Evaporation Technology Research Articles

Three dimensional hydrogel evaporator made of nano level antireflection particles for high-efficiency solar steam generation

Solar-driven interface evaporation technology provides a sustainable green method for the acquisition of freshwater resources. In this article, a hydrogel of a three-dimensional porous structure has been synthesized for solar steam generation. Ag nanoparticles are used as a photothermal material. Given the long-term utilization of Ag nanoparticles, they have been coated with a SiO2 layer. Moreover, SiO2 can act as a “reduced reflection” layer that can minimize light reflection on a single Ag nanoparticle, and enhance the nanoparticles’ absorbing ability of optical waves. Furthermore, the performance of the evaporator is significantly improved by the addition of cuttlefish powder material in the hydrogel. Specifically, under 1 KW m−2, the surface temperature of the evaporator reached 41 ℃, the steam generation rate was 1.78 (kg m−2h−1), and the solar thermal conversion efficiency is 94 %. Moreover, when the evaporator is used in heavy metal sorption, the resulting evaporated water meets international drinking water criteria. After photothermal evaporation, the ion concentrations of Cu, Mn and Cd decreased from 1000, 100 and 20 mg L−1 to 0.021, 0.017 and 0.04 mg L−1 respectively. This study provides a feasible idea for the practical application of photothermal evaporator.

Chitosan aerogel-carbon nanotubes double layer solar evaporator for efficient desalination

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology has been regarded as one of the most promising desalination technologies due to its features of high efficiency, energy-saving and low cost. However, designing a sustainable evaporator integrating light absorption, thermal management, water transport and salt resistance remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of a chitosan aerogel-carbon nanotubes (CA-CNT) double-layer structured evaporator by depositing CNT on the top part of CA substrate, prepared through unidirectional freezing method. The hydrophilic CA substrate exhibits low thermal conductivity and internal vertical aligned pore structure, benefiting evaporation efficiency, water transportation and salt resistance. The upper CNT layer shows an outstanding optical absorption rate of 95.04%. At one solar intensity (1 kw m−2), the evaporation rate of the evaporator was 1.55 kg m−2 h−1 with an evaporation efficiency of 97.15%. Its practical applicability was tested under outdoor natural light condition, and the freshwater yield was 7.15 kg m−2 d−1. In addition, the evaporator showed good heavy metal and dye sewage purification capacity. This work provides a facile strategy for recovering freshwater from seawater and sewage.

Study the Surface topography and electrical properties of GaAs:In / c-Si Composite Thin Films

Gallium arsenide undoped and doped thin films with 5% Indium and thick of 500 nm by flash evaporative technology on glass substrate and silicon wafers at room temperature at 10-2 mbar pressure with deposition rate of 9.25Å/s. These films were annealed at (373 and 473) K for one hour. The images of the atomic force microscopy of the films deposited on glass substrates showed that the rate of surface roughness increased at the temperature of (373)K while it was reduced at (473)K. It was also observed that the average grain size increased with the increasing in the annealing temperature. The electrical properties showed that the prepared films had an electrical conductivity of 2.05×10-3(Ω.cm)-1and that the annealing led to a decrease in the values of the electrical conductivity while there was an increase in the values of the mobility by increasing the temperature of annealing. A study of Hall's effect showed that all the prepared films have a positive type (p-type) and that the concentration of charge carriers (nH) decreased by increasing the annealing temperature and Hall's mobility (µH) increased by increasing the annealing temperature. The voltage of the open circuit (Voc) increases with the increase in the temperature of the alternation due to the increase of the short circuit current Isc. The value of the FF and the efficiency of the solar cell (η) increases with the increase of the temperature of the intercellular hybrid.

Study of the Performance of a Thermoelectric Refrigeration Membrane Cold Chamber Distillation Component

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Membrane Distillation (TERMD) is an emerging membrane-based evaporation technology with excellent prospects for separation industries. However, the development of the TERMD system was further limited by excellent membrane component properties. In this paper, a cold chamber component of a TERMD is manufactured. Then, the cooling performance of the component is studied to examine the coupling between the Thermoelectric Refrigeration (TER) and the Membrane Distillation (MD) process. Moreover, the effects of the membrane components properties are studied by changing the water flow rate, and the input current of thermoelectric refrigeration. The results showed that when the TERMD cold room inlet current is maintained stable and the heat dissipation intensity increases, the cooling temperature gradually decreases. Also, the temperature on the cold side tends to stabilize while the flow rate exceeds 600 L/h. In addition, the input power decreases as the heat dissipation intensity increases in the cooling dissipation intensity of the Thermoelectric Refrigeration Component (TERC) cold chamber is kept stable. And, the input power will reach a critical value while the water volume flow rate is over 500 L/h. Furthermore, the cooling rate reaches the maximum of 1.59 at the water volume flow rate of 700 L/h while the operating current of the TERC is 12 A. It is concluded that the thermoelectric refrigeration component can supply great refrigeration power and a high Coefficient of Performance (COP) under small current conditions for the analysis of the thermoelectric performance of the TERC.

Design and performance boost of a MOF-functionalized-wood solar evaporator through tuning the hydrogen-bonding interactions

Interfacial solar evaporation technology is recognized as one of the most promising strategies to address freshwater scarcity issues. To realize the sustainability of this technology for producing potable water from seawater and contaminated water sources, multi-functional photothermal materials need to be explored to attain higher vapor output at the same solar energy input. Herein, a novel wood-based solar evaporator composed of porous wood substrate, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and polydopamine (PDA) as a light absorption layer is developed. The in-situ loading of ZIF-8 in the microchannels renders the wood evaporator an important function of reducing the equivalent evaporation enthalpy due to the lowered hydrogen bonding density of water molecules when they pass the wood channels, substantially augmenting solar evaporation efficiency. A superior evaporation rate of 2.70 kg m−2 h−1 is achieved under 1.0 sun irradiation, which exceeds the theoretical limit of a typical 2D photothermal evaporator (~1.46 kg m−2 h−1). The designed wood/ZIF-8@PDA also exhibits a prominent removal efficiency for harmful ions and organic pollutants. This multifunctional wood-based solar evaporator shows great potential for future freshwater production.

An integrated solar absorber with salt-resistant and oleophobic based on PVDF composite membrane for solar steam generation

Improving the salt resistance and anti-fouling of photothermal materials is essential for practical application of solar interfacial evaporation technology. In this article, a double-layered dual-function interfacial evaporation system (named as M-SIE) with self-desalting and oil repellency is reported, which is fabricated by carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride, and nano sponge. The as-prepared M-SIE shows a high solar energy conversion efficiency of 81.7%–83.1%, which is due to the dual function of light absorption (Ca. 90%) and superhydrophilicity. The superhydrophilicity and floatability in water endow the nano sponge pumping water continuously and greatly promote the dissolution of salt accumulation, e.g. 1 g NaCl on polyvinylidene fluoride composite membrane can be eliminated completely in a short time. The solar energy conversion efficiency of M-SIE was measured to be 78.9%–79.2% in 20 wt% NaCl, and the solar energy conversion efficiency can reach to 80.4% in an aqueous solution containing 6% n-hexadecane. Compared with the most existing interface evaporation systems, the M-SIE system has the advantages of simple fabrication, highly efficiency, stability, and portability. Moreover, the salt and oil resistance make the M-SIE can serve as a high-performance integrated evaporation system with great potential for operation under different water environments such as seawater or oily wastewater, and so on.

Double-insulated porous PDMS sponge for heat-localized solar evaporative seawater desalination

Seawater desalination has a strong potential for solving global water shortage problem, and solar-based evaporative desalination technology has received increased attention. For successful solar steam generation (SSG), solar energy should be utilized in a balanced manner through heat localization. In this study, we propose a sucrose‑carbonized sugar-templating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge sealed with ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, called as C-STP sponge. The C-STP sponge consists of a double-layered porous structure with carbonaceous material on the top surface. The C-STP sponge exhibits high SSG performance in long-term operation with anti-salt fouling ability by its self-cleaning feature. Several factors governing the C-STP sponge were optimized by examining two different kinds of sugar with different porosity levels and carbonized layer thicknesses. The porous C-STP sponge has numerous micropores caused by sugar-leaching, thereby decreasing the thermal conductivity to improve the evaporation rate. The heat localization aspects of PDMS were also investigated. The highest solar evaporation was 1.53 kg m−2 h−1 during long-term operation up to water depletion. The C-STP sponge is easy to fabricate as a solar evaporator and has much room for enhancing solar evaporation efficiency in the future. This work on dual-insulation sponge-based SSG system will provide insights for practical applications.

Self-powered heterojunction photodetector based on thermal evaporated p-CuI and hydrothermal synthesised n-TiO2 nanorods

CuI film was grown by thermal evaporation technology on TiO2 nanorods array synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and a p-CuI/n-TiO2 heterostructure photodetector was constructed. The structure, morphology, light absorption, and photoresponse performance of the device were investigated. The heterojunction detector is self-powered and sensitive to light in the range of 320nm∼450nm. At 0V, the on/off ratio of the device is ∼770. The peak responsivity (0V, 410nm) is about 4.5mA/W and the peak detectivity is 1.08×1011 Jones. Also, the reproducibility and stability of the heterojunction photodetector are excellent. This work provides an effective route for the study of self-powered photodetectors.

Highly efficient solar-absorber composite material based on tetrapyridylporphyrin for water evaporation and thermoelectric power generation.

Photothermal materials based on organic small molecules have the characteristics of structural diversity and easy modification for solar-driven water evaporation and power generation technology. However, there still exist limitations, such as the utilization of solar energy and photostability. Therefore, it is the focus of current research to design organic photothermal materials with excellent photothermal stability, strong solar absorption capacity, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, photothermal conversion materials based on tetrapyridylporphyrin (TPyP) is studied, which possesses polypyrrole macrocyclic framework (18π electrons), which makes it exhibit strong absorption in the 300-800 nm region with high photothermal conversion. The interfacial-heating evaporation system based on polyurethane (PU) foam loaded with TPyP was prepared, whose solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency and vapor evaporation rate of PU + TPyP foam solar energy reached 56% and 0.81 kg m-2 h-1, respectively. In addition, TPyP-loaded solar evaporator equipped with abundant microchannels for water flow are integrated with thermoelectric devices, thus achieving an evaporation rate and voltage as high as 0.69 kg m-2 h-1 and 60 mV under 1 kW m-2 solar irradiation, respectively. The successful application of TPyP in water evaporation and power generation effectively addresses the difficulties faced in the process of using organic small molecule photothermal materials to solve the energy crisis.

Investigation on Application of Plate-Tube Evaporative Condensating Technology for Data Centres in the Northwest of China

Investigation on Application of Plate-Tube Evaporative Condensating Technology for Data Centres in the Northwest of China

Effect of charged desulfurization wastewater droplet evaporation on the agglomeration of fine particles

• The evaporation technology of charged desulfurization wastewater droplets was proposed. • Main influence factors and internal mechanisms were fully analyzed. • The charge transfer characteristic between charged droplets and fine particles were analyzed. • Higher agglomeration efficiency of fine particles can be obtained after charged DW droplet evaporation. The evaporation of desulfurization wastewater (DW) using hot flue gas is an effective treatment method for DW. However, its application is limited owing to a slow evaporation rate and formation of fine crystalline particles. To increase the evaporation rate of DW and the agglomeration efficiency of fine particles, a technology for the evaporation of charged DW droplets was proposed and investigated. The influence of factors such as induction electrode voltage, atomization pressure, and Cl¯ concentration on the agglomeration of fine particles and the charge transfer characteristics between droplets and particles was studied. The results showed that increasing the induction electrode voltage and atomization pressure and reducing Cl¯ concentration improved the agglomeration efficiency of fine particles. Compared to the uncharged droplet conditions, the agglomeration efficiency of fine particles increased by 57.12% under conditions of 12 kV induction electrode voltage, 0.3 MPa atomization pressure, and 20 g/L Cl¯ concentration. The relative agglomeration efficiency of the ultra-fine particles and particles in the 0.1–1 μm size range also increased. After evaporation of the charged DW droplets, most of the electric charge of the droplets remained on the dry agglomerated particles. Agglomerated particles exhibited characteristics of chains and irregular clusters, and were tightly connected by solid bridges. The study results confirmed the feasibility of using the atomization of charged droplets to treat DW more effectively and improve the agglomeration efficiency of fine particles. .

Controllable characteristics of interface states in one-dimensional inverted symmetric photonic structures

Using the transfer matrix method, the tunable characteristics of the interface state generated by one-dimensional photonic structure with inversion symmetry are studied, and the samples are prepared by electron beam evaporation technology for experimental verification. According to the different inversion symmetry centers of unit cell, the inverted symmetric layered photonic structures are divided into two types i.e. PCI and PCII. The calculation results show that for the combined structure composed of PCI and PCII, there is an interface state at a characteristic frequency where the sum of the imaginary parts of the surface impedance of PCI and PCII is equal to zero, and this frequency of the interface state is independent of the number of unit cells. On this basis, if a PCI structure is added to form PCI + PCII + PCI photonic structure, two interface states will be generated in the same band gap, and changing the unit cell number in each or part of of individual PCI and PCII structures, the frequencies of two interface states can be regulated. The experimental results show that the regulation of interface state by controlling unit cell number is feasible, which provides a more flexible idea for designing the extremely narrow-band filters and multi-channel filters to meet different application requirements.

Complex study of protective Cr3C2–NiAl coatings deposited by vacuum electro-spark alloying, pulsed cathodic arc evaporation, magnetron sputtering, and hybrid technology

Coatings were obtained by vacuum electro-spark alloying (VESA), pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE), magnetron sputtering (MS) techniques and VESA-PCAE-MS hybrid technology using Cr3C2–NiAl electrodes. The structure of the coatings was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were determined by nanoindentation, while tribological properties were assessed using pin-on-disk tribometer. Corrosion resistance was estimated by voltammetry in 1 N H2SO4 and 3.5%NaCl solutions. Oxidation resistance tests were performed at 800°С in air. The VESA coating had the highest thickness, low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. PCAE coating demonstrated the highest hardness (24 GPa) and elastic recovery (59%), oxidation resistance and superior corrosion resistance both in 1 N H2SO4 (icorr = 70 μА/cm2) and 3.5%NaCl (icorr = 0.74 μА/cm2) solutions. The MS coating had average mechanical properties and low corrosion current density (71 μА/cm2) in 1 N H2SO4. Deposition of coatings using VESA-PCAE-MS hybrid technology led to an increase in corrosion and oxidation resistance at least by 1.5 times in comparison with the VESA coating.

Comparative evaluation of ibuprofen co-crystals prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion technology

Ibuprofen (IBP) is a BCS Class – II drug that belongs to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) category, having very poor solubility. In the present study, we have explored co-crystallization as a method of solubility enhancement of IBP. l-proline was selected as co-former based on its pKa difference with IBP, Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP), and computational studies. The initial trials were taken using solvent evaporation method and later studied by hot melt extrusion technique to compare the results. The co-crystals were characterized by visual morphology, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) studies. The co-crystals were further evaluated for contact angle studies, solubility studies, dissolution studies, flow properties, and compressibility studies. Co-crystals showed distinct morphology in the SEM study compared to plain IBP. The DSC thermogram revealed a new melting endotherm of the co-crystals. Peak shifts and band broadening were also observed in FT-IR study indication formation co-crystals. The change in crystal lattice was confirmed using PXRD studies. In-vitro dissolution studies have shown higher drug release of co-crystals compared to physical mixture however the release differed in different media. No change in crystallinity of co-crystals was observed during compressibility studies. Thus, melt extrusion technique was successfully explored for IBP co-crystals using l-proline as the co-former.

A Scalable Prototype by In Situ Polymerization of Biodegradables, Cross-Linked Molecular Mode of Vapor Transport, and Metal Ion Rejection for Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination

Water scarcity in mass populated areas has become a major global threat to the survival and sustainability of community life on earth, which needs the prompt attention of technological leadership. Solar evaporation has emerged as a renewable energy resource and a novel technique for clean water production and wastewater treatment. Indeed, mounting a scalable solar evaporator including high evaporation efficiency and thermal management remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a self-floatable, ecofriendly polypyrrole/wood sponge-based (PPy@WS) steam generator. The low-cost and easy to fabricate evaporator system consists of a single-step in situ polymerization of a 2-D (two-dimensional) hydrophilic wood sponge abundantly available for commercialization. The as-prepared PPy@WS solar evaporator exhibits excellent wettability and is super hydrophilic (contact angle ∼ 0), salt-resistant, and has an excellent light absorption of ∼94% due to omnidirectional diffusion reflection in PPy Nanoparticles (NPs). The capacity of the PPy@WS evaporator to absorb broadband solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy has enabled it to achieve excellent surface temperature (38.6 °C). The accumulated heat can generate vapors at the rate of 1.62 kg·m−2·h−1 along with 93% photothermal conversion efficiency under one sun (1 kW·m−2). Moreover, the presented prototype possesses the capability to be installed directly without the use of any complex protocol to purify seawater or sewage with an efficient rejection ratio of primary metal ions present in seawater (approximately 100%). This simple fabrication process with renewable polymer resources and photothermal materials can serve as a practical model towards high-performance solar evaporation technology for water-stressed communities in remote areas.

Recent advanced self-propelling salt-blocking technologies for passive solar-driven interfacial evaporation desalination systems

Conventional active seawater evaporation technologies, that is, they include components with mechanical moving parts, generally involve large plants with high capital and operating costs. Recently, the passive solar-driven interfacial evaporation (PSDIE) with no active parts is considered as one of the most promising solar energy utilization and freshwater acquisition way. Especially in isolated and impoverished off-grid areas, passive desalination with economic feasibility and reliability has great application prospects. Based on the effective optical-thermal control of evaporator design and reasonable arrangement of deployment scheme, thermal localization in the vapor-liquid interface is conducive to reducing the heat dissipation into the bulk water and significantly improving the efficiency of desalination. Nonetheless, the Achilles’ heel of the technology, namely the existence of salt accumulation at the photothermal interface under the condition of high intensity work including concentrated brine water and intense solar irradiation, which inevitably reduces the availability of fresh water resources and the service life of the evaporator. Addressing this issue is of the utmost importance and arduous task to maintain uninterrupted passive evaporator operation. In this review, the outline of the state-of-the-art self-propelling salt-blocking strategies in PSDIE is mainly divided into three categories, i.e. mechanical removal, shielding effect, and force-driven fluid flow. Finally, the challenges and prospects of salt resistance in PSDIE are emphasized, providing a roadmap for the future development of solar evaporation technology. • General models and salt-blocking mechanisms of currently available solar evaporators are proposed. • Progress of three categories of self-propelling salt-blocking technologies are compared. • Future perspectives for practical passive solar-driven interfacial evaporation desalination systems are proposed.

Highly efficient solar evaporator based on Graphene/MoO3-x coated porous nickel for water purification

• An evaporator with Ni-G-MoO 3-x was applied for solar steam generation. • The solar evaporator has 96.0% solar absorptance. • The energy conversion efficiency can reach at 95.0% under one sun. • The evaporator shows great performance toward water evaporation. Solar water evaporation is a promising method for water purification. However, the current photothermal conversion efficiency requires further improvement. Herein, a novel structure (Ni-G-MoO 3-x ) consisting of graphene (G) and MoO 3-x coated porous nickel (Ni) is developed by combining facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with hydrothermal methods. The optical absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency of the materials were improved by oxygen vacancies (OVs). The as-prepared solar evaporator exhibits excellent light absorption (96%), good wettability and high conversion efficiency (95%) under 1 sun illumination. In particular, the super hydrophilicity of the evaporator can spontaneously transfer the surface salt back to the bulk seawater in the dark conditions. As a result, a stable evaporation rate can be achieved with the self-driven salt-resistant material in the evaporation cycle of more than three days. Furthermore, the evaporator has an excellent desalination ability and can extract fresh water resources from a variety of water sources (seawater, industrial waste water and organic dye wastewater) through light-to-heat conversion water evaporation technology. This work provides a fundamental guidance and insights on practical applications, thus helping to develop a highly efficient solar evaporator for clean water production.

Energy efficient vortex-enhanced water evaporation technology for concentrated brine management: Theory and process simulation evaluation

Desalination drinking water systems and industrial processes generating high salinity streams require practical brine management options for disposal and/or treatment. Treatment most often involves large capacity brine concentrating processes, on the order of 2000 m3/day, that rely on water evaporation, vapor compression, and condensation. A new technology adds an aerosol-generating device to the evaporation step with the goal of energy efficient operation even at smaller scales. The principles behind the tornadic flowfield that breaks up and aerosolizes water as air and water flow over the machined surface in the device are introduced. Design of a 6.8 m3/day demonstration system, based on this new technology, producing a NaCl slurry (55 wt% solids) from a 22 wt% NaCl influent is described. Simulations of the system with three influent brine concentrations and three forms of final NaCl concentrate are presented and predicted energy usage is compared to estimates for conventional systems. By varying simulation process parameters, the heat transfer performance of the evaporator/condenser is identified as having a large impact on overall efficiency. The new system is anticipated to be most competitive, on an energy usage basis, with conventional concentrator/crystallizer systems when processing higher salinity brines and producing final concentrates containing precipitated NaCl.

Highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells based on E‐beam evaporated SnO2 and rational interface defects passivation

AbstractOwing to the significant roles in balancing carrier transport, bandgap alignment, and perovskite crystallization, realizing high‐quality electron transport layers (ETLs) and their effective electronic contact with the perovskite photoactive layer is crucial for future commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a high‐quality SnO2 ETL is firstly deposited at room temperature via the low‐cost electron beam evaporation (E‐beam) technology to help achieve an impressive PCE of 18.88% for rigid PSCs and a PCE of 15.73% for flexible devices. Then we introduced a novel passivating ligand molecule, 11 Maleimidoundecanoic acids (11MA), to help induce functional defects passivation at the interface of SnO2/Perovskite to coordinate with Pb2+ in perovskite and Sn4+ in SnO2 via the functional groups (‐C = O, ‐COOH). As a result, 11MA could help achieve the best PCE of 20.94% with negligible hysteresis for rigid devices. Also, doping 11MA in the perovskite photoactive layer further enhanced the PCE to 22.08% with much improved 2000 hours ambient stabilities. Finally, we fabricated different large‐area rigid devices (10, 40, 100, and 600 mm2) toward speeding up the commercialization of PSCs by industrial E‐beam technology and rational defects passivation strategies.

Salt-Resistant, Self-Floatable Fe2O4/Ppy Nanoparticles Decorated Wood Pulp Sponge for Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination

Water scarcity has become a major global challenge in recent years needed to deal with urgently. Solar evaporation has emerged as a renewable energy source and a novel technique for clean water production and wastewater treatment. However, developing a high-performance, environment-friendly, and scalable solar evaporator remains a significant challenge. Herein, we developed a high-performance, self-floatable, environmentally friendly, and single-step manufacturing of a two-dimensional solar steam generator. The developed solar evaporator is composed of facile coating of Fe2O4@PPy nanoparticles (NPs) deposit on low-cost and commercially available super hydrophilic wood pulp sponge which offers a sustainable solution to the ever-growing issues of the energy and water crises. The as-prepared foam exhibits good wettability (zero contact angle), salt-resistance (3 g /180 minutes), low thermal conductivity (0.225 W m−1 K−1), and excellent light absorption of ∼95% due to the omnidirectional porous surface of Fe2O4@PPy NPs. The broadband solar absorption of Fe2O4@PPy solar evaporator is capable to transform into thermal energy (42.3 ˚C) and generate vapors (1.62 kg m-2 h-1) along with 93 % photothermal conversion efficiency under one sun (1 kW m-2). Furthermore, the presented prototype can be directly installed to purify various types of wastewaters with a high rejection ratio of heavy metal ions (nearly 100%). This simple fabrication process with renewable polymer resources and photothermal materials provides fundamental guidance and practical application value toward developing high-performance solar evaporation technologies for remote areas and individuals. Keywords: Fe2O4@PPy, solar steam generation, wood pulp, polypyrrole.