polsce — analiza statystyczna

The dynamic of development of mass-participation running events in Poland: Statistical analysisThe quantitative development of mass-participation running events in Poland, especially in recent years, is huge. Nowadays, there are more than 4,000 runs organized every year and they are open for everyone. These running events have a different number of participants from as little as 10 people, up to even afew thousands and they are organized in many places by various institutions and or­ganizations. Furthermore, we can distingusih long-distance runs mainly marathons and half-mara­thons and shorter-distance runs e.g. 10 km.The aim of this of article is to analyze mass-participation running events in Poland statistically, taking into account many criteria: quantity, location, distance and sex. The following statistical methods are used: chain indexes and average annual rate of change. Statistical data were obtained directly from organizers, their websites and different publications about mass-participation running events in Poland. The authors present a versatile statistical view on Polish mass running events in tabular and chart forms.

“Because We Don’t Want to Run in Smog”: Problems with the Sustainable Management of Sport Event Tourism in Protected Areas (A Case Study of National Parks in Poland and Slovakia)

The practice of active and qualified tourism in national parks in Poland and Slovakia has longstanding traditions. Primarily, these parks have been a place of individual recreational activity, as well as a place to educate and convene with nature. Recently, sport tourism, which is characterized by the participation of tourists in mass organized sporting events mainly of a competitive nature, has been gaining more popularity. Even though this activity takes place in protected areas, sports are the main priority, rather than educational goals. Natural values have the primary function of enriching emotional experiences, and exploring wildlife is not an end in itself. Running events are now at the head of the list as the most popular sporting events in Poland and in Slovakia. The authors of the article focused on protected areas in Poland and Slovakia, largely because these countries were considering organizing one of the world’s biggest sports events together: The Winter Olympic Games (2022). The purpose of the study was to recognize the attitude of Polish and Slovak national park authorities toward the organization of mass sports events in protected areas. A diagnostic survey was conducted using the method of interviews with the directors of Polish and Slovak national parks. The research results shed light on the current state of development of sports event tourism in protected areas in the two countries. The article examines the response of Polish and Slovak park authorities to the changes of the current era of shifting societal needs regarding physical development, in particular with regard to the sustainability of protected areas. Currently, there is a lack of a strategic approach toward the development of sports tourism in national parks in Poland and Slovakia. The answers given in the interviews create an image that indicates a differentiated approach to the issue of permitting the organization of sports events in the areas of national parks. It turns out that the practice in these areas is different in individual parks. The diagnosis presented in the article indicates that it is necessary to undertake interdisciplinary and international research among environmentalists, economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and physical culture specialists in order to develop methods for measuring the impact of sporting events organized in natural areas in this part of Europe.

„Nie wojna nas zabija i demoralizuje”… Komentarz do powojennych wydarzeń z Polski i zagranicy w Dzienniczku z czasów wojny 1914-1921 Franciszka Dudy

‘It is Not the War that Kills and Demoralises Us’…A Commentary to Postwar Events in Poland and Abroad in a Diary from the War Period of 1914–1921 By Franciszek Duda This source edition is a continuation of a fragment of A Diary from the War Period of 1914–1918 by Franciszek Duda, which was published in the “Annual Volume of the Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Cracow”, Vol. 58 (2018). In the previous part, the author brought the edition up to the moment of establishment of the Provisional People’s Government of the Republic of Poland led by Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski. In the further part of his memoirs, Franciszek Duda leads the reader through the most important postwar events, including the victorious defence of Lviv in November 1918, Ignacy Paderewski’s return to Poland and his two visits to Cracow, events accompanying the signature of the Treaty of Versailles, the Polish-Czechoslovak war for the territory of Cieszyn Silesia, the Polish-Ukrainian war and the Upper Silesia plebiscite. The author of the memoirs was a representative of the Cracow intelligentsia, an employee of the National Archive of Castle and Land Records in Cracow (currently the National Archive in Cracow), and a declared advocate of the national ideas of Roman Dmowski. In his Diary..., Franciszek Duda does not report any new facts from that period that had been unknown to or rarely commented by historians until then. An interesting aspect of his memoirs is his own remarks and thoughts and a reflection of what others thought of current events and how information was circulated in Cracow at that time – who disseminated the news, what rumours spread around the city and how they were commented. Franciszek Duda gives us a very detailed account of moods and opinions that prevailed in Cracow in those days. It is worth mentioning that these comments are also very subjective and, given the fact that the same author expressed relatively moderate opinions in the previous part, loaded with emotions. We can suppose that even the time that passed from the time of writing the original Diary... till its rewriting in 1936 did not soften the author’s feelings regarding these events.

The importance of the past and relationships in social networks

Through the lens of the collective memory theory, this article examines issues of community integration, within the context of fostering a sense of affinity and connection in a network society. The author ponders the proportion of significance of the past on a macro- and micro-level. The main goal of the researcher is to display the role of a network in developing individual and collective identity, while focusing on the following problems: if the past plays such a vital role in processes of integration on a macro-level, does it play as crucial a role on the micro-level; does addressing the past develop or sustain itself within a network; can “network proclivity” in collective memory be considered an effective mechanism for developing attitudes. In other words, the significance (or lack thereof) of past experience (collective memory) is brought into question. This article presents certain mechanisms for integrating society by means of using reminders from the past. Also, based on analyzing polls which were conducted throughout the last twenty years, it is revealed how specific events in Poland’s recent history have played out in collective memory. The author presents interpretations, hypotheses, as well as arguments and counterarguments with regard to the connection between the network nature of social life and the development of various forms of connection to the past. The results of the study indicate that participation in a network has an insignificant effect on one’s interpretation of events from the recent past. Also highlighted is the fact that individuals who directly participated in certain events are the most trustworthy source of knowledge of the past. This confirms the hypothesis that modern networks do have an effect on choosing traditions, and therefore on their transformation on a macro-level.

Operational and Financial Considerations of Using Drones for Medical Support of Mass Events in Poland.

The implementation of drones in the medical security system requires a proper planning of the cooperation of different services, dividing the area into sectors, assessing potential risks, and other factors. This study refers to the cost analysis of using drones in the medical support of mass events. The aim of this research is to analyze the costs of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) implementation in the mass event medical support system. The description includes purchase and maintenance costs of UAVs. The analysis also involves ways of raising funds for projects related to the UAV sector. Apart from the financial aspect, staff and drone operator training issues are the subjects of this analysis as well. This study is based on a specialist research involving drones and referring to reports on the current situation in Poland and in the world. The presented funds required for such projects and the way of raising these funds illustrate the range of the project and its requirements. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:527-532).

Running as a Form of Therapy Socio-Psychological Functions of Mass Running Events for Men and Women

The main goal of this study was to recognize the motives of participation in mass running events (Poznan Half Marathon case study). The second aim was to examine the motivations to participate in a half-marathon among two groups of respondents: men and women, and to evaluate the differences between them. The empirical research among runners (n = 560) conducted during the one of the most important running events in Poland recognized the motives for participation in the sports event in accordance with the four basic types of orientation: social orientation, experience orientation, factual orientation, and result orientation (Freyer & Gross, 2002). The significant difference between surveyed men and women appeared in the motives of desire to get away from everyday life and its prevailing fashion, which turned out to be more important for women than for men. The desire to win was not important for the respondents. All respondents reported that what was very important for them was the need to experience strong emotions related to participation, the desire to feel unity and integration with other people, and the desire to test themselves. In general, the results show that people participate in running events not only for physical activity, but also for mental well-being and socio-psychological effects. They experience strong emotions, adrenaline, pleasure, relaxation, and an escape from the duties and hardships of everyday life and have an opportunity to build social relationships thanks to mass sports events organized in urban agglomerations. The article constitutes a conceptualization of the running event in the dimension of social and psychological interactions, which reveal and demonstrate its creative layers and contemporary meaning which has already gone deeply beyond functions of running for health and improving the physical condition.