Evaluation Of Surface Water Quality Research Articles

Research on a Multi-Index Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Surface Water Quality Assessment

The evaluation of surface water quality is a problem which relates to whether the environmental function and value do possess or not in the water. A new comprehensive evaluation method which combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the weighted grey correlation method was presented in this paper. The reduction of indicators and the weakening of the multiple correlation among indicators were considered in Principal Component Analysis. According to different functional areas categories of every section, the weighted grey correlation method could determine the evaluation indicator’s weights, strengthen the effect of concerntrations of indicators and consider each indicator’s impact. The Mudanjiang River downstream sections were used as the research object. Based on the water quality monitoring data of typical monitoring section in 2013, the study on the environmental quality assessment of downstream section in mudanjiang was given in this paper. The efficiency of the evaluation process and the accuracy of the results can be improved.

Assessment of sediment ecotoxicological status as a complementary tool for the evaluation of surface water quality: the Ebro river basin case study

According to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), assessment of surface water status is based on ecological and chemical status that is not always in coherence. In these situations, ecotoxicity tests could help to obtain a better characterization of the ecosystems. The general aim of this work is to design a methodology to study the ecotoxicological status of freshwater systems. This could be useful and complementary to ecological status, for a better ecological characterization of freshwater systems. For this purpose, sediments from thirteen sampling sites within the Ebro river watershed (NE Spain) were collected for ecotoxicity characterization. The ecotoxicity of pore water has been evaluated employing the test organisms Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna, while whole sediment ecotoxicity was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Nitzschia palea and Chironomus riparius. An analysis of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) was performed to evaluate the sediment toxicity associated to bioavailable metals. Moreover, data about priority pollutants defined by the WFD in water, sediment and fish as well as data of surface water status of each sampling point were provided by the Monitoring and Control Program of the Ebro Water bodies. In general terms, whole sediment bioassays have shown more toxicity than pore water tests. Among the different organisms used, P. subcapitata and C. riparius were the most sensitive in pore water and whole sediment, respectively. Our evaluation of the ecotoxicological status showed high coincidences with the ecological status, established according to the WFD, especially when ecosystem disruption due to numerous stressors (presence of metals and organic pollution) was observed. These results allow us to confirm that, when chemical stressors affect the ecosystem functioning negatively, an ecotoxicological approach, provided by suitable bioassays in pore water and whole sediment, could detect these changes with accurate sensitivity.

Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal indices of Ismailia Canal, Nile River, Egypt

Ismailia Canal is one of the most important branches of the Nile River in Egypt. It is the main source of drinking and irrigation water for many cities. Weighted arithmetic method of water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the water quality of Ismailia Canal according to drinking, irrigation and aquatic life water utilizations. The objective of the index is to transform complex water quality data into understandable and usable information by the public. The WQI values of Ismailia Canal are good to poor for drinking and aquatic life utilizations, and excellent for irrigation utilization. Metal index (MI) and pollution index (PI) were calculated to assess the contaminations of the canal water with the metals (Al+3, Cd+2. Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, Ni+2, Pb+2 and Zn+2). MI and PI values denote the dangerous pollution of the canal water, which is described as seriously at most sites along, in particular for drinking and fisheries utilizations. It may be attributed to the effluents of different industrial wastes arriving at the canal water. Law 48/1982 for the protection of the Nile River and its waterways against pollution must be enforced to prevent the obvious deterioration of the canal water and to improve its quality.

Research on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Surface Water Quality in Xiquan Lake Wetland

Using Xiquan Lake wetland as an example, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in the application of surface water quality assessment was discussed in this paper. This paper chooses six representative pollution index, calculates respectively weight and integrated membership grade of the pollution index during dry season and rain season, and overall evaluates surface water quality of Xiquan Lake wetland comprehensive. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results show that water quality is respectively class V and III during dry season and rain season. Surface water quality of Xiquan Lake wetland in rain season is worse than in dry season. The evaluation results are scientific and reasonable, provide effective basis for wetland resources use and management.

Efficiency of Water Quality Index Approach as an Evaluation Tool

Abstract This study aimed to demonstrate efficiency of documented index method “universal water quality index-UWQI” to evaluate surface water quality and investigate seasonal and temporal changes, in the case of Gediz River Basin Turkey. UWQI expressed results relative to levels according to criteria specified in European legislation (75-440 EEC). The method produced a unitless number ranging from 1 to 100 and a higher number was indicator of better water quality. Water quality is classified into five classes and index scores between 95-100 represent excellent and lower than 24 represent poor quality. In the study, dissolved oxygen-DO, pH, mercury-Hg, cadmium-Cd, total phosphorus-TP, biochemical oxygen demand- BOD and nitrate nitrogen-NO3-N have been chosen as index determinants. Samples analyzed for these variables were collected from five stations on monthly basis along two years. Based on UWQI classification scheme, water quality at sampling stations had scores below 40 and assigned to “marginal” which is between fair and poor quality class. On the other hand sub-indices of water quality determinants showed seasonal differences for some parameters. Cd concentrations were higher in “high flow” and lower values were observed in “low flow” periods. This was explained by negative impact of urban runoff on water quality. On the other hand DO concentrations were higher in “high flow” period. Under “low flow” conditions water quality at upstream stations (where the industrial density is low) was comparably better than downstream part. The study showed that index approach can be efficient tool to: a) evaluate water quality, b) investigate spatial and seasonal variations and finally, c) extract required information from complex data sets that is understandable by non-technical people.

Evaluation of surface water quality using an ecotoxicological approach: a case study of the Piracicaba River (São Paulo, Brazil)

A long-term study was conducted to evaluate Piracicaba River water (São Paulo state, Brazil) using different methodologies and organisms. During 1year (February 2011 to January 2012), water samples were collected monthly at six different locations and exposed under laboratory conditions to the microcrustaceans Ceriodaphnia dubia and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii for 7days and to the fish Danio rerio for 4days to evaluate effects on reproduction and on gill morphology, respectively. Physical-chemical parameters of the water were also measured. Physical-chemical characteristics demonstrated decreasing water quality from upstream to downstream of the river. Effects on the reproduction of C. dubia and C. silvestrii were observed in 3months (February and March 2011 and January 2012) and occurred in samples collected close to industrialized cities like Americana and Piracicaba. Evaluation of the gills showed normal function of the organ during all months, except in February, September, and October for some locations.

Evaluation of surface water quality of the Buriganga River

The Buriganga River receives partially treated sewage effluent, sewage polluted surface runoff and untreated industrial effluent from Dhaka city. This study examines the present status of surface water quality of Buriganga River at different locations in Dhaka City. The values of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, colour, total coliforms, turbidity and ammonia were always very high over the year 2011. The maximum level of DO concentration was 3.4 mg/l, which is below the acceptable limit for surface water. Results also showed that high turbidity and low colour values were found in the rainy season while low turbidity and high colour values were found in the dry season. Moreover, the values of all parameters were always high at Buri 2 (Hazaribagh) because of the proximity of industrial sites. It is important to improve the water quality of the Buriganga River by protecting it from pollution.

The Use of Water Quality Index Models for the Evaluation of Surface Water Quality: A Case Study for Kirmir Basin, Ankara, Turkey

Water quality is an important factor for health and safety issues associated with public health and also for aquatic life. More and more water quality issues are becoming a significant concern due to the growth of population, urban expansion and development. Thus, assessment of surface water quality has become an important issue. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a single number which can be calculated easily and used for overall description of the quality of water bodies used for different purposes. In this study, the water quality data obtained from 10 sampling stations during one year monitoring period at Kirmir basin was evaluated. Kirmir basin is one of the important drinking water sources of the capital city of Turkey, Ankara. The analyses of 44 water quality parameters were done for all water samples at the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), Department of Chemistry, Water Analysis Laboratory. It was found that DO, BOD, phosphate, color, turbidity, T. coli, E. coli, Enterococci, iron, manganese, arsenic, aluminum, boron, and barium values which exceed the limit values given in the water quality standards are the major pollutants that affect the water quality in this basin. For easy interpretation of the data, five different WQI models were applied for the selected parameters. The suitability of these WQI models is discussed with respect to their applicability in similar studies. For this study it is concluded that the Canadian WQI (CWQI) and Oregon WQI (OWQI) would provide the best results.

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality Impacted by Sewage Overflows from Animal and Residential Lagoon Systems using Principal Component Analysis

This study was conducted to: (1) evaluate the water quality of Gans Creek (Missouri, United States), (2) assess the physical and chemical characteristics of two sewage lagoon overflows (confined animal lot lagoon overflow: CALLO, and domestic sewage lagoon overflow: DSLO) discharged into Gans Creek, and (3) understand the most significant analytical variables and major controlling processes influencing Gans Creek water quality using principal component analysis (PCA). Monthly (May 2009-February 2010) sampling was conducted along Gans Creek and at lagoon overflow points. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) in Gans Creek and the overflows was monitored for another year (March 2010-July 2011) because of its potential toxicity to stream health. Thirty-one variables including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), elemental and anionic species, total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured in samples. We observed that DSLO samples had the highest level of NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), TN, TOC and B compared to the corresponding levels in both CALLO and Gans Creek samples. Major stressors for this stream system were dissolved materials and ammonia. PCA showed that the first four rotated components (RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC4) accounted for approximately 60% of the total variability of the dataset. Mineralization (RC1: 20%), sewage overflows (RC2: 19%), diffuse pollution (RC3: 12%), and runoffs from cattle grazing areas (RC4: 9%) were the major controlling processes at the study area. Over twenty water quality determinands were significant in the rotated components. Overflows from the lagoon systems need consistent treatment and management for adequate protection of Gans Creek ecosystem.

Evaluation of surface water quality in aquatic bodies under the influence of uranium mining (MG, Brazil)

The quality of the water in a uranium-ore-mining area located in Caldas (Minas Gerais State, Brazil) and in a reservoir (Antas reservoir) that receives the neutralized acid solution leaching from the waste heaps generated by uranium mining was investigated. The samples were collected during four periods (October 2008, January, April and July 2009) from six sampling stations. Physical and chemical analyses were performed on the water samples, and the data obtained were compared with those of the Brazilian Environmental Standards and WHO standard. The water samples obtained from waste rock piles showed high uranium concentrations (5.62mg L(-1)), high manganese values (75mg L(-1)) and low average pH values (3.4). The evaluation of the water quality at the point considered the limit between the Ore Treatment Unit of the Brazilian Nuclear Industries and the environment (Consulta Creek) indicated contamination by fluoride, manganese, uranium and zinc. The Antas reservoir showed seasonal variations in water quality, with mean concentrations for fluoride (0.50mg L(-1)), sulfate (16mg L(-1)) and hardness (20mg L(-1)) which were low in January, evidencing the effect of rainwater flowing into the system. The concentrations for fluoride, sulfate and manganese were close or above to the limits established by current legislation at the point where the treated mining effluent was discharged and downstream from this point. This study demonstrated that the effluent discharged by the UTM affected the quality of the water in the Antas reservoir, and thus the treatments currently used for effluent need to be reviewed.

Hydrochemical evaluation of surface water quality and pollution source apportionment in the Luan River basin, China

In the context of rapid economic growth in China, hydrochemical characteristics of stream water quality are being influenced by a variety of natural and anthropogenic inputs. We determined 10 hydrochemical parameters of the surface water at 29 monitoring sites in the Luan River basin of northern China during 2007-2009. Water quality hydrochemistry was evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive analysis based on the National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards of China. Our results showed that 14 sites were classified as 'meeting standard (MS)' while the other 15 sites were classified 'non-meeting standard (NS)'. According to principal component analysis, four potential pollution sources were identified that explained 80.6% of the total variance among these MS sites, and three potential pollution sources that explained 78.3% of the total variance among these NS sites. Furthermore, multi-linear regression of the absolute principal component scores was used to estimate contributions from identified pollution sources. Most water pollution variables were influenced primarily by municipal sewage and non-point pollution in MS sites. In NS sites, chemical industry wastewater pollution dominated. Pollution in the main stream was more serious than that in the small tributaries. Our findings provide useful information for developing better pollution control strategies for the Luan River.

Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Surface Water Quality in Arid Region

With the building of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, surface water resources in arid regions has been recharged effectively. Generally speaking, the surface water-supply resources in arid region include two parts, local water and secondary water, which makes its water quality evaluation has its own particularity and different from regular evaluation. So the surface water quality evaluation in arid region is unique.For it involves a wide range of complex factors in practice, the fuzzy set theory and fuzzy matter-element theory were applied to the study. The mathematical model was established based on the quantity demand of both local water and secondary water, and meanwhile taking the subjective and objective conditions into account carefully, so the weights of the two parts were obtained respectively. The results proved to be a good solution to solve the problem of water quality evaluation level in arid areas,and the research achievements also openup new ideas for comprehensive evaluation method of surface water quality in cities of arid region.

Application of Principal Component Analysis in Water Quality Evaluation by SPSS Software

In view of the defect of traditional water quality evaluation model, principal component analysis method is developed to evaluate surface water quality in Baoying country. By SPSS software, principal component model is applied to evaluate water quality at representative sections in Baoying surface area. Principal component analysis is a way to reduce orginal dimension, to make multiple variables inti a few comprehensive index. By the combination of variables index, adjusting the combinatorial coefficient to make the new variables representative independent. The process is introduced in the paper in detail.The results indicate that principal component model is suitable for water quality evaluation. By analysis, it is important to pay attention to bring into effective measures for pollution control.

Surface water quality evaluation and modeling of Ghataprabha River, Karnataka, India

Belgaum city is a developmental hub of Karnataka State in India. In the recent time, the Government of Karnataka has planned to set up many processing industries in the vicinity of Belgaum to meet the growing needs of the region and to ease out the pressure on the already existing industrial hubs in Karnataka State. Ghataprabha, a tributary of river Krishna, is one of the major sources of water supply to Belgaum city and adjoining areas. During the last decade, a lot of anthropogenic activities such as unplanned agricultural activities are ongoing in many parts of the catchment. Therefore, people of Belgaum are more concerned about the quality of water in Ghataprabha river. Considering the significance of water quality of the river, surface water samples were collected during Pre- and Post-monsoon season from selected locations and analyzed for both physical and chemical constituents in the laboratory. The results indicate that the chemical parameters such as bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are within the permissible limits. QUAL2E model was applied to assess the impact of point and non-point sources of pollution on the river water quality. Results show that the water quality conditions are highly acceptable all along the river stretch. Further, the variation of DO-BOD(5) with river discharge was also estimated. Also, a significant variations in DO (decrease in DO) with the increase in river flow was observed. However, at the downstream end, considerable improvement in DO was noticed which is attributed to the damming effect of the reservoir.

Surface Water Quality Evaluation Using BP and RBF Neural Network

It is very important to evaluate water quality in environment protection. Water environment is a complicated system, traditional methods can not meet the demands of water environment protection. In view of the deficiency of the traditional methods, a BP neural network model and a RBF neural network model are proposed to evaluate water quality. The proposed model was applied to evaluate the water quality of 10 sections in Suzhou river. The evaluation result was compared with that of the RBF neural network method and the reported results in Suzhou river. It indicated that the performance of proposed neural network model is practically feasible in tha application of water quality assessment and its operation is simple.

Evaluation of surface water quality in waterways located in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil

The present work was performed in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil with the objective of evaluating water quality from the years of 1996 to 1998, in the principal waterways which pass through the municipality using the Water Quality Index of Bascaran (IQAb). It was verified that the water quality in the evaluated bodies was acceptable with the exception of the Eclusa and Santa Barbara reservoirs, in which phosphorus is the most important pollutant. During the period of prolonged drought from 1996 to 1997, there was a reduction in the IQAb. The index also reflected the environmental status verified in the region due to intensive agriculture and the release of a large portion of domestic and industrial wastes to the waterways without previous treatment.

Evaluation of surface water quality using an ecotoxicological approach: a case study of the Alqueva Reservoir (Portugal)

Background, aim, and scope Freshwater reservoirs can be impacted by several hazardous substances through inputs from agricultural activity, sewage discharges, and groundwater leaching and runoff. The water quality assessment is very important for implementation of the monitoring and remediation programs to minimize the risk promoted by hazardous substances in aquatic ecosystems. Evaluation of the degree of contamination of aquatic environments must not take in account only its chemical characterization but it must be complemented with biological assays, which determine potential toxic effects and allows an integrated evaluation of its effects in populations and aquatic ecosystem communities. The application of this type of strategy has clear advantages allowing a general evaluation of the effects from all the water components, including those due to unknown substances and synergic, antagonistic, or additive effects. There are only a few studies that reported ecotoxicological acute end points, for the assessment of surface water quality, and the relationship among toxicity results and the anthropogenic pollution sources and the seasonal period. The aim of this study was to assess the ecotoxicological characterization of the surface water from Alqueva reservoir (South of Portugal) and to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic sources of pollution and their seasonal variation in its toxicity. The construction of Alqueva reservoir was recently finished (2002) and, to our knowledge, an ecotoxicological assessment of its surface water has not been performed. Because of that, no information is available on the possible impact of pollutants on the biota. The surface water toxicity was assessed using acute and chronic bioassays. The results are to be used for developing a monitoring program, including biological methods.

Surface water quality evaluation using multivariate methods and a new water quality index in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Appropriate assessment of long‐term water quality monitoring data is essential to evaluation of water quality and this often requires use of multivariate techniques. Our objective was to evaluate water quality in the south Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida using several multivariate techniques and a comprehensive water quality index (WQI). Clustering was used to cluster the six monitoring stations into three groups, with stations on the same or characteristic‐similar canals being in the same group. The first five factors from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) explain around 70% of the total variance and were used to interpret water quality characterized by original constituents for the purpose of data reduction. Nutrient species (phosphorus and nitrogen) were major variables involved in the construction of the principal components (PCs) and factors. Seasonal and spatial differences were observed in compositional patterns of factors and principal water quality constituents. Positive or negative trends were detected for different factor at different monitoring groups identified by clustering during different seasons. The composite WQI was developed based on principal water quality constituents greatly contributing to the construction of factors which were derived from EFA. The WQI showed significant difference among the three clustering groups with the greatest WQI median in group 1 stations (C23S48, C23S97, and C24S49). Medians of WQI were significantly greater in the wet than in the dry season, which implied more natural nutrient water status during the dry than the wet season probably due to the different contribution of nonpoint sources between two seasons.

Developing a Standardized Water Quality Index for Evaluating Surface Water Quality1

Abstract: There is a significant need for a science‐based approach to interpret water‐monitoring data and to facilitate the rapid transfer of information to water resource managers and the general public. The water quality Index (WQI) is defined as a single numeric score that describes the surface water quality condition at a particular time and location. The objective of this paper is to describe the WQI concept and the approach for developing an ecoregion‐specific standardized WQI that meets the needs described above. The premise of the proposed WQI is based on categorizing scientifically documented aquatic life responses to changes in instream water chemistry. The method uses an aggregated procedure that matches the entire range of standardized probable biological responses to standardized narrative water quality evaluation categories and standardized rank score categories. The calculation of WQI and decision‐making process are performed within an Excel spreadsheet software program. The article includes examples of the proposed WQI applications that could enhance effective water resource management and facilitate timely communication of water quality conditions to water resource managers and the general public.

Evaluation of surface water quality and pollution in Lepenica river basin

Lepenica river basin is axis of economic and urban development of Sumadija region. However, because of disorderly water regime of Lepenica river and its tributaries, it appears several hydrologic problems on this territory, as example insufficiency of drinking and irrigating water by one cite, and floods and torrents (especially in Kragujevac valley) by other cite. Particular problem is water quality and pollution in river basin. In this paper will be analyzed water quality of Lepenica river and artificial lakes, built in its river basin, according to the data of Republic Hydrometeorologic Institute of Serbia. Also, it will be present polluter cadastre in river basin.