Event Of August Research Articles

Flood Inflow Estimation in an Ungauged Simple Serial Cascade of Reservoir System Using Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Imageries: A Case Study of Imjin River, South Korea

The Imjin River is a representative transboundary river in the Korean Peninsula, originating from North Korea and flowing into South Korea. Upstream of Imjin River, on the North Korean side, is the Hwanggang Dam, with a 350 million m3 of storage capacity, which is in operation for power generation and water supply. The sharing of the operation information of Hwanggang Dam has been limited due to political and military tension. South Korea has constructed the Gunnam Flood Control Reservoir downstream of the Imjin River to prevent potential flood damage due to the urgent and unilateral release from the Hwanggang Dam. However, it is difficult to manage the flood of the Imjin River basin under the situation of limited shared real-time information on the Hwanggang Dam operation. In this study, a hydrological analysis system was established to estimate the inflow and release of the Hwanggang Dam by building a lumped hydrological model and an Auto ROM (Reservoir Operation Method)-based reservoir operation algorithm. To estimate the inflow of the Gunnam Flood Control Reservoir, the water level of the Hwanggang Dam was calculated using the Sentinel-2 multi-spectral images, and the hydrological analysis system was calibrated. The evaluation index of the water level of the ungauged Hwanggang Dam derived from January 2017 to August 2020 using the hydrological analysis system was shown to have a coefficient of determination of 0.76 and an RMSE of 3.97 m. In the case of the flood event in August 2020, the coefficient of determination of the flood inflow in the Gunnam Flood Control Zone was calculated to be 0.86.

Synoptic Features of August Heavy Rainfall Episodes Accompanied By a Quasi-Stationary Front Over the Korean Peninsula and Its Relationship With the Western Pacific Subtropical High

In this study, we investigated the synoptic features of the August 26–27, 2018 heavy rainfall episode, which was accompanied by a quasi-stationary front over the Korean peninsula, as well as its relationship with the climatological characteristics of the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), using reanalysis and observational data. Through a case study, we analyzed the synoptic environment and frontal structure of the heavy rainfall event by comparing it with a heavy rainfall event associated with a quasi-stationary front that occurred on June 26–27, 2018 (during the Changma period). The case study indicates that the environment and structure of the quasi-stationary fronts in both events exhibited common characteristic features: an extended WPSH and strong low-level winds along the western or northwestern edge of the WPSH and a northward tilted frontal structure. Although differences in the moisture transport path were observed (southwesterly for the Changma event and southerly for the August event), their contributions to maintaining the quasi-stationary fronts were comparable around the Korean peninsula. We further investigated the climatological characteristics of these two heavy rainfall episodes for a 30 year period (1990–2019). We identified heavy rainfall days similar to those of the case study using pattern correlations of the 850 hPa geopotential height anomaly. The occurrence frequencies for each period indicate that the environmental features of the Changma event can be regarded as the typical heavy rainfall environment during the Changma period, whereas the environmental features of the August event were not typical for heavy rainfall during August. The main difference between similar and different cases to the August event is the expansion of the WPSH. Analysis of the relationship between annual variations in the WPSH indices and the occurrence frequency of heavy rainfall days during each August period also indicates that heavy rainfall with a quasi-stationary front similar to the August event is closely related to WPSH expansion.

Numerical Modeling of a Green Tide Migration Process with Multiple Artificial Structures in the Western Bohai Sea, China

Green tides have increasingly become a nuisance worldwide in recent years, and especially in China. Since 2015, green tides have started recurring in Jinmeng Bay, Qinhuangdao, western Bohai Sea of China, and have severely deteriorated the tourism environment there. In order to investigate the migration process of the green tides in Jinmeng Bay, a hydrodynamic model and a particle-tracking model were applied based on the latest green tide event in August 2021. The hydrodynamic model was applied with triple-level 2DH meshes with different refinements and scales, which provided the hydrodynamics to drive the green macroalgae into the particle-tracking model. From the model results, the semi-enclosed waters surrounded by multiple artificial structures are a low-energy hydrodynamic environment, which is not helpful for water exchange and thus the dispersal of nutrients. The green macroalgae are distributed substantially within the semi-enclosed waters, and few are transported out with low biomass. The effects of wind and artificial structures both increase the coverage of the green macroalgae trajectories; the effect of wind plays a more important role. A sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind showed that 6 m/s wind in ENE led to the maximum coverage of the green macroalgae trajectories in the cases of different magnitudes and directions of winds. This study can provide references for the pre-warning and mitigation of green tides in Jinmeng Bay and other similar places.

Storm characteristics dictate sediment dynamics and geomorphic changes in mountain channels: A case study in the Italian Alps

In mountain environments, the coupling of hillslopes processes with the channel network during extreme events is of great importance for rivers dynamics, as debris flows and landslides are among the most important sources of sediments. The Stolla Creek (40 km2 drainage area, South Tyrol, Italy) is a confined and partly confined mountain channel that was affected by an extreme flood in August 2017, followed by a smaller event in August 2020. The geomorphic effects of the two floods were investigated both in the main channel and over the entire basin with the aim to assess the impacts of the lateral sediment connectivity to the channel response and to the event-scale sediment export.An integrated approach was applied, including radar rainfall estimation, hydrologic-hydraulic analysis, analysis of morphological changes and sediment delivery to the stream network. Hillslope and channel processes were mapped and characterized by using geomorphological analysis of multitemporal orthophotos and Digital Terrain Models. Debris-flow connectivity to the main channel was derived by combining field evidence and GIS-based analysis.The 2017 flood was caused by rainfall with a short duration (6 h) and a rainfall intensity exceeding 45 mm/h. More than 600 debris flows were triggered in the Stolla basin, and the main channel experienced widening (width ratio between 1.3 and 4.9) through bank erosion and overbank deposition. Widening was accompanied by aggradation in the river corridor up to 1.2 m or incision down to −2.2 m. The 2020 flood was characterized by lower rainfall intensity (max 17 mm/h) and a longer duration (48 h), and debris flows were not triggered. The moderate magnitude of the 2020 flood peak did not lead to channel widening, but marked bed incision (up to −1.4 m) occurred in the reaches where aggradation took place during the 2017 event. In both flood events, limited volumes of sediments were exported from the catchment outlet.Overall, our results highlight how structural connectivity at the basin scale determines the potential sediment cascades linking hillslopes to channels but time-varying functional connectivity – driven by hydrological drivers as rainfall intensities and durations – eventually control the actual sediment transport effectiveness both on hillslopes and along the channel.

Estimated Amounts and Rates of Carbon Mobilized by Landsliding in Old‐Growth Temperate Forests of SE Alaska

AbstractLandslides, a forest disturbance, mobilize carbon (C) sequestered in vegetation and soils. Mobilized C is deposited either onto hillslopes or into the water, sequestering C from and releasing C to the atmosphere at different time scales. The C‐dense old‐growth temperate forests of SE Alaska are a unique location to quantify C mobilization rate by frequent landslides that often evolve into saturated moving masses known as debris flows. In this study, the amount of C mobilized by debris flows over historic time scales was estimated by combining a landslide inventory with maps of modeled biomass and soil carbon. We analyzed SE Alaskan landslides over a 55‐year period where a total of 4.69 ± 0.21 MtC was mobilized, an average rate of 2.5 tC km−2 yr−1. A single event in August 2015 mobilized 57,651 ± 3,266 tC, an average of 63 tC km−2. Depositional fate was inferred using two methods, a standard stream intersection analysis and a second novel approach using simulated debris flow deposition modeling calibrated to the study area. Approximately 60% of debris flow deposits intersected the stream network (9% into mainstem channels, 91% into small tributaries), consistent with long‐term modeled connectivity, suggesting that debris flows are likely to contribute to globally significant amounts of C buried in local fjord sediments. Our results are consistent with an emerging consensus that landslide disturbances that mobilize organic carbon may play an important role in the global carbon cycle over geologic time, with coastal temperate forests being hotspots of potential carbon sequestration.

Event Based Post-Fire Hydrological Modeling of the Upper Arroyo Seco Watershed in Southern California

Understanding, development and integration of pre-fire and post-fire watershed hydrological processes into a watershed hydrological model in a wild-fire repeating region similar to parts of California is critical for emergency assessments. 95% of the upper Arroyo Seco watershed located in Los Angeles County in southern California was burned by the Station fire that occurred in August 2009, significantly increasing the watershed observed runoff. This watershed was employed to develop the January 2008 rainfall runoff model as a pre-fire event-based watershed hydrological model. This pre-fire watershed model was subsequently employed in the rainfall events of 18 January 2010 and 27 February 2010, a few months after the fire event of August 2009. The pre-fire watershed model when employed in the post-fire rainfall events without considering the fire effects vastly underestimated the simulated discharge. For this reason, in this study of the post-fire catchment runoff modeling the following points are taken into consideration: (a) a realistic distributed initial soil moisture condition; (b) a formulation that includes a reduction factor and a burn severity factor, as multiplying factors to soil hydraulic conductivity in the soil characteristic curve; and (c) runoff routing parameterization under burned conditions. Developing the post-fire Arroyo Seco watershed model by using the above-mentioned points enhanced the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency from −24% to 82% for the 18 January 2010 rainfall event and from −47% to 96% for the 27 February 2010 rainfall event.

Drought, windthrow and forest operations strongly affect oribatid mite communities in different microhabitats

Climate change is enhancing the annual mean temperature and the risk for droughts and natural disasters. Hot and dry summers not only have a negative impact on forest performance, but also affect fundamental ecosystem processes such as litter decomposition and nutrient cycling and the organisms involved. Oribatid mites are sexually or parthenogenetically reproducing soil-living microarthropods substantially involved in these processes. We compare oribatid mite communities (abundance, species richness, effective Shannon diversity and life-history parameters such as sex ratio, gravidity, number of eggs) in four microhabitats (litter, dead wood, moss and bare soil) before (2016) and after a sequence of disturbance events (2020). These disturbances include the severe drought of 2018/2019 in Germany, a single summer storm event in August 2019, and subsequent forest operations in spring 2020. Abundance and species richness were reduced up to 87% in all microhabitats and so was the effective Shannon diversity in moss (65%). Communities in moss were most affected, while effects were buffered in litter. In litter and moss, sexual species suffered slightly more than parthenogenetic species. Life history parameters were largely unaffected. In bare soil, microarthropods were almost absent. Our study demonstrates that consequences of climate change – drought, windthrow, necessary forest operations – are not restricted to above-ground systems but also strongly affect soil-living microarthropod communities. If natural and human-introduced disturbances remain in the long-term, severe consequences for forest soil arthropods must be expected. Since life-history parameters were unaffected, species probably recover over time if climate becomes more moderate in the short-term.

Appraising the Potential of Using Satellite‐Based Rainfall Estimates for Evaluating Extreme Precipitation: A Case Study of August 2014 Event Across the West Rapti River Basin, Nepal

AbstractHeavy precipitation events are recurrently occurring in Nepal, affecting lives and properties every year, especially in the summer monsoon season (i.e., June‐September). We investigated an extreme (heavy) precipitation event of August 2014 over the West Rapti River (WRR) Basin, Nepal. First, we forced a rainfall‐runoff model with ground‐based (gauge) hourly rainfall data of nine stations. Second, we validated against hourly water level at an outlet of the WRR Basin. This study then evaluated the performance of different satellite‐based rainfall estimates (SREs) in capturing an extreme precipitation event. We considered the use of half‐hourly data of Integrated Multi‐satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) (Early, Late, and Final versions), spatial resolution (10 km), and hourly data of Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), spatial resolution (25 km), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks‐Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN‐CCS), spatial resolution (4 km). Also, we used 3 h data of Tropical Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product real‐time (3B42RT), spatial resolution (25 km). In general, we find that all selected SREs depicted a similar pattern of extreme precipitation as shown by the gauge data on a daily scale. However, we find these products could not replicate precisely on a sub‐daily scale. Overall, IMERG and TMPA showed a better performance than PERSIANN and PERSIANN‐CCS. Finally, we corrected poor‐performed SREs with respect to gauge data and also filled data gaps of gauge rainfall using the information of good‐performed SREs. Our study reveals that there is a great challenge in local flood simulation employing SREs at high‐temporal resolution in Nepal.

Geological and geomorphological influences on a recent debris flow event in the Ice-scoured Mountain Quaternary domain, western Scotland

Debris flows in settings that have experienced net glacial erosion within the UK's Ice-scoured Quaternary domain are the result of a complex interaction of a range of geological and geomorphological factors. On the 11th of August 2016 a rainfall-triggered debris flow deposited 100 t of sediment onto local road and rail infrastructure blocking transport between town of Fort William and port of Mallaig in north-west Scotland. The debris flow occurred in an ice-scoured setting, where current 1:50,000-scale geological maps suggest that little or no sediment is expected on the valley slopes. In this study, we show how weathering and mass-wasting processes have interacted with bedrock structures to fill localised depressions with sediment on the upper parts of the slope. The intense rainfall event of August 2016 caused the destabilisation of this localised sediment, with eventual failure along bedrock joint surfaces resulting in two debris flows. This study demonstrates the combination of processes that can result in thick accumulations of sediment on slopes that are otherwise generally lacking in superficial sediment cover. These sediment accumulations have the potential to pose a significant landslide hazard in areas that might previously have been thought of as lower susceptibility. The research illustrates a need to improve understanding and representation of sediment thickness and distribution on hill slopes – particularly those that show an absence of superficial deposits at the scale of currently available geological maps.

Weather Reasearch and Forecasting Model Simulation of a Snowfall Event in Southern Brazil

This study evaluates the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to simulate a snowfall event in the southern Brazil. The event in August 2013 was considered one of the most intense in recent years in the region with the highest topographic elevations between the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC). The Snowfall in the mountain region of RS and SC was associated with the configuration involving a polar anticyclone and the intensification of an extratropical cyclone over the Atlantic Ocean. The WRF simulation results demonstrated the model's viability to predict the event, but without the magnitude representation of the phenomenon. The simulations represented few snow accumulations, with a maximum value of 1.2 mm, and occurred in only two meteorological monitoring stations among the seven evaluated, differently from what was reported in the media. These results may be linked to the simulation of the warmer air temperature near to the surface in relation to the observations, and consequently to the increase in the simulation of precipitation in liquid form. These results were attributed to the choice of WRF Single–moment 6–class (WSM6) microphysics and in the Noah Land Surface Model scheme. Despite these limitations, WRF has proved to be an important tool for predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of snowfall and precipitation in the higher regions of southern Brazil.

Syysseminaarin satoa

This article reports on the twelfth Autumn Seminar of the Section for Teachers and Researchers of the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters, which was held as an online event in August 2020, hosted by Tampere University. The theme of the seminar was online teaching, which became a topical subject after the Covid-19 pandemic forced all education to explore news ways of teaching and learning in a distance mode. The seminar included two parallel discussion sessions, one focusing on how the corona shutdown affected translator training in the spring of 2020, and the other focusing on the possibilities of online teaching collaboration between different universities. Both discussion sessions included two invited presentations with translator and interpreter trainers sharing their own experiences, followed by group discussion. This article includes a description of the invited presentations and a summary of the outcome of the group discussions. The presentations and the discussions reflected that the sudden shift to digital teaching was challenging for many, but the exceptional situation also had positive outcomes, such as novel ways of organizing teaching collaboration between universities.

Advances in the simulation of debris flow erosion: The case study of the Rio Gere (Italy) event of the 4th August 2017

Debris flows are natural hazards causing fatalities and damages to infrastructures every year. One of the current challenges is to improve the predictability of such events using simulation tools. In this direction, the paper aims to model debris-flow generation starting from the water component and then simulating the motion of the bulked solid-fluid mixture mass flow. The debris component is progressively increased through entrainment of the channel bed material. The simulation has been performed exploiting the tool r.avaflow, which implements a physically-based model (Pudasaini and Mergili, 2019) for the flow propagation and an empirical multi-phase model for the entrainment processes.The investigated study case occurred in the Northeastern Alps of Italy, near the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo (Veneto Region), during the summer of 2017. The debris flow was triggered by a heavy rainstorm that caused extreme surface runoff, leading to entrainment of sediment from the channel bed. The debris flow obstructed the bridge of a regional road and consequently flooded the adjacent areas.Different types of debris flow simulations are performed, testing four specific functions to compute the entrainment rate. The simulated results are then compared against field observations. The analysis considers the differences in volume and depth of entrainment and in the output hydrograph.We conclude that entrainment is correlated with the terrain slope, particularly if it is calculated on a smoothed digital elevation model, which dilutes a less significant local steepness. We calibrate a spatially distributed slope-dependent erosion coefficient that successfully reproduced the observed entrainment volumes. The outcomes highlight the great importance of simulating debris flow entrainment processes adopting a multiphase model, which resulted particularly suitable for an accurate reproduction of the investigated event. The results, corroborated by further verifications, can improve the reliability of challenging predictive simulations on debris flow erosion.

A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed With the Global Muon Detector Network

AbstractWe demonstrate that global observations of high‐energy cosmic rays contribute to understanding unique characteristics of a large‐scale magnetic flux rope causing a magnetic storm in August 2018. Following a weak interplanetary shock on August 25, 2018, a magnetic flux rope caused an unexpectedly large geomagnetic storm. It is likely that this event became geoeffective because the flux rope was accompanied by a corotating interaction region and compressed by high‐speed solar wind following the flux rope. In fact, a Forbush decrease was observed in cosmic‐ray data inside the flux rope as expected, and a significant cosmic‐ray density increase exceeding the unmodulated level before the shock was also observed near the trailing edge of the flux rope. The cosmic‐ray density increase can be interpreted in terms of the adiabatic heating of cosmic rays near the trailing edge of the flux rope, as the corotating interaction region prevents free expansion of the flux rope and results in the compression near the trailing edge. A northeast‐directed spatial gradient in the cosmic‐ray density was also derived during the cosmic‐ray density increase, suggesting that the center of the heating near the trailing edge is located northeast of Earth. This is one of the best examples demonstrating that the observation of high‐energy cosmic rays provides us with information that can only be derived from the cosmic ray measurements to observationally constrain the three‐dimensional macroscopic picture of the interaction between coronal mass ejections and the ambient solar wind, which is essential for prediction of large magnetic storms.

Observing Earth\u2019s magnetic environment with the GRACE-FO mission

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission carries magnetometers that are dedicated to enhance the satellite’s navigation. After appropriate calibration and characterisation of artificial magnetic disturbances, these observations are valuable assets to characterise the natural variability of Earth’s magnetic field. We describe the data pre-processing, the calibration, and characterisation strategy against a high-precision magnetic field model applied to the GRACE-FO magnetic data. During times of geomagnetic quiet conditions, the mean residual to the magnetic model is around 1 nT with standard deviations below 10 nT. The mean difference to data of ESA’s Swarm mission, which is dedicated to monitor the Earth’s magnetic field, is mainly within ± 10 nT during conjunctions. The performance of GRACE-FO magnetic data is further discussed on selected scientific examples. During a magnetic storm event in August 2018, GRACE-FO reveals the local time dependence of the magnetospheric ring current signature, which is in good agreement with results from a network of ground magnetic observations. Also, derived field-aligned currents (FACs) are applied to monitor auroral FACs that compare well in amplitude and statistical behaviour for local time, hemisphere, and solar wind conditions to approved earlier findings from other missions including Swarm. On a case event, it is demonstrated that the dual-satellite constellation of GRACE-FO is most suitable to derive the persistence of auroral FACs with scale lengths of 180 km or longer. Due to a relatively larger noise level compared to dedicated magnetic missions, GRACE-FO is especially suitable for high-amplitude event studies. However, GRACE-FO is also sensitive to ionospheric signatures even below the noise level within statistical approaches. The combination with data of dedicated magnetic field missions and other missions carrying non-dedicated magnetometers greatly enhances related scientific perspectives.

Le First-Ever Drag Ball Acadien: Le Category Is Maritime Realness!

Multidisciplinary, non-binary artist Xavier Gould is queering Acadian culture through drag performance. Gould has been entertaining many Canadians through their satirical YouTube character Jass-Sainte Bourque and has recently created a welcoming space for rural Acadians in Moncton’s First-Ever Drag Ball Acadien. The event in August of 2019 was the first of many future drag balls, offering a site of inspiration for often unheard and unseen queer artists. Collaboratively written by Gould and queer theatre creator Luke Brown, the article looks at contemporary modes of expression for queer artists in Acadie and how drag is being used as a tool for reclaiming the history of its communities.

Tropical Atlantic dust and the zonal circulation

This study examines the factors driving the variability of Saharan dust over the subtropical Atlantic during summer. Monthly tropospheric dust concentrations from satellite-based model assimilation averaged in the area 10–23 N, 30–65 W, are used to create an index over the period 1980–2017. The seasonal cycle peaks in summer and affects tropical cyclones from July to September. Point-to-field regression analysis is performed, and then composites of dusty and clean seasons are analyzed as maps and sections of meteorological fields. The regression reveals significant differences in oceanic trade winds, (detrended) sea surface temperature, and atmospheric convection. Dusty minus clean composites show a zonal overturning circulation with sinking/rising motions over Africa/western Caribbean and lower easterlies/upper westerlies over the subtropical Atlantic. This circulation spreads Saharan dust and warm dry air in the 1–4 km layer westward at ~ 10 m/s over cooler waters, inhibiting convection. Among the factors driving tropospheric dust variability is the Pacific El Nino Southern Oscillation. Composites of dusty and clean hurricane occurrence show a threefold difference in numbers and a tenfold difference in mean power dissipation index. Analysis of a dust event in August 2009 illustrates how wind shear and cool SST conspire to suppress tropical easterly waves. Supplementary work characterizes the dispersion of a dense Saharan dust plume in June 2020.

Measurements of Velocity Profiles in Natural Debris Flows: A View behind the Muddy Curtain

ABSTRACT The internal deformation behavior of natural debris flows is of interest for model development and model testing for debris-flow hazard mitigation. Up to now, only a few attempts have been made to measure velocity profiles in natural debris flows due to the low predictability and high destructive power of these flows. In this contribution, we present recent advances to measure in-situ velocity profiles together with flow parameters like flow height, basal normal stress, and pore fluid pressure. This was accomplished by constructing a fin-shaped monitoring barrier with an array of paired conductivity sensors in the middle of Gadria Creek, Italy. We present results from two natural debris-flow events. Compared to the first event on July 10, 2017, the second event on August 19, 2017, was visually more liquid. Both debris flows exhibited significant longitudinal changes of flow properties like flow height and density. The liquefaction ratios reached values up to unity in some sections of the flows. Velocity profiles for the July event were mostly concave-up, while the profiles for the more liquid event in August were linear to convex. These measurements provide new insights into the dynamics of real-scale debris flows.

Supplement to the paper “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” from Blatnik et al. (2019) published in Acta Carsologica 48/2

The article of Blatnik et al. (2019) “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” published in Acta Carsologica, 48/2 focused on describing the hydrogeological behaviour of the aquifer between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. The authors analysed the effect of different high water events that occurred between January 2015 and May 2018. Interpretations were based on hydrographs obtained by continuous measurements of water level, temperature and specific electric conductivity in selected ponors, springs and water active caves located in the area between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. Through these interpretations, different conceptual hydrological models about the dynamics and directions of the flow in the aquifer have been proposed and tested. A flow connection was proposed between the Hrušica Plateau, estavelles located at the NW border of Planinsko Polje, and caves Gradišnica (W2) and Gašpinova Jama (W3) close to town Logatec. In this supplement, we provide new data recorded during an unusual hydrological event in August 2018. These further support and stress the importance of the connection between the Hrušica Plateau and Logatec region (W2 and W3).

PENERAPAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PT. FARINDA BERSAUDARA DI DESA JAMBUK KECAMATAN BONGAN KABUPATEN KUTAI BARAT

This research is motivated by the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) for companies to society and the benefits of implementing CSR for the community. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a nutshell can be defined as corporate social responsibility to its stakeholders. Companies that implement CSR will benefit, namely maintaining and boosting the reputation and brand image of the company, can improve relations with stakeholders, improve relations with the government, increase employee morale and productivity and get the opportunity to get awards. The company cannot release its responsibility for both the environment and the surrounding community. If the company still wants sustainability, it must pay attention to both the community and the environment. 
 The purpose of this research is to identify the implementation of CSR by PT. Farinda Bersaudara and identification of benefits received by the community from social, economic and environmental aspects by PT. Farinda Bersaudara. The results of this study indicate that the community's assessment of the company regarding the CSR program on average from the total score of the respondents' answers is 83.44, meaning that most respondents stated that the implementation of CSR at PT. Farinda brothers are good. CSR implementation at PT. Farinda Bersaudara only covers 1 aspect, namely social aspects, for example, such as financial assistance for the 17 August event, religious holidays and also the company providing assistance in the form of buses for school children around the company

Wildfire Smoke Risk Communication Efficacy: A Content Analysis of Washington State's 2018 Statewide Smoke Event Public Health Messaging.

Wildfire events are increasing in prevalence and intensity in the Pacific Northwest. Effective communication of health risks and actions to reduce exposure to wildfire smoke is imperative. We assessed the content of wildfire smoke risk messages from government organizations and mainstream media during a major wildfire smoke event in August 2018. We conducted a content analysis of wildfire smoke risk information communicated by local and state government organizations and the mainstream media. Eight Washington State counties during a statewide wildfire smoke event in August 2018. Leveraging the Extended Parallel Process Model and information in the existing literature on wildfire smoke and health, we assessed messages for the presence of information regarding health risk, personal interventions, administrative interventions, vulnerable populations, and trusted sources of information. Summary statistics were calculated to identify common messages about recommended interventions, vulnerable populations cited, and trusted sources of public health information. Of the 273 identified government and media messages on wildfire smoke, the majority (71% and 66%) contained information about health risks. However, only 46% and 33% of government and media messages contained information about personal interventions to reduce risk, and 37% and 14% of government and media messages contained information about administrative interventions to reduce risk. Less than half of government and media messages (28% and 31%) contained information specific to vulnerable populations, and 58% and 46% of government and media messages contained any reference to a trusted source of information. While information about wildfire smoke and health risks was communicated during Washington's August 2018 wildfire smoke event, there remains considerable opportunity to include additional information about interventions, vulnerable populations, and trusted sources of information. We recommend several opportunities to improve and evaluate risk communication and risk reduction before, during, and after future wildfire smoke events.