Evangelista Torricelli Research Articles

A very brief history of hydraulic technology during antiquity

Hydraulic technology began during antiquity long before the great works of such investigators such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), Isaac Newton (1642–1727), Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), and Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). The history of hydraulic technology even began long before Archimedes (287–212 BC). It is amazing to see what was accomplished in the application of hydraulic technology during antiquity, millenniums before the development of the concepts of conservation of mass, energy, and momentum used in present-day hydraulic design. The first developments of hydraulic technology occurred with the development of irrigation for agriculture, followed by the development of urban centers. A brief history is given of the development of hydraulic technology during antiquity.

Historia del Teorema de Bernoulli

La historia comienza en 1598 cuando Benedetto Castelli refutó la forma de medir el flujo en los ríos por parte de Giovanni Fontana, afirmando tomar en cuenta la sección y la velocidad. También aclaró que en la medición en orificios, debía considerarse la carga y el tamaño del orificio. En 1625, Castelli estableció la ecuación que lleva su nombre (Q = AV). Galileo Galilei (1638), propuso que los cuerpos experimentan una aceleración uniforme alcaer en el vacío. En 1641, Evangelista Torricelli demostró que la forma de un chorro al salirde un orificio es una hipérbola de 4º orden. Isaac Newton (1686), argumentó que el agua tiene una caída efectiva en el interior de un tanque y que el orificio tiene encima una carga real del doble de la altura del tanque. Daniel Bernoulli (1738), aclaró el enigma de la doble columna y finalmente Johann Bernoulli, basado en los trabajos de su hijo Daniel, presentóuna mejor explicación del escurrimiento en un orificio y logró una clara deducción de la ecuación de una línea de corriente.

The roots of vacuum microbalance techniques and the international conferences on this subject

The balance is one of the earliest measuring instruments of mankind. The oldest balance beam, found in Upper Egypt and exhibited in the Petrie Museum in London, is attributed to the Amratic period (Negade II) B. C. 3000. A wall painting of a standardisation table containing two balance beams and sets of weights and cups was discovered in the tomb of Hesi-re near the Saqqarah pyramids and can be dated rather exactly to B.C. 2650. The history of vacuum techniques, beginning with Evangelista Torricelli and Otto von Guericke covers about 370 years. First in 1861 a kilogram vacuum balance was constructed by Delieul in order to define the mass standards of the newly introduced metric system excluding buoyancy. However, experiments of Henri Victor Regnault were to no avail because of sorption effects. Thermogravimetric techniques were first applied to determine the water content of raw silk in 1833 by Talabot at Lyon. The first vacuum microbalances, already with electromagnetic force compensation, are from G. Urbain and Friedrich Emich, presented both in 1912. Emich constructed also the first helical spring vacuum balance. Propositions for further improvements of vacuum microbalances were developments in the field of electronics, magnetic materials and high-vacuum techniques. Following this an increasing interest in microgravimetry was developed by investigations of the reaction of solids with the gas phase (adsorption, desorption, chemisorption, heterogeneous catalysis) and some analytical methods such as thermogravimetry, surface structure analysis by adsorption, density determination, the measurement of surface tension and of the magnetic susceptibility. Thus, during the 1950s and 1960s many sorption and thermomicrobalances were developed: spring balances, electronic compensating beam balances, magnetic suspension balances and quartz resonators. It was not only necessary to adapt the balance to the vacuum technique, but the vacuum apparatus had also to be modified for the requirements of the incorporated highly sensitive force transducer. Many disturbances (mechanical vibrations, thermally induced

Clepsydrae, from Galilei to Torricelli

The whole article deals with free fall: the free fall of a solid particle carefully studied by Galileo Galilei and the free fall of a fluid particle along a stream line introduced by Evangelista Torricelli. Both limits are brought together in the problem of the vertical emptying of a cylindrical tube of diameter D0 through a hole of diameter d, and one can move continuously from one limit to the other varying d, from d=D0, to d≪D0. The limit, d=D0, corresponds to Galilei’s problem of the solid free fall, in which the velocity of the upper interface, |Vi|, increases as it comes closer to the hole following the law |Vi|=2g|Z0−Zi|, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, Zi is the liquid height above the hole (defined by Z=0), and Z0 is the initial location of the interface. The opposite limit, d≪D0, corresponds to Torricelli’s problem, in which the velocity of the interface slows down as it comes closer to the hole, following the law |Vi|=(d/D0)22g|Zi|. Theoretically, the problem reduces to the integration of the differential equation: dvi2/dzi−[(D0/d)4−1](vi2/zi)+1=0, where length and velocity have respectively been reduced by Z0 and 2gZ0, and the z-axis oriented from the hole z=0, towards the initial interface location z=1. With α≡(D0/d)4−2, the above equation leads to the solution vi=−zi/α(1−ziα), when α≠0, and vi=−zi ln 1/zi when α=0. Galilei’s and Torricelli’s regimes correspond respectively to the limit α=−1 and α≫1. These solutions are compared to experimental measurements conducted over a large range of geometrical and physical parameters. In a second stage, the model, developed for nonconstant cross sectional area, is compared to the experimental results obtained in conical Clepsydrae.

STUDIO DI UNA LENTE PER CANNOCCHIALE DI GRANDI DIMENSIONI LAVORATA DA EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The Museum of the Department of Physical Science at the University of Naples holds a large telescope lens, work of Evangelista Torricelli. This lens which probably reached Naples in the first half of XVIII Century was forgotten until it was catalogued and placed with the other scientific instruments in the museum in 1984. The authors update the optic measure of the Torricelli lens taken by Gilberto Govi in 1886 and determine the composition of the lens glass by the fluorescence revealed from X-rays. On the basis of an analysis of correspondence by Torricelli they conclude that this is one of the two lenses which the scientist wrote to the gesuit Raffaello Prodanelli from Rome on October 14, 1645.

Evangelista Torricelli

This article provides a brief introduction to Evangelista Torricelli and to one aspect his work. It is divided into three parts. Part 1 gives some biographical details and a short survey of his work and achievements. Part 2 is concerned with a geometrical approach towards the study of projectiles as seen in Torricelli's early work De motu. Part 3 shows how Torricelli applied his projectile studies to practical ballistic problems.

INTORNO ALL'INVENZIONE DELLA SPIRALE GEOMETRICA. UNA LETTERA INEDITA DI TORRICELLI A MICHELANGELO RICCI

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title A published version of a letter from Evangelista Torricelli to Michelangelo Ricci. It presents the invention of a new spiral: the geometric spiral.

The Place of Torricelli in the History of the Barometer

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Place of Torricelli in the History of the BarometerW. E. Knowles MiddletonW. E. Knowles Middleton Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 54, Number 1Mar., 1963 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/349662 Views: 41Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1963 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Andrea Strazzoni The Theory of Hydrostatics and Pneumatics, (Nov 2019): 359–538.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7_5Andrea Strazzoni Introduction, (Nov 2019): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7_1Danilo Capecchi New Forms of Natural Philosophy and Mixed Mathematics, (Jul 2017): 147–259.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58310-5_3Danilo Capecchi Galilean Epistemology, (Jul 2017): 261–351.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58310-5_4Larry Kolopajlo Analytical Methodologies for Arsenic, Selenium, and Mercury: A Historical Perspective, (Oct 2017): 141–172.https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2017-1263.ch008Hayden F. Bassett Dwelling in Space through Knowledge of Place: Building on Epistemological Understandings of the Seventeenth-Century British Atlantic, Historical Archaeology 49, no.22 (Oct 2016): 93–114.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377141Jie Yang A Harsh Environment Wireless Pressure Sensing Solution Utilizing High Temperature Electronics, Sensors 13, no.33 (Feb 2013): 2719–2734.https://doi.org/10.3390/s130302719Ann M. Womack, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, Jessica L. Green Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no.15581558 (Nov 2010): 3645–3653.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0283Simón Reif-Acherman, Fiderman Machuca-Martinez, Eugène Bourdon y la evolución del manómetro, Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 32, no.11 (Mar 2010): 1601–1610.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-11172010000100020Harold L. Burstyn The deflecting force of the earth's rotation from Galileo to Newton, Annals of Science 21, no.11 (Aug 2006): 47–80.https://doi.org/10.1080/00033796500200041

LIFE AND PHYSICAL DISCOVERIES OF TORRICELLI

Following the resolution of the World Council for Peace, the 350th birthday of Evangelista Torricelli, the outstanding Italian scientist, was celebrated this year by the entire civilized world. Many Soviet organizations — The Physics and Mathematical Division of the Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History of Natural Sciences and Technology of the Academy of Sciences, the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, the U.S.S.R. — Italy Society, the Soviet Committee for the Maintenance of Peace — held a joint session on October 16, 1958 to commemorate this outstanding date. The introductory address was delivered by Academician N. N. Andreev; a paper Torricelli as a Mathematician was delivered by corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., B. N. Delone; Professor V. P. Zubov lectured on Torricelli's experiments in Florence.