Evaluation Of Water Quality Research Articles

Monitoring and Evaluation of Water Quality in Underground Aquifers Using (GIS) and (IWQI): Western Karbala’a as a Case Study

Abstract: This study aims to provide an assessment of the current state of groundwater quality and to provide a combination of water quality criteria that may be utilized to develop the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), a suitable technique for classifying irrigation water. Seven wells’ worth of water were collected in the region under evaluation, and their physical and chemical characteristics, such as cation and anion concentrations, were examined. An interpolation method called “Inverse Distance Weighted, IDW” was employed in a geographic information system (GIS) to analyze the data obtained. The water may be labelled as “severe restriction, SR” because the projected values of the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were more than zero but less than 40. Throughout the six-year period (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022), water samples from seven wells in the study area have been analyzed for their major and minor components. The finding shows that the irrigation water quality indexes (IWQIs) for 2017 and 2018 had measured values above zero but below 55, whereas IWQIs for the other years had calculated values below 40. Therefore, the water can be identified as “High Restriction, HR,” in the early years and as “severe restriction, SR,” in the latter years. As a consequence, this water cannot be utilized for irrigation, and it is abundantly evident that there will be a shortfall in the value of IWQI for a number of years in a row.

Purification Resistance Index: A new water quality assessment method toward drinking water production

Water quality assessment plays a significant role in ensuring the availability of clean and safe water. The Water Quality Index (WQI) model method has been developed to provide a basis for assessing water quality by integrating various water quality parameters. However, existing WQIs do not “actively” consider the difficulty of water treatment from raw water to specific water use scenarios. This study proposes a novel model framework, named as Purification Resistance Index (PRI), quantitatively evaluating not only the exceedance of pollutants but also how difficult they can be removed in the water treatment process. The framework is built based on the conventional drinking water treatment processes, with sub-indices for coagulation-sedimentation (rc), filtration (rf), disinfection (rd), and advanced treatment (ra). The model considers appropriate weights assigned to each sub-index to calculate the purification resistance, resulting in a comprehensive index for water quality evaluation. Case studies on nationwide and citywide water source reservoirs demonstrated the applicability of PRI approach. PRI breakthrough the traditional water quality risk assessment paradigm and extents to engineering region and provide useful tools for water source supervision, drinking water treatment plant planning and updating, operation control, and other purposes. Water authority, water utility and municipal design institute will all benefit. It is open for more localized practices validation and discussion.

Pattern recognition of multiple metal ions using fluorescent Perylenyl nanoaggregates and application in food traceability

Metal ions (MIs) identification is essential for the safety assessment, traceability and authentication of food. Most current approaches for detecting MIs are difficult to reconcile the simplicity, sensitivity and stability simultaneously. In this work, we proposed a novel strategy for discriminating MIs based on fluorescent supramolecular nanoaggregates (SNAs). In the presence of MI, perylene diimide derivatives (PDI)-based SNAs could be formed through the multiple non-covalent interactions between them including electrostatic, coordination and π-π interactions. With the assistance of discriminant analysis (LDA), different MIs (Hg2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+) were successfully identified at three different concentration levels. It featured good quantitative sensing abilities in buffer solutions and practical samples. Furthermore, a water-quality evaluation model was successfully constructed for the distinction of different sources of drinking water, and the fluorescence array sensor technology was applied for the first time to the geographical traceability of apples.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Scarcity Issues for Sustainable Water Management Strategy in Twin Cities of Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, Pakistan.

Today's water world is pebbledashed with two main trepidations of water security/ scarcity, which need in-depth elaboration. Developing countries are particularly facing the impacts of water contamination and scarcity but lack the required impetus and technical infrastructure, thus necessitating swift actions to evaluate the effects of water security/ scarcity on the environment and water resources. In this study, an effort has been made to assess the water security/ scarcity situation in the twin cities of Rawalpindi/ Islamabad, elucidating the water quality/ quantity parameters in the Rawal Lake reservoir in Pakistan by analysing the contamination. The samples were collected/ tested during spring/ monsoon seasons to analyse temporal/fluvial impacts on water discharge. The results were compared with Pakistan's and WHO's drinking water standards before and after the water treatment. Almost all the testing parameters of the raw water samples from the Rawal Lake reservoir feeding streams exceeded the standard limits or fell close to the upper threshold limits, suggesting that this water was unsuitable for drinking without extensive treatment and an efficient distribution system. The contamination, untreated sewage disposal, non-regulated water utilisation, drawdown and supply/ demand gaps are the grave factors causing the water security/ scarcity in the capital/ twin cities of Islamabad/ Rawalpindi. Pakistan has already entered the water scarcity threshold of 1014 m3/ person/ annum in 2018, reduced from water availability of 5260 m3/ person/ annum in 1950 and will likely reach a drought level by 2050 due to increased population and reduced water resources. The study proposes an organisational implementation model for catchment-level river management to ensure good quality of water, construction of 5-10 small dams, and the provision of water from Terbella Dam suggested as the long-term strategy to prevent water scarcity.

Exploration of Microalgal Role as Bioindicator to Evaluate Water Quality in the Waters of Desa Sungai Nibung West Kalimantan

The coastal area of Desa Sungai Nibung is a conservation area with high biodiversity. This area has been used for various activities, such as capture and aquaculture fisheries, shipping traffic, and tourism. These activities could affect the waters, ecosystems, and biodiversity condition. Water quality is determined by several parameters, which one of the bioindicators is microalgae. The presence of certain microalgae contributes to the change in the color of the water which indicates the presence of HABS phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the composition of microalgae in the waters of Desa Sungai Nibung. Water samples were taken by purposive sampling method in 5 stations with different environmental characteristics. Each station was taken surface water using a plankton net. Microalgae in the samples were then observed with a microscope and their abundance was calculated. The composition of microalgae consisted of 22 genera, belonging to Bacillariophyceae (14 genera), Dinophyceae (7 genera), and Chlorophyceae (1 genus). The Bacillariophyceae dominated the waters with a percentage of 63.66%. Microalgae abundance ranged from 3.94-7,329.25 ind/L with oligotrophic and mesotrophic categories. The diversity index was low to medium (0.74-1.78), Evenness index was low to medium (0.31-0.66), and dominance index was low to high (0.24-0.74).

Waste management and water quality evaluation prediction in urban environments through advanced robust hybrid machine learning algorithms

Water quality management is a crucial aspect of environmental protection, requiring the monitoring and regulation of effluent discharges into surface water bodies. This research introduces a novel approach to predicting Water Quality Evaluation (WQE) through a unique hybrid model, ABC-DWKNN-ICA, which integrates the Distance-weighted K-Nearest Neighbors (DWKNN) algorithm with the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of 1106 data points from Telangana, India, spanning 2018–2020, the study examines a range of water quality parameters, including Ground Water Level (GWL), Potential of Hydrogen (PH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and others. The ABC-DWKNN-ICA model demonstrates exceptional performance in terms of Recall, Precision, Accuracy, and F1 Score for WQE prediction, distinguishing itself with enhanced feature selection, improved classification accuracy, robustness to noise and outliers, reduced dimensionality, and scalability to large datasets. This hybrid model represents a significant advancement over existing approaches, including traditional Hybrid Machine Learning (HML) algorithms such as ABC-DWKNN, FA-DWKNN, ICA-DWKNN, and GSA-DWKNN. By focusing on the capabilities of ABC-DWKNN-ICA rather than comparing all HML algorithms, the research highlights its superior effectiveness in water quality prediction, with performance metrics of 0.83 for Recall, 0.86 for Precision, 0.91 for Accuracy, and 0.86 for F1 Score. This study thus fills a critical research gap by demonstrating the model's value in environmental data analysis and offering promising prospects for more effective management of water resources. Additionally, feature selection, dimensionality reduction, enhanced accuracy, noise handling, and imbalanced dataset management are key advantages of the proposed model.

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Water Quality, Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Fish Species Inhabiting Thomas Reservoir, Kano, Nigeria

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Water Quality, Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Fish Species Inhabiting Thomas Reservoir, Kano, Nigeria

Water Quality Evaluation and Spatial-temporal Distribution Characteristics of the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu Province Based on WQI

The east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu Province was used as an example to investigate the characteristics of changes in water quality in the area affected by significant water diversion projects. Based on the comprehensive assessment method of the water quality index （WQI）, the M-K trend test, and the geographic information system （GIS）, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of water quality in the 13 national assessment sections of the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu Province were evaluated and analyzed from 2013 to 2022. The results showed that the water quality assessment grades in the study area were mainly "medium" and "good." The overall mean value was 74.03, indicating "good" water quality. DO, BOD5, and NH4+-N were the primary indicators of changes in river water quality in the region. Over time, the water quality in the basin had significantly improved from 2013 to 2022. However, there was a rebound in 2021, but this phenomenon was effectively controlled in 2022. Water quality was better during the non-flood season compared to that during the flood season. From a spatial perspective, the water quality in the southern part of the region was superior to that in the north. Furthermore, the rate of improvement was faster in the south. This could be attributed to factors such as precipitation, population density, and the scale of agricultural and livestock activities. However, the water quality of the S11 （Sanduoxi Bridge） section was generally lower than that of other sections and should be given further attention.

A Framework for Characterizing Spatio-Temporal Variation of Turbidity and Drivers in the Navigable and Turbid River: A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River

Turbidity, as a key indicator of water quality linked to underwater light attenuation, is crucial for evaluating water quality. Control in high-turbidity water environments plays a critical role in navigable rivers. For this purpose, our study proposed a framework for analyzing the spatio-temporal variation of turbidity and its driving factors in a navigable and turbid river using in situ measurement data, satellite data, socioeconomic data, a power index function model, and correlation analysis. The results show that the proposed model is feasible for quantitative turbidity monitoring of the Xitiaoxi River. Its upstream turbidity is lower than downstream, with seasonal averages for spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 93.9, 111.3, 113.5, and 120.9 NTU, respectively. Furthermore, the turbidity in the middle and lower reaches of the Xitiaoxi River continuously increased before 2005 and began to decline after 2005 due to the policy of mining moratorium. This trend is especially noticeable at monitoring points along the main stream of the Xitiaoxi River, such as downstream of the Xitiaoxi River (S1), Gangkou station (S2), middle reaches of the Xitiaoxi River (S4), Hengtangcun station (S6), upper stream of the Xitiaoxi River (S7), and Huxi River (S8). Mining and shipping have significantly contributed to the turbidity of the target river. This framework offers a practical approach for assessing the environmental impacts of both natural and anthropogenic factors, thereby providing valuable insights for river management practices.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Pollution Source Analysis of Meihu Reservoir

Under the background of increasingly serious global environmental pollution, ensuring the safety of drinking water has become one of the focuses of global attention. In this study, Meihu Reservoir, a drinking water source, was selected as the research object, and the main pollution problems and their sources were revealed through conventional water quality analysis, suitability evaluation of the drinking water source and eutrophication evaluation of the reservoir. Using modern water quality monitoring technology and methods, the paper monitors and analyzes various water quality parameters of the Meihu Reservoir. The results showed that the water quality indexes, except total nitrogen, met the class II–III standard of drinking water, and the comprehensive nutrient state index method (TLI) evaluated the reservoir, and its index met 30≤TLI(∑)≤50, indicating that the reservoir belongs to the medium nutrition category. Therefore, the water quality of the reservoir has been affected by different degrees of agricultural, domestic and livestock pollution, mainly reflected in the serious excess of the total nitrogen index (the peak has reached 2.99 mg/L). The results of the on-site investigation showed that the main sources of nitrogen in the reservoir included agricultural non-point-source pollution, domestic sewage pollution, domestic garbage pollution and livestock and poultry pollution, accounting for 50.09%, 23.99%, 14.13% and 11.80% of the total load, respectively. On this basis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for pollution control in order to provide a scientific basis and practical path for water quality protection and improvement of the Meihu Reservoir and other similar reservoirs.

Evaluating water quality, mineralization mechanisms, and potential health risks of nitrate contamination in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer of Reggane, Algeria

Evaluating water quality, mineralization mechanisms, and potential health risks of nitrate contamination in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer of Reggane, Algeria

Fuzzy Logic Harmony in Water: Mamdani Inference System Applied to Evaluate Pristine Pond Water Quality

Aquatic ecosystems that are subject to urbanization and environmental changes, such as the Kapaleeswarar and Chitrakulam tanks, depend on evaluating water quality. Their complicated data present challenges for conventional approaches. The usefulness of the Mamdani fuzzy inference system in determining the water quality in these tanks is investigated in this work. It creates a comprehensive assessment based on subject-matter expertise by handling ambiguous descriptors with linguistic variables and fuzzy sets. The system’s procedures for implementation are described in detail, with an emphasis on how well they can manage interrelated variables. The study shows how well the system measures the water quality in tanks and suggests ways to improve it. Tank evaluation that incorporates the Mamdani system encourages comprehensive resource management and cultural preservation.

Dynamic analysis of groundwater chemistry from 1997 to 2018 in the eastern part of Yongning County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of northwestern China: Integration of Bayesian water quality assessment and health risk assessment

AbstractGroundwater is an important part of water resources, with many characteristics: widespreading, steady changing, good water quality, and usable. Therefore, it is an ideal drinking water source. However, with the rapidly economic development and the accelerated urbanization process, the problem of groundwater pollution has become increasingly serious. In this study, the eastern part of Yongning County was taken as the study area, 30 groundwater samples from 1997 to 1998, 2007 to 2008, and 2017 to 2018 were selected for water quality assessment and health risk assessment. The results showed that the groundwater chemical type had a tendency to change from HCO3‐Ca·Mg type to SO4·Cl‐Ca·Mg type, and the rock weathering was the important factor controlling the groundwater hydrochemistry in the eastern part of Yongning County. The water quality evaluation of Mn and As was grade II, and the water quality evaluation of Cu, Zn, Cr6+, Cd, and Mo was grade I. Both carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic risks were higher in children than in adults, the acceptable frequency of adults was higher than that of children, and the area with higher risks was distributed in the central and easternmost regions of Yongning County. As was a more sensitive factor to carcinogenic risk than Cr6+. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the governance of As and the health of children's drinking water. Special attention also should be paid to the water environment protection in the eastern parts of Yongning County. Water quality assessment and health risk assessment in the study area lay a foundation for water pollution control and water environmental protection in the future.Practitioner Points The hydrochemical type changes from HCO3‐Ca·Mg type to SO4·Cl‐Ca·Mg type, which is mainly affected by rock weathering. According to the Bayesian water quality assessment: Mn and As was II, and Cr belongs to I is small. As was the main carcinogenic factor, Mn was the main non‐carcinogenic factor, and the risk was higher in children than adults.

Water quality assessment and its pollution source analysis from spatial and temporal perspectives in small watershed of Sichuan Province, China.

Rapid socio-economic development has led to many water environmental issues in small watersheds such as non-compliance with water quality standards, complex pollution sources, and difficulties in water environment management. To achieve a quantitative evaluation of water quality, identify pollution sources, and implement refined management in small watersheds, this study collected monthly seven water quality indexes of four monitoring points from 2010 to 2023, and ten water quality indexes of 23 sampling points in the Shiting River and Mianyuan River which are tributaries of the Tuojiang River Basin. Then, water quality evaluation and pollution source analysis were conducted from both temporal and spatial perspectives using the Water Quality Index (WQI) method, the Absolute Principal Component Scores/Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) method, and the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling technique. The results indicated that except for total nitrogen (TN), the concentrations of other water quality indexes exhibited a decreasing trend, and all were divided into two obvious stages before and after 2016. Furthermore, the proportion of water quality grade of Good and above increased from 73.96 to 84.94% from 2010-2015 to 2016-2023, and the water quality grade of Good and above from upstream to downstream dropped from 100 to 23.33%. From the temporal scale, four and five pollution sources were identified in the first and second stages, respectively. The distinct TN pollutant is mainly affected by agricultural non-point sources (NPS), whose impact is enhanced from 17.76 to 78.31%. Total phosphorus (TP) was affected by the phosphorus chemical industry, whose contribution gradually weakened from 50.8 to 24.9%. From a spatial perspective, four and five pollution sources were identified in the upstream and downstream, respectively. Therefore, even though there are some limitations due to the data availability of water monitory and hydrology data, the proposed research framework of this study can be applied to the water environmental management of other similar watersheds.

Hydrochemical appraisal and suitability for irrigation and portable purposes in eastern Himalayan syntaxis of Tibet Plateau

The formation mechanism and quality evaluation of surface water and groundwater have provided valuable information on water management of alpine catchment, such as Tibet Plateau. However, scarce knowledge of surface water and groundwater has been achieved from Eastern Himalayan syntaxis in eastern Tibet due to harsh and complicated natural and geological conditions. This study collected 60 water samples from the Layue alpine catchment within Eastern Himalayan syntaxis, including 35 samples of groundwater and 25 of surface water. A combination of multivariate statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis, geochemical modeling, hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis, and water quality index (WQI) analysis was employed to explore hydrochemical processes and irrigation and portable suitability. Results indicate that the groundwater types identified include bicarbonate-calcium, sulfate·chlorine-sodium, and mixed bicarbonate-calcium·sodium, while surface water are sulfate·chlorine-sodium, mixed bicarbonate-calcium·sodium, and mixed chlorine-calcium·magnesium types. Groundwater recharge primarily originates from meteoric precipitation, with recharge elevations ranging from 2216 to 3698 m, while surface water receives both precipitation and groundwater recharge in a proportion of 50.51%–87.96%. Silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution predominantly control the hydrochemical compositions. Sodium adsorption ratios (0.75–88.55) and electrical conductivity (85.20–1686.12 μs/cm) indicate water resource are mostly suitable for irrigation. The entropy-weighted water quality index (97% in total <100) denotes the suitability for portable use. These achievements would provide substantial support for the sustainable water management in alpine areas, especially for Tibet Plateau.

Ground Water Quality Evaluation for Irrigation Purpose: Case Study Al-Wafaa Area, Western Iraq

Ground Water Quality Evaluation for Irrigation Purpose: Case Study Al-Wafaa Area, Western Iraq

Changes in chemical characteristics and toxicity of fluoxetine and humic acid during chlorination

The coexistence of emerging pollutants and dissolved organic matter in wastewater complicates the transformation and generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination treatment, which is essential for effective water quality evaluation and chlorination optimization. This study used fluoxetine (FLX) and humic acid (HA) as representative substances to analyze changes in their chemical characteristics and zebrafish embryonic developmental toxicity under different chlorination conditions. The analysis of the fluorescence characteristics and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry indicated that chlorination treatment increased the aromatic compound content of the HA solution. FLX addition further increased the presence of aromatic ring structures and oxidized molecules, resulting in the formation of numerous Cl-DBPs with highly unsaturated and phenolic structures. Moreover, different responses in zebrafish embryo development and behavior were found with FLX, HA, and FLX + HA exposures. Cardiotoxicity was linked to changes in the concentration of cTn-I protein and expression of various genes. Prolonged chlorination conditions showed higher toxicities. Correlation analysis found a weak relation between chemical indicators and toxicity data, indicating that both analysis methods need to be considered when analyzing the impact of the chlorination. Further, a combination of chemical analyses and toxicity tests revealed that the FLX + HA solution with chlorination conditions of 3 mg/L for 30 min had lower chemical and toxic effects in this experiment. This study provides valuable scientific insights for the safe discharge of chlorinated water containing FLX and dissolved organic matter, as well as guidance for optimizing chlorination parameters in wastewater treatment.

Land cover object change monitoring and environmental suitability confirmation in Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam

ABSTRACT The study examined the core, buffer, and transition zones within the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve in Vietnam to assess changes in five land cover categories (water surface, cropland, vacant land, residential land, and forestland) between 2018 and 2022. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate water quality using three indicators (normalized difference turbidity index, normalized difference chlorophyll index, total suspended solids) and air quality using four indicators (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone) for the 2022 data. Land cover change analysis and monitoring of water and air quality indicators were conducted using the Google Earth Engine platform, employing Sentinel-2 imagery for land cover and water quality assessment and Sentinel-5P images for air quality assessment. The findings revealed correlations between changes in land cover and water and air quality indicators within the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve. While occasional instances of values surpassing permissible limits were noted, the average values over the 12-month period in 2022 indicated that water and air quality indicators remained within acceptable thresholds. These results suggest effective preservation efforts in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, indicating no significant signs of degradation.

A novel-approach for identifying sources of fluvial DOM using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning model

Rivers are well known as one of the most threatened aquatic environments, whose structure and water quality can be deeply impacted by intensive anthropogenic activities. Despite the fact that anthropogenic influences on river ecosystems could indeed be deduced from the composition and chemistry of fluvial dissolved organic matter (DOM), sources of anthropogenic loading to DOM are still poorly explored. Here, by uniting fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) and principal component absolute coefficient, four sources of DOM from seventeen rivers in major drainage basins of China could be identified, i.e., originating from municipal sewage, domestic wastewater, livestock wastewater, and natural origins, and thus being defined as MS-DOM, DW-DOM, LW-DOM, NO-DOM, respectively. Based on the random forest model, special nodes in EEM could be traced from four sources, respectively. According to parallel factor analysis, DOM mainly contained protein-like, microbial humic-like, and fulvic-like fluorescence substances, among which protein-like was dominant in MS-DOM and DW-DOM, microbial humic-like in LW-DOM, and fulvic-like in NO-DOM. Based on key peaks and essential nodes in EEM, the identifying source indices were first proposed, which could be introduced to simply distinguish the different anthropogenic-derived sources of fluvial DOM. It was associated with intensity ratios of the key peaks and the essential nodes of EEM spectra from four sources, i.e., municipal sewage (MS-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(335, 410) nm), domestic wastewater (DW-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(340, 410) nm), livestock wastewater (LW-SI: Ex/Em = 235/(345, 380) nm), and natural origins (NO-SI: Ex/Em = 260/(380, 430) nm). By statistical analysis, the high identifying source indices of municipal sewage (>0.5) and natural origins (>0.4) values could be related to MS-DOM and NO-DOM, respectively. The identifying source indices of domestic wastewater with 0.1–0.3 might be linked to DW-DOM and the identifying source indices of livestock wastewater with 0.3–0.4 to LW-DOM. Compared with conventional optical indices, the novel identifying source indices showed remarkable discrimination for the sources of fluvial DOM with different forms of anthropogenic disturbances. Hence the innovative approach could be relatively convenient and accurate to evaluate water quality or pollution risk in river ecosystems.

Coordinated analysis of groundwater spatiotemporal chemical characteristics, water quality, and potential human health risks with sustainable development in semi-arid regions.

The emergence of large-scale time-series data and advancements in computational power have opened new avenues for analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution of groundwater chemistry, water quality, and human health risks. This paper utilizes hydrogeochemical methods to elucidate the controlling factors of water chemical components based on the test results of 124 groundwater samples collected from 31 monitoring wells in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, China, from 2018 to 2021. By integrating the Random Forest and Enhanced Water Quality Index methods for water quality assessment and employing the Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model to analyze human health risks, our findings indicate that the groundwater is mildly alkaline, with SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Ca·Mg as the dominant hydrochemical types, primarily derived from the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals such as dolomite, limestone, and andesite, and cation exchange reactions. The EI_RF water quality evaluation model reveals that the overall water quality in the study area is poor, with Class I and II water quality zones mainly located in the northeastern and central parts of the study area, showing a gradual transition from Class I and II in the northeast to Classes IV and V in the southwest, significantly influenced by NO3-, TH, TDS, and SO42-. The HHRA model results indicate that the potential non-carcinogenic risk of groundwater nitrates has a severe impact on infants, with the spatial distribution being low in the northeast and high in the southwest. Due to industrial activities, agricultural practices, and population growth, certain areas in developing countries such as China and India exhibit nitrate concentrations significantly higher than those in most international regions, highlighting global environmental and public health challenges. This underscores the importance of enhancing groundwater monitoring and implementing measures to mitigate pollution. These research outcomes hold significant implications for the government in formulating rational protection and management measures to ensure the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources.