Event Messages Research Articles

An Enhancement for IEEE 802.11p to Provision Quality of Service with Context Aware Channel Access for the Forward Collision Avoidance Application in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network.

Key application of an intelligent transportation system is traffic safety, and it provides driver assistance. Safety messages are of two types, beacon messages and event messages. The nodes broadcast these messages in the vehicular networks. The system must rely on a robust medium access control (MAC) protocol to support delivery of safety messages. The standard medium access scheme that is used in vehicular networks to provide service differentiation to support various applications is IEEE 802.11p. The emergency event messages should reach the drivers immediately to take necessary steps to avoid casualties on the road. In IEEE 802.11p, both of these messages are considered with the same priority so that no separate differentiation is created. The proposed work focuses on improving the quality of service for forward collision warning applications in intelligent transportation systems. The scheme proposes a priority-based cooperative MAC (PCMAC) for channel access that works on the context of information. Simulation and analytical results validate improved performance of PCMAC in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average packet delivery delay, as compared with other eminent MAC protocols. The simulation results show that it has a 9% higher improvement in throughput than IEEE 802.11p and has better performance in the increasing number of emergency messages.

Selecting Quality Twitter Content for Events

Social media sites such as Twitter contain large amounts of user contributed messages for a wide variety of real-world events. While some of these "event messages" might contain interesting and useful information (e.g., event time, location, participants, opinions), others might provide little value (e.g., using heavy slang, incomprehensible language) to people interested in learning about an event. Techniques for effective selection of quality event content may therefore help improve applications such as event browsing and search.In this paper, we explore approaches for finding representative messages among a set of Twitter messages that correspond to the same event, with the goal of identifying high quality, relevant messages that provide useful event information. We evaluate our approaches using a large-scale dataset of Twitter messages, and show that we can automatically select event messages that are both relevant and useful.

SO-AODV

MANET has emerged as an eager field for supporting disaster response and prevention applications like climate and weather observation, tracking, tsunamis, wildfire and emergency rescue operations, underwater level navigation, etc. In this paper, a new ad-hoc routing protocol named SO-AODV (Secured and Optimized Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) is proposed for secured and optimized communication in any disaster like situations. For shortest route selection a technique called pigeons swarm optimization (PiSO) is used that also leads to minimize the hop count in selected optimal route. Lightweight digital watermarking (LDW) is used that ensures the authenticity of “hello” packets. For security of event messages, cyphertext stealing technique (CST) is used with encryption qu-Vanstone elliptic curve cryptography (qV-ECC) based public key cryptography. The qV-ECC generates public key. Experiments are conducted using NS2 and performance is evaluated and compared over AODV for several metrics (i.e., packet delivery ration, throughput, end-to-end delay, security, and hop count).

Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection for Achieving Cybersecurity in Smart Grids Using IEC 61850 GOOSE Messages

Increased connectivity is required to implement novel coordination and control schemes. IEC 61850-based communication solutions have become popular due to many reasons—object-oriented modeling capability, interoperable connectivity and strong communication protocols, to name a few. However, communication infrastructure is not well-equipped with cybersecurity mechanisms for secure operation. Unlike online banking systems that have been running such security systems for decades, smart grid cybersecurity is an emerging field. To achieve security at all levels, operational technology-based security is also needed. To address this need, this paper develops an intrusion detection system for smart grids utilizing IEC 61850’s Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages. The system is developed with machine learning and is able to monitor the communication traffic of a given power system and distinguish normal events from abnormal ones, i.e., attacks. The designed system is implemented and tested with a realistic IEC 61850 GOOSE message dataset under symmetric and asymmetric fault conditions in the power system. The results show that the proposed system can successfully distinguish normal power system events from cyberattacks with high accuracy. This ensures that smart grids have intrusion detection in addition to cybersecurity features attached to exchanged messages.

IEC 61850-Based Centralized Protection against Single Line-To-Ground Faults in Ungrounded Distribution Systems

We developed an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850-based centralized protection scheme to prevent single line-to-ground (SLG) faults in the feeders and busbars of ungrounded distribution systems. Each feeder intelligent electronic device (IED) measures its zero-sequence current and voltage signals and periodically transmits zero-sequence phasors to a central IED via a Generic Oriented Object Substation Event message. Using the zero-sequence phasors, the central IED detects SLG faults in feeders and busbars. To achieve centralized protection, angle differences between the zero-sequence currents and voltage phasors are exploited, and their calculation compensates for data desynchronization. The feeder IEDs were implemented using the MMS-EASE Lite library, while the transmitted zero-sequence phasors were calculated based on fault signals simulated by Power System Computer Aided Design / Electro-Magnetic Transient Design and Control (PSCAD/EMTDC). The central IED determined if the SLG fault was in a feeder or busbar by aggregating and analyzing the zero-sequence phasors received from the feeder IEDs. The results confirmed the validity and efficiency of our centralized protection scheme.

A Kind of Event Trust Model for VANET Based on Statistical Method

The paper proposed a trust model based on mathematical statistic method to enhance the safety of a VANET. By applying the statistical principles such as significance test, hypothesis test and confidence interval, the model can help the reputation management center to calculate trust values of all vehicle nodes, can help vehicle nodes to judge whether an event message can be trust or not. The simulation experiment results show that the model can effectively identify false event messages, improve the accuracy of data and enhance the information security of a VANET.

IBMDA: Information based misbehavior detection algorithm for VANET

The safety event information sharing among the vehicles in motion is the primary goal to design the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The shared safety event information assists vehicles to avoid road accidents and driving inconvenience. The advantages of safety event information sharing in VANET has become blunt due to the misbehavior of vehicles. The vehicle’s misbehavior like dissemination of false information, reply of bogus messages, etc., can create traffic hazards on the road and may result in the loss of property and human lives. In VANET, the detection of such misbehaving vehicles along with minimum time delay in flooding safety event information (i.e., incident delay) to others is challenging due to the high speed of vehicles. The formation of stable VANET topology is a feasible solution among many to improve the performance of misbehavior detection and reducing incident delay even with high speed of vehicles. In this paper, we propose an information based misbehavior detection algorithm (IBMDA) that effectively works in stable cluster based VANET. Our proposed IBMDA algorithm that runs on the selected cluster head vehicles is used to verify the content of received safety event messages. The identification of vehicles as malicious or non malicious depends on the result of verification at cluster heads. An illustrative example is given to explore our proposed algorithm easily and effectively. The highway scenario is considered to test the performance of our proposed IBMDA algorithm. The simulation is performed with a detailed comparative analysis using ns-3 simulator. It is observed that under the considered scenario, our proposed algorithm improves the misbehavior detection accuracy up to 6.46% and reduces average incident delay approximately up to 14.78% as compared to existing algorithms.

An authentication and plausibility model for big data analytic under LOS and NLOS conditions in 5G-VANET

The exchange of correct and reliable data among legitimate nodes is one of the most important challenges in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Malicious nodes and obstacles, by generating inaccurate information, have a negative impact on the security of 5G-VANET. The big data generated in the vehicular network is also an issue in the security of VANET. To this end, a security model based on authentication and plausibility is proposed to improve the safety of network named ‘AFPM’. In the first layer, an authentication mechanism using edge nodes along with 5G is proposed to deal with the illegitimate nodes who enter the network and broadcast wrong information. In the authentication mechanism, because of the growth of the connected vehicles to the edge nodes that lead to generating big data and hence the inappropriateness of the traditional data structures, cuckoo filter, as a space-efficient probabilistic data structure, is used. In the second layer, a plausibility model by performing fuzzy logic is presented to cope with inaccurate information. The plausibility model is based on detection of inconsistent data involved in the event message. The plausibility model not only tackles with inaccurate, incomplete, and inaccuracy data but also deals with misbehaviour nodes under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. All obtained results are validated through well-known evaluation measures such as F-measure and communication overhead. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the proposed security model possesses a better performance in comparison with the existing studies.

Ontology-Based Holonic Event-Driven Architecture for Autonomous Networked Manufacturing Systems

The current trends in personalized products drive the paradigms of production systems toward autonomous networked manufacturing systems. This article proposes an ontology-based holonic event-driven architecture for implementing loosely coupled, holonic, autonomous distributed systems. The event-driven architecture (EDA) enables the services provided by different organizations and their suborganizations to be autonomously configured and integrated, while ensuring that the predefined organizational event access rules are compulsorily followed. This is realized by organizing the event services in a holonic manager and modeling the knowledge of services via the ontology developed in this study. The ontology model and the corresponding autonomous configuration mechanism are introduced. We developed a demonstration case to elaborate our approach and implemented a testbed using Java-based technology for testing the effectiveness, efficiency, scalability, and reliability of the proposed approach. Note to Practitioners —The ever-changing customer demands, the volatile market, and the trend of mass personalization require manufacturing systems to be smart in the event of uncertainties. To this end, information sharing in the supply chain is a key factor. However, there are several barriers in implementing a cross-organizational information system, including security, access privileges, and system interoperability. To lift these barriers, this article proposes an ontology model and a hierarchical EDA. Compared with conventional architectures, our approach facilitates the management of access privileges, integration of interorganizational information systems, and their interoperation. Moreover, our approach is competitive compared with the conventional service-oriented architecture in terms of both scalability and reliability of the system. Before the proposed approach can be practically applied, the ontology model needs to be further extended, and the event registration and message exchange protocol need to be standardized.

Network traffic prediction for detecting DDoS attacks in IEC 61850 communication networks

This article presents the development of a Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) message traffic prediction system using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input (NARX) input. An Artificial Neural Network was adopted to detect Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks in networks using the IEC-61850 protocol. The system uses the OpenFlow protocol to split the multicast groups of GOOSE messages, in which each transmission is analysed separately. The implemented intelligent system used 62 prediction steps with a percentage relative error of up to 5%. The system was embedded in the ZYBO development platform with the OpenMul controller. The results showed that the percentage relative error of each sample presents a determinant signature for classifying the state of operation of the electrical system, making it possible to identify DDoS attacks in communication networks for electric power substations.

Analysis of GOOSE message and the engineering application for GOOSE message in the intelligent substation

Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) message reflects the transmission of information between many intelligent electronic devices, which is more reliable as original data. The communication Ethernet opaque also leads to a big problem of information extraction analysis, limiting the development of state maintenance and other techniques. This study describes the process equipment and the network transmission technology of the intelligent substation and analyses the specified message format of IEC61850. The study then compares it with the characteristics of the typical intelligent substation message and gives the analysis method and the meaning of each byte in the actual message frame, making the communication network in the process layer more transparent and giving a clear direction of information acquisitions and analysis. It also provides some reference meanings to the intelligent substation communication and the equipment status analysis.

Construction of approximate reasoning model for dynamic CPS network and system parameter identification

CPS (Cyber Physical System) is a large and complex real-time feedback system that integrates computing processes, physical processes, communication networks, sensor networks, and control systems. It has the powerful function of sensing and controlling the physical environment, which is a big wave following the Internet technology. Because the forms of communication, interaction, and collaboration between heterogeneous units within the CPS are intricate and complex, a comprehensive model needs to be established to describe and analyze the CPS. This paper analyzes the CPS architecture and proposes a new and more complete CPS architecture, decomposes according to this architecture, and classifies the physical entities in the CPS. At the same time, event-based modeling thinking is used to define, classify and formalize event messages. Considering the higher real-time requirements of CPS, an event weighting algorithm was designed according to the different priorities of real-time events. In order to reduce the congestion caused by the limited network bandwidth in the CPS system, improve the ability to identify abnormal data with great uncertainty, and fully guarantee the response rate of the CPS system to emergencies, this paper analyzes the complexity of the CPS system from the perspective of information theory. The average dynamic complexity of the CPS system is set as a threshold to determine the level of information entropy of the sensor data in a certain period of time. The CPS system selects high information entropy data to send first. The effectiveness is analyzed through experiments.

Data-Centric Communication Framework for Multicast IEC 61850 Routable GOOSE Messages over the WAN in Modern Power Systems

In this paper, a data-centric communication framework is proposed for multicast routable generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages (MRGM) over the wide area network (WAN) for effective substation-to-substation (SS2SS) and substation to control center (SS2CC) communications. In this structure, the IEC 61850 GOOSE message is transmitted over the WAN using the data distribution service (DDS) as a fast, reliable, and secure data-centric communication middleware. The main feature of this framework is its multicast capability, where several authorized subscribers can receive a published message simultaneously. This can significantly improve the system monitoring and control of the protection systems in modern smart grids, where intelligent schemes can be applied. The effectiveness of the proposed platform, in terms of total end-to-end delay between participants, is evaluated through experimental results obtained from the actual hardware-based test setup developed at the Florida International University (FIU) smart grid testbed. The results demonstrate that the latency between sending and receiving a GOOSE message among participants is within its maximum time span defined by the IEC 61850-90-5 working group for communications over the WAN.

Enhancing Orchestration and Infrastructure Programmability in SDN With NOTORIETY

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) controllers are nowadays expected to manage large infrastructures and services in a practical, efficient, and optimized way. To achieve such control, SDN networks should increase the automation of orchestration functions to fullfil both service and network management lifecycles. However, network management applications have stringent resource demands that orchestrators need to honor. Most of the available orchestrators focus on high-level approaches that rely exclusively on the Northbound API (NB-API). A few strategies have also been designed to optimize the controllers' internal mechanisms through features enabled by the Southbound API (SB-API). However, such solutions do not focus on optimal information delivery to the orchestrator, a crucial property to provide prompt feedback in response to network events, and to potentially drive self-healing and auto-scaling properties. To address such need, we present NOTORIETY, an orchestration system that provides an abstraction for real-time SDN network controller event message handling. NOTORIETY is able to maximize the orchestration capabilities of SDN controllers including innovative features for processing and delivering network event information. NOTORIETY's design consists of mechanisms that empower SDN-controlled entities by applying filtering rules to efficiently control and optimize data flows provided by the SDN controller. We implemented a testbed to assess our NOTORIETY proposal following the guidelines provided in the RFC 8456, and we benchmark its performance over three SDN controllers (OpenDaylight, ONOS, and Floodlight). The evaluation results reveal the effectiveness of NOTORIETY in reducing the execution time of SDN requests, load processing, and overall data marshaling volume in several scenarios.

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Coordination Control Strategy Compatible with Feeder Automation

To solve the problem of incompatibility and mutual repulsion between a distribution network (DN) and distributed generation (DG), this paper first analyzes the conflicts between current feeder automation (FA) and doubly-fed induction generation (DFIG). Then, a DFIG coordination control strategy compatible with FA is proposed to cause the DFIG operating continuously during fault isolation and power supply recovery. The strategy consists of three aspects: (1) a DFIG islanding active synchronization control technology to support islanding and distant presynchronization control; (2) DFIG senses the status of circuit breakers/tie-switch through generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages to achieve rapid switch of control modes and distant synchronization; (3) tie-switch senses the status of DFIG through GOOSE messages for closing. Finally, the effectiveness of the strategy is validated by multiple sound and detailed time-domain simulation cases. This study indicates future possible development trends and provides a simple and effective strategy for researches in the field of smart grid DN–DG compatibility.

A topic-based synchronisation protocol in peer-to-peer publish/subscribe systems

In this paper, we discuss a peer-to-peer type of publish/subscribe (P2PPS) model which is composed of peer processes (peers). Here, each peer publishes event messages while receiving event messages. In the topic-based access control (TBAC) model proposed in our previous studies, only a peer granted publication and subscription rights on topics is allowed to publish and subscribe event messages on the topics, respectively. In our previous studies, the subscription-based synchronisation (SBS) protocol is proposed where illegal event messages are banned. It is checked whether or not each event message received is illegal in terms of subscription and publication rights granted to each peer. However, even some legal event messages are unnecessarily banned. In this paper, we newly propose a topic-based synchronisation (TBS) protocol where only and every illegal event message is banned. In the evaluation, we show only and every illegal event message is banned in the TBS protocol.

CSTM: Cluster-based Security Trust Mechanism for VANET

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) allows communications between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Various information can be propagated by the vehicles to ensure the safety and security of the driver and passengers by reducing the transport accidents and traffic congestion, besides, VANET communication can also provide navigation and entertainment service. However, the existence of the malicious nodes results in falsified and modified messages which could affect the performance of the network and even worse, could cause dangerous situation: accident, collision, traffic congestion, etc. In order to ensure the security and stability of VANET communication, we can introduce the concept of trust and improve the credibility of communication between vehicles through trust management. Therefore, this paper proposes a cluster-based security trust mechanism for VANET. By grouping vehicles with the same speed attribute into clusters, the network topology tends to be stable, and the information credibility and node reputation value are calculated by the cluster head, to determine the authenticity of the event message.

Design of IEEE1588 Power Precise Time Synchronization System

An IEEE1588 high precision network time synchronization system suitable for power system was designed based on the IEEE1588 protocol content and requirements for the PTP time synchronization of state grid. The time synchronization system supports IEEE1588 v2 protocol. The system can process event message and general message. The system supports multicast mode based on MAC and best master clock algorithm. The system also has E2E and P2P two timing patterns at the same time. At last, the author analysis the testing data. After all the work has done, we build up an experimental platform and conduct the system testing from two aspects of the time synchronization accuracy and system reliability. The experimental results show that the system time synchronization accuracy and reliability is high. The system can meet the requirements of PTP synchronization clock in power systems.

Protocol to efficiently prevent illegal flow of objects in P2P type of publish/subscribe (PS) systems

In a P2PPS (P2P (peer-to-peer) type of topic-based PS (publish/subscribe)) model, each peer exchanges event messages including objects to target peers with no centralized coordinator where the objects are held as replicas by the target peers. Suppose an event message e carrying an object o on some topic t is delivered to a target peer $$p_i$$ which is not allowed to subscribe the topic t. Here, the object o is illegal at the peer $$p_i$$. In this paper, we newly propose an ETOBSCO (efficient topics-of-objects-based synchronization with causally ordering delivery) protocol where target peers deliver no illegal object. In addition, a peer distributes event messages to update every replica of an object after the peer updates the object. If a peer updates an object without changing topics, the object is referred to as altered. Here, an update event message for the altered object is meaningless since peers check only topics to exchange event messages. In this paper, update event messages of objects are published only if topics of the objects are updated. In the evaluation, we show about 30% of the total number of event messages delivered in the TOBSCO protocol are reduced in the ETOBSCO protocol while it takes about twice the amount of time to update replicas of altered objects in the ETOBSCO protocol compared with the TOBSCO protocol.

Distributed Uniform Streaming Framework: An Elastic Fog Computing Platform for Event Stream Processing and Platform Transparency

The increase of Internet of Things devices and the rise of more computationally intense applications presents challenges for future Internet of Things architectures. We envision a future in which edge, fog, and cloud devices work together to execute future applications. Because the entire application cannot run on smaller edge or fog devices, we will need to split the application into smaller application components. These application components will send event messages to each other to create a single application from multiple application components. The execution location of the application components can be optimized to minimize the resource consumption. In this paper, we describe the Distributed Uniform Stream (DUST) framework that creates an abstraction between the application components and the middleware which is required to make the execution location transparent to the application component. We describe a real-world application that uses the DUST framework for platform transparency. Next to the DUST framework, we also describe the distributed DUST Coordinator, which will optimize the resource consumption by moving the application components to a different execution location. The coordinators will use an adapted version of the Contract Net Protocol to find local minima in resource consumption.