Salt Evaporation Research Articles

Evaporated Alkali Carbonate Effect on an Aluminum Diffusion Coated 253MA Vessel after 4000 h Discontinuous Operation—Lessons Learned

A vessel of a laboratory setup for hosting molten alkali carbonate immersion experiments was recently decommissioned after about 4000 h discontinuous operation at 800 °C. In this article, we want to describe the long-term damage of the vessel caused by evaporated alkali carbonate species in a carbon dioxide gas environment. The vessel is made of alloy 253MA and coated by an aluminum powder pack diffusion process. The degree of material loss and internal degradation did not correlate with the temperature profile across the vessel but rather with the vicinity to the gas and salt evaporation source. One millimeter of the vessel’s initial 5 mm wall thickness was completely consumed at the strongest attacked location plus another 800 µm of internal attack beneath the metal–oxide interface.

Cationic surfactant-directed structural control of NaCl crystals from evaporating sessile droplets.

We report morphological regulation of NaCl (sodium chloride) crystals through the evaporative crystallisation process of microdroplets containing a cationic surfactant CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Various fascinating evaporative salt morphologies are observed using different combinations of salt (CNaCl) and surfactant (CCTAB) concentrations. Each observed morphology is carefully explained by the interplaying physical phenomena, such as crystallisation, micellisation, evaporative dewetting, and surface adsorption of anionic couneterions. Salt morphologies are investigated for low (CNaCl = 0.1 (M)), intermediate (CNaCl = 0.5 (M)) and high (CNaCl = 2 (M)) concentrations, whereas surfactant concentrations are varied four orders of magnitudes (from 0.0001 (M) to 0.1 (M)). Interestingly, we observe a threshold in CCTAB at 0.001 (M), beyond which the peripheral rings of dried deposits are found to be composed of CTAB for CNaCl = 0.1 (M), while the same is seen to be made up of NaCl for CNaCl = 2 (M). We have explained the morphological evolution by the process of competitive surface adsorption phenomenon between Cl- and Br- counter ions. Such a detailed study of saline droplet crystallisation in the presence of a cationic surfactant underpins the fundamental understanding of the crystallisation process. In addition, it may further impact application sectors where crystallisation of saline solution plays an important role, especially in the presence of additives.

Electrochemical deposition of nickel from aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metallic powder

A new method of preparation of aqueous electrolyte baths for electrochemical deposition of nickel targets for medical accelerators is presented. It starts with fast dissolution of metallic Ni powder in a HNO3-free solvent. Such obtained raw solution does not require additional treatment aimed to removal nitrates, such as the acid evaporation and Ni salt precipitation-dissolution. It is used directly for preparation of the nickel plating baths after dilution with water, setting up pH value and after possible addition of H3BO3. The pH of the baths ranges from alkaline to acidic. Deposition of 95% of ca. 50 mg of Ni dissolved in the bath takes ca. 3.5 h for the alkaline electrolyte while for the acidic solution it requires ca. 7 h. The Ni deposits obtained from the acidic bath are physically and chemically more stable and possess smoother and crack-free surfaces as compared to the coatings deposited from the alkaline bath. A method of estimation of concentration of H2O2 in the electrolytic bath is also proposed.

Metagenomic Insights Into Ecosystem Function in the Microbial Mats of a Large Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon System

The hypersaline lagoon system of Araruama (HLSA) is one of the largest in the world and one of the most important sources of evaporative salt in Brazil. The biogeochemical characteristics of this lagoon system led it to be considered a Precambrian relic. The HLSA also harbors extensive microbial mats, but the taxonomic and metabolic attributes of these mats are poorly understood. Our high-throughput metagenomics analyses demonstrated that the HLSA microbial mats are dominated by Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Among Proteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria comprises approximately 40% of the total population and it includes sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfobacterales, Desulfuromonadales, and Desulfovibrionales. Differing in composition and function of their reaction centers, other phylogenetic diverse anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria were detected in the HLSA microbial mats metagenomes. The presence of photolithoautotrophs, sulfate reducers, sulfide oxidizers, and aerobic heterotrophs suggests the existence of numerous cooperative niches that are coupled and regulated by microbial interactions. We suggest that the HLSA microbial mats hold microorganisms and the necessary machinery (genomic repertoire to sustain metabolic pathways) to promote favorable conditions (i.e., create an alkaline pH microenvironment) for microbially mediated calcium carbonate precipitation process. Metagenome-assembled genomes (Ca. Thiohalocapsa araruaensisHLSAbin6 sp. nov. andCa. Araruabacter turfaeHLSAbin9 gen. nov. sp. nov.) obtained support the relevance of Sulfur metabolism and they are enriched with genes involved in the osmoadaptive networks, hinting at possible strategies to withstand osmotic stress. Metabolically versatile bacteria populations, able to use multiple nutrient sources and osmolytes, seem to be a relevant attribute to survive under such stressful conditions.

Extremely Halophilic Biohydrogen Producing Microbial Communities from High-Salinity Soil and Salt Evaporation Pond

Extreme halophiles offer the advantage to save on the costs of sterilization and water for biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic waste after the pretreatment process with their ability to withstand extreme salt concentrations. This study identifies the dominant hydrogen-producing genera and species among the acclimatized, extremely halotolerant microbial communities taken from two salt-damaged soil locations in Khon Kaen and one location from the salt evaporation pond in Samut Sakhon, Thailand. The microbial communities’ V3–V4 regions of 16srRNA were analyzed using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. A total of 345 operational taxonomic units were obtained and the high-throughput sequencing confirmed that Firmicutes was the dominant phyla of the three communities. Halanaerobium fermentans and Halanaerobacter lacunarum were the dominant hydrogen-producing species of the communities. Spatial proximity was not found to be a determining factor for similarities between these extremely halophilic microbial communities. Through the study of the microbial communities, strategies can be developed to increase biohydrogen molar yield.

Identification and characterization of magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria from a salt evaporation pool, Bohai Bay, China.

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes that can produce intracellular chain-assembled nanocrystals of magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) or greigite (Fe3 S4 ). Compared with their wide distribution in the Alpha-, Eta- and Delta-proteobacteria classes, few MTB strains have been identified in the Gammaproteobacteria class, resulting in limited knowledge of bacterial diversity and magnetosome biomineralization within this phylogenetic branch. Here, we identify two magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria strains (tentatively named FZSR-1 and FZSR-2 respectively) from a salt evaporation pool in Bohai Bay, at the Fuzhou saltern, Dalian City, eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that strain FZSR-2 is the same species as strains SHHR-1 and SS-5, which were discovered previously from brackish and hypersaline environments respectively. Strain FZSR-1 represents a novel species. Compared with strains FZSR-2, SHHR-1 and SS-5 in which magnetite particles are assembled into a single chain, FZSR-1 cells form relatively narrower magnetite nanoparticles that are often organized into double chains. We find a good relationship between magnetite morphology within strains FZSR-2, SHHR-1 and SS-5 and the salinity of the environment in which they live. This study expands the bacterial diversity of magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria and provides new insights into magnetosome biomineralization within magnetotactic Gammaproteobacteria.

Biological and chemical characterization of new isolated halophilic microorganisms from saltern ponds of Trapani, Sicily

Halophilic microorganisms inhabiting hypersaline environments such as salt lakes, Dead Sea, or salt evaporation ponds, have acquired specific cell adaptation to grow within stressful conditions. In this study, we isolated heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms from several saltern ponds located at the Natural Reserve “Saline di Trapani e Paceco”, Sicily, Italy. The aim of the study was to investigate the biotechnological potential of new microbial strains from saltern ponds, by capturing their biological and chemical diversity. After the isolation and identification of the sampled strains, their growth capacity was determined under low and high salinity conditions. The metabolomic profiles of heterotrophs and pigments production of photosynthetic organisms were analyzed. In parallel, antiproliferative tests on human cell lines were conducted with total extracts coming from the microorganism cultures, together with repair activity assessment of non-cytotoxic extracts. Some of the isolated strains were found to synthetize known bioactive molecules and to exert bioactivity on human cells. In particular, the high salinity increases cell repair activity, probably due to an higher production of antioxidants pigments (e.g. lutein and fucoxanthin) from photosynthetic microorganisms; same culture condition augment also concentration of molecules with interesting bioactivities, such as ectoine, betaine, trigonelline, amino acids and oxiglutathione from heterotrophic microorganisms. In conclusion, this work represents the first study on the isolation of halophilic microorganisms populating the ‘Trapani-Paceco’ saltern and shows how an interdisciplinary investigation based on marine microbiology, cell biology, and modern metabolomics can disclose their biotechnological potential.

Process Design and Economic Evaluation for the Recovery of Halite and Co-products from Lake Katwe Brine

Salt in Uganda is mainly imported from neighboring countries despite the existence of a 22.5 million t of mineral deposit at Lake Katwe, Western Uganda. Earlier attempts to extract salt from the deposit did not yield the required results. To reduce on the salt import bill and improve the livelihoods of the local miners, a modified solar concentration process was designed to extract sodium chloride and other evaporites. The process flow sheets describing the constituent unit operations were modeled using SuperPro Designer. A bench-scale experiment guided by thermodynamic calculations from the PHREEQC software was conducted to validate the process flow sheets. XRD results show that halite of > 99% purity was produced after the flotation of burkeite and trona. Furthermore, soda ash and sodium sulfate were produced after the second evaporation process by a combination of flotation, carbonation, and calcination techniques. Sodium chloride is the most abundant and feasible product. The unit production cost of sodium chloride was 0.2629 and 0.4724$/kg with a net present value of $2,447,853 and − 12,085,796 of the solar salt and mechanical evaporation processes respectively. As a result, the solar salt extraction process proved highly feasible from both engineering and economic standpoints and thus can be scaled up to a pilot scale using conventional industrial equipment.

A study of mineralized water using geophysical and hydrogeochemical approaches in Khwelen salt ponds, Sangaw, Sulaymaniyah, NE of Iraq

Groundwater is the main source of Khwelen village for domestic and household purposes, furthermore for salt production via salt evaporation ponds. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and hydrogeochemical approaches are used to understand the regime and distribution patterns of different types of mineralized water flowing through several springs and wells in a restricted area does not exceed 0.14 Km2. The high salty one using for producing salt for more than hundreds of years and the sulfurous one that has bad odder. The area is covered by Fatha Formation which has four types of depositional cycles, two of them are considered as impermeable layers they are claystone and marlstone, the others are Limestone and Gypsum layers that characterized by highly fractured and caverns. The inverse sections of the resistivity imaging showing the occurrence of 22 caves of different sizes and at different depths. They are classified into two groups, 10 cavities detected in the Gypsum layers showing high resistivity ranging from 350 Ohm.m to 1200 Ohm.m, they are most probably making the underground paths of the sulfurous groundwater. The second group is 12 cavities appear in the limestone layers of the Fatha Formation and they are showing very low resistivity ranging from 0.4 Ohm.m to 4 Ohm.m and forming excellent paths of the high salty underground water. ERT shows high applicability for finding the boundary between the saline and sulfurous mineralized water.
 The groundwater chemistry is controlled by many overriding factors which are: dissolution, mineral precipitation, cation exchange, and salinization, besides the effects of localized topography, mixing, and geology. These processes are proved from the results of ionic concentrations, saturation indices, HFE diagram, and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes.

Evaporation and Salt Accumulation Effects on Riparian Freshwater Lenses

AbstractWhile previous studies conclude that riparian freshwater lenses are the result of buoyancy forces that drive river water circulation in the adjacent aquifer, only highly idealized conceptual models have been assessed. A numerical study is conducted to investigate the influence of evaporation from unsaturated bare soils, including accumulation and precipitation of salt, on riparian freshwater lenses, assuming otherwise similar conditions to those adopted in recent studies. Non‐evaporating simulations that account for the unsaturated zone are first compared to previous saturation‐only numerical and analytical results, and reasonable matches are obtained. The modeling analysis of evaporative simulations includes three different approaches to the treatment of solute in evaporated water: (a) no evaporative salt accumulation, (b) evaporative salt accumulation, and (c) as for (b) except resistance to evaporation caused by salt accumulation is considered. Significant evaporative fluxes caused gaining river conditions to change to losing conditions, leading to the cessation of buoyancy‐driven freshwater circulation and to freshwater bodies that are not lenticular. Rather, evaporation reduces regions where the water table and/or unsaturated zone are fresh relative to the freshwater lens volume. Evaporation rates depend on the hydraulic connection between the floodplain surface and water table, which is limited where the water table is deep, the soil hydraulic conductivity is low, and under higher potential evaporation rates. The results show that floodplain evaporation may control the freshwater‐saltwater distribution and lead to hypersaline groundwater under certain conditions, although earlier buoyancy‐driven conceptual models of riparian lenses appear to remain valid where the thickness of the unsaturated zone is sufficiently large.

Research on multi-effect evaporation salt prediction based on feature extraction

In the multi-effect evaporation salt making process, the smooth operation of the salt making process is crucial. As the salt production process continues, many unstable factors will cause the salt production process not to proceed smoothly. These factors can be discovered in advance by predicting the salt production data, thus, it is of great significance to predict the multi-effect evaporation salt production data. In the process of multi-effect evaporation and salt production, the multiple salt-making devices make the influence between the parameters closer, and the influence of a single parameter on itself is sometimes ductile. Therefore, the data of multi-effect evaporation and salt production have the characteristics of high dimensions, high complexity and temporal information. If the historical salt production data is used for data prediction directly, the prediction model will take a long time and the prediction effect is not good. Thus, how to predict the multi-effect evaporation salt production data is the main research problem of this paper. In view of the above problems, according to the characteristics of multi-effect evaporation salt production data, this paper analyzes and improves the self encoder for feature extraction of multi effect-evaporation salt production data, so as to solve the problem of high dimensions and high complexity of salt production data. On this basis, combined with the time-series information contained in the salt production data, a multi-effect evaporation salt production data prediction model is proposed based on long-term and short-term memory cycle neural network to solve the prediction problem of time-series salt production data. Experiments show that the prediction model can predict and prevent the problems in salt production line in advance. It has a certain theoretical research value and application value in the intelligent production process and production line optimization of salt chemical industry.

Dimensional Synthesis for Multi-Linkage Robots Based on a Niched Pareto Genetic Algorithm

The dimensional synthesis of multi-linkage robots has great significance for improving flexibility and efficiency. With the increase of the degree of freedom and restrictions on special occasions, the solution of dimensional synthesis becomes complicated and time-consuming. Theory of workspace density function, maneuverability, and energy expenditure had been studied. With high flexibility and low energy consumption as the design goal, the method for dimensional and joint angle synthesis of multi-linkage robots was proposed based on a niched Pareto genetic algorithm. The Pareto solution set has been obtained. The method was verified by two application examples, which is occlusion of the solar salt evaporation pool and the secondary scattering of solid 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). Through the application of NPGA (niched Pareto genetic algorithm) compared with KPCA (kernel principal component analysis), it can save 12.37% time in occlusion of one evaporating pool and reduce energy consumption by 3.85%; it can save 9.96% time in scattering of remain materials per barrel and reduce energy consumption by 1.77%. The study reduces the labor intensity of manual workers in the salt making industry, ensures the safe production of dangerous chemicals, and provides new ideas and methods for the dimensional synthesis of multi-linkage robots.

Effect of Deposit on the Evaporation Rate of Adhered Salt in Uranium Dendrite

Electrorefining is a key step in pyroprocessing. The solid cathode processing is necessary to separate the salt from the cathode of the electrorefiner since the uranium deposit in a solid cathode contains electrolyte salt. Moreover, it is very important to increase the throughput of the salt separation system due to the high uranium content of the spent nuclear fuel and high salt fraction of uranium dendrites. Therefore, in this study, the effect of deposit on the evaporation of the adhered salt in a uranium deposit was investigated by using the samples of salt in the uranium deposit and salt in the deposit of the surrogate material for the effective separation of the salt. It was found that the salt evaporation rate is dependent on the deposit type and bulk density in the crucible. Additionally, the evaporation rate was found to be lower when the deposit structure is complex; the rate also decreases as the bulk density of the deposit is increased owing to the retardation of the salt vapour transport process. It was concluded that the mass transfer of the salt vapour is an important parameter for the achievement of a high throughput performance in the salt distillation process.

PREELIMINARY STUDY: WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYZES OF SALT EVAPORATION PONDS IN KECAMATAN GALIS KAB. PAMEKASAN, EAST JAVA

Abstract Water quality is an important parameter that affects the productivity and quality of salt produced in the traditional salt ponds. Environmental factors of water quality in salt ponds include bouzem plots, brine plots, peminihan ponds, and crystallization tables are important to be analyzed so that the quality of community salt can be improved, but some research is very limited about this so this research needs to be carried out. The method that used in this research is exploratory descriptive method by measuring water quality in bouzem plots, brine plots, evaporation ponds and crystallization tables. The result of water quality in bouzem plots (temperature=32ᴼC; pH=8,5; DO = 5,2 mg/L; salinity=2,5ᴼBe), evaporations ponds (temperature=34ᴼC ; pH=8,5 – 8,6 ; DO=5,4 – 6,2 mg/L; salinity=34ᴼBe), brine plots (temperature=39ᴼC ; pH=7,4 – 7,5 ; DO=2,8 – 3,3 mg/L; salinity=20ᴼBe), and crystallization tables (temperature=38ᴼC ; pH=5,7 – 6,4 ; DO=1,2 – 1,3 mg/L; salinity=29ᴼBe) Keywords: Water quality , Salt Evaporation Ponds, Pamekasan

Draft Genome Sequence of Salirhabdus euzebyi Strain Q1438.

In 2007, Salirhabdus euzebyi was first described as a bacterial isolate from a sea salt evaporation pond. As no genome sequence was previously available for this species, we performed whole-genome sequencing. The chromosome of strain Q1438 was 3,784,443 bp long with 36% G+C content, 3,830 protein-coding genes, and 74 RNA genes.

Working tool redesign to reduce ergonomic risk of salt evaporation field workers based on RULA and REBA assessments using esMOCA Instrument

What are the ergonomic risks of Indonesian salt evaporation field workers especially in Madura? This problem has not been much noticed, though salt production from Madura is the largest contributor to national salt production. This study aims to assess the level of ergonomic risk of salt evaporation field workers in Madura. Conduct ergonomic risk analysis and reduce the level of ergonomic risk through redesigning work tools with the REBA and RULA approaches. REBA and RULA assessments are conducted with esMOCA instrument application. This research shows that five activities of salt evaporation field workers pose a high ergonomic risk with a REBA and RULA score above 6. These five activities are, chopping salt deposits on salt field, scraping salt deposits on salt field, collecting and pile up salt deposits, picking up salt to the carrying basket, and packing salt into sack. One of these five activities, picking up salt activity poses the highest ergonomic risk with REBA score 11. Efforts undertaken to reduce risk were made by replacing shovel tool with pan hoe tool, REBA score dropped to 5.

Sources and mixing of sulfate contamination in the water environment of a typical coal mining city, China: evidence from stable isotope characteristics.

To explore the sources and distribution characteristics of SO42- in the surface waters of the Linhuan mining area in Huaibei, river and surface water samples in subsidence and mine drainage locations in the study area were collected at different times. The conventional hydrochemical indexes and the eigenvalues of sulfur and oxygen isotopes were tested and analyzed. The results suggested the following: (1) The SO42- content showed seasonal changes: low-flow seasons > mid-flow seasons > high-flow seasons. (2) Based on δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 isotope analyses, the main source of SO42- was the dissolution of evaporite salt rocks in the stratum of the upstream area. The SO42- in the subsidence area was mainly from the river water supply, mine drainage and coal gangue leaching. The high concentration of SO42- in the mine drainage was mainly from the dissolution of evaporative salt rocks. (3) The calculation results of the ternary mixing model showed that the SO42- in the subsidence area water was affected by mine drainage and gangue leaching to different degrees. The results showed that the sulfate contribution proportion of the river water source to the subsidence area water was 35.8-65.9%; the sulfate contribution proportion of the mine drainage source to the subsidence area water was 2.0-26.6%; and the sulfate contribution proportion of the gangue leaching end source ranged from 16.3% to 56.9%. Coal mining activities had an important impact on the sulfate in the subsidence area water.

A Systematical Model to Search for the Main Factors Controlling the Spatial Distribution of Artificial Oasis and Inartificial Oasis in the Arid Area

The distribution and the affecting factors of the artificial oasis and inartificial oasis have become a serious and widespread problem in arid lands. Understanding its controlling factors is vital for environmental governance, improvement, and optimization. The study aimed to identify the crucial factors affecting the distribution of artificial oasis and inartificial oasis in arid land through the NDTG (the union of deep learning method, the modified a three-band maximal gradient method, Geodetector method) Model. Environmental factors include meteorological factors, chemical compositions, salinities, groundwater depth and time-series of Landsat images. The results show that Salinity factor was the dominant factor which explained 32.95% of the spatial variation of the artificial oasis distribution. Nonlinear enhancements were observed for the interactions between salt content and Evaporation (q = 0.93), salt content and Precipitation (q = 0.78). It indicated that Meteorological factors, and Salinity were the main factors determining the spatial pattern of the artificial oasis distribution. Salt, precipitation, evaporation, Mg, Cl, Na explained 37%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 20% of the spatial pattern of the inartificial oasis in arid lands, respectively. The results indicated that salinity, meteorological factors and chemical composition were the main factors determining the spatial distribution of inartificial oasis in arid lands. Moreover, the NDTG Model provided evidence to explore the factors controlling spatial patterns of the distribution of artificial oasis and inartificial oasis in arid lands.

Salt exploitation, communication routes and territory during the Iron Age around the Cabriel river valley

Salt was an important resource in the economy of ancient societies and we have more and more data about its use and exploitation during the Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. The Requena-Utiel region, in the interior of the province of Valencia, has the greatest abundance of historical continental salt evaporation ponds in the Valencian territory. On the other hand, the important salt mine of Minglanilla-La Pesquera is located in La Manchuela (Cuenca). The discovery of Iberian archaeological material in some of them is a starting point to analyse their characteristics and to see how they could have been integrated into the settlement pattern. At the same time, they were part of a dense network of paths, livestock trails and trade between two Iberian territories, Kelin (Caudete de las Fuentes, Valencia) and Ikalesken (Iniesta, Cuenca), both located at two sides of the Cabriel river valley

Artisanal saltscapes in Europe: from mining heritage to living cultural landscapes

Artisanal salt making in Europe is experiencing an unprecedented expansion, thanks to a stronger awareness of quality food products, the protection of a traditional know-how and the maintenance of the natural values of productive landscapes. Over the last century, small solar evaporation salt making sites across the continent had been experiencing a decline, in favour of large, industrial mining facilities. Hand harvested salt was seen as a low-quality product, not fit for its use in food or other applications. In Spain and Portugal alone, from the over 700 former salt making sites, only 10% survived, the rest falling into oblivion. In the early 21st century, some abandoned sites were gaining attention as mining heritage, being recovered as open-air museums. In a few cases, some sites were recovered in extremis as productive sites, becoming (again) living cultural landscapes. In this contribution, we analyse the recovery of twelve saltscapes in Europe, with different degrees of advancement. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods allows to understand the processes and which factors influence the transformation from an abandoned mining site to a thriving productive landscape that celebrates and protects its cultural, human and natural values. La producción artesanal de sal en Europa está experimentando una expansión sin precedentes, gracias a una mayor concienciación sobre los productos alimentarios de calidad, la protección del conocimiento tradicional y el mantenimiento de los valores naturales de los paisajes productivos. Durante el siglo XX, pequeñas salinas de evaporación solar en todo el continente experimentaronun declive, en favor de las grandes instalaciones industriales. La sal cosechada a mano era vista como un producto de baja calidad, no apta para su uso en alimentación u otras aplicaciones. Solo en España y Portugal, de los más de 700 antiguos espacios salineros, solo el 10% sobrevivió, cayendo el resto en el olvido. A principios del siglo XXI, algunos espacios abandonados recibieron atención como patrimonio minero, siendo recuperados como museos al aire libre. En algunos casos, algunos recuperaron in extremis la producción, convirtiéndose (de nuevo) en paisajes culturales vivos. En esta contribución, analizamos la recuperación de doce paisajes de la sal en Europa, con diferentes grados de avance. Una combinación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos permite comprender los procesos y qué factores influyenen la transformación de un espacio minero abandonado a un próspero paisaje productivo que celebra y protege sus valores culturales, humanos y naturales.