Evaluation Of Surface Water Quality Research Articles

ESTIMATION Of SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION USING VNREDSAT – 1A MULTISPECTRAL DATA, A CASE STUDY IN RED RIVER, HANOI, VIETNAM

The traditional methods for measuring water quality variables are timeconsuming and do not give a synoptic view of a water body or, more significantly, a synoptic view of different water bodies across the landscape. However, remote sensing technology with advantages such as wide area coverage and short revisit interval have been effectively used for environmental pollution applications, such as for monitoring water quality parameters. Many studies around the world show that optical satellite imagery can be used effectively in evaluating suspended sediment concentration. This article presents results of monitoring suspended sediment concentration in Red River, Hanoi, Vietnam through ground truth measurements and VNREDSat-1A multispectral data. The results obtained in the study can be used to serve the management, monitoring and evaluation of surface water quality.

Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: a case study Coruh River Basin.

In this study, the water quality of the Coruh River Basin, which is located in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, was evaluated. The water quality data measurement results obtained by the State Hydraulic Works 26th Regional Directorate from four different sites over a course of 4years between the years 2011 and 2014 in the Coruh River Basin were used as the data. In this study, the water quality was evaluated by using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environmental Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis (DA). The water quality of the Coruh River Basin was calculated as 30.4 and 71.35 by using the CCME WQI and classified as "poor," "marginal," and "fair". These values show that the water of the Coruh River Basin is degraded and under threat and its overall quality is not close to natural or desired levels. The monitoring sites were divided into two groups by the cluster analysis (CA). DA is a multivariate analysis technique used to divide individuals or objects into different groups and assign them into predetermined groups. As a result of DA, calcium (Ca) and sulfate (SO4) were determined to be significant parameters in the determination of the water quality of the Coruh River Basin. The success of DA depends on the percentage of correct classification. As a result of the analysis, 23% of the parameters in the first measurement point, 69.2% of the parameters in the second and third measurement points, and 76.9% of the parameters in the fourth measurement point were classified correctly. Since the second measurement point is the discharge point of a copper mine, it can be said that the water quality parameters measured may provide accurate results in detecting pollution at this point.

Predictive scenarios for surface water quality simulation - A watershed case study

Surface water is exposed to contaminants which change the natural hydrological parameters and consequent contaminant dispersion. Water self-depuration is an ecological process aiming to restore the natural watercourse balance, which depends on the quality and quantity of topical and diffuse contributions. The main goal of this research is the evaluation of surface water quality in the Águeda River (Portugal-Spain transboundary watershed) and its self-depuration ability considering different predicted scenarios. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved oxygen (DO), dry residue, Ptotal, Ntotal, pH, temperature and microbiological parameters were analyzed, in thirty-six surface water samples.Simulation of different quality scenarios was undertaken using Qual2Kw software and the river's self-depuration ability discussed. The obtained model's calibration achieved a score of 95% confidence interval, for almost analyzed parameters. The calibrated model was used for two prediction scenario construction. The first one, intending to assess the influence of topical contaminated discharge and the second one, aiming to evaluate the influence of minimum flow rates, representing an extremely dry year. The two considered scenarios revealed that self-depuration capacity is more affected by the presence of minimum flow rates than topical discharges, attesting a large potential for self-depuration along the Águeda River.

Surface Water Quality Evaluation Based on a Game Theory-Based Cloud Model

Water quality evaluation is an essential measure to analyze water quality. However, excessive randomness and fuzziness affect the process of evaluation, thus reducing the accuracy of evaluation. Therefore, this study proposed a cloud model for evaluating the water quality to alleviate this problem. Analytic hierarchy process and entropy theory were used to calculate the subjective weight and objective weight, respectively, and then they were coupled as a combination weight (CW) via game theory. The proposed game theory-based cloud model (GCM) was then applied to the Qixinggang section of the Beijiang River. The results show that the CW ranks fecal coliform as the most important factor, followed by total nitrogen and total phosphorus, while biochemical oxygen demand and fluoride were considered least important. There were 19 months (31.67%) at grade I, 39 months (65.00%) at grade II, and one month at grade IV and grade V during 2010–2014. A total of 52 months (86.6%) of GCM were identical to the comprehensive evaluation result (CER). The obtained water quality grades of GCM are close to the grades of the analytic hierarchy process weight (AHPW) due to the weight coefficient of AHPW set to 0.7487. Generally, one or two grade gaps exist among the results of the three groups of weights, suggesting that the index weight is not particularly sensitive to the cloud model. The evaluated accuracy of water quality can be improved by modifying the quantitative boundaries. This study could provide a reference for water quality evaluation, prevention, and improvement of water quality assessment and other applications.

Evaluation of surface water quality for drinking purposes using fuzzy inference system

The aim of this research is to propose a surface water quality index using fuzzy inference system. Three stations and ten parameters (pH, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, SO4 and HCO3) are selected from Oued El Hai Basin of Algeria to develop the approach. The results show that calcium and sulfate are the dominate ions in the three stations. TDS is strongly and positively correlated with SO4 and HCO3. From ANOVA test, there are no significant differences for all parameters except Ca and K in terms of their temporal variation. Water-rock interactions and anthropogenic process are the main factors that are controlling the surface water quality. The water quality index is assessed with the FWQI index, and the results show that the values of WQI and FWQI have similar characteristics regarding the water quality index.

Evaluation of surface water quality using the water quality index (WQI) and the synthetic pollution index (SPI): a case study of Indus Delta region of Pakistan

Evaluation of surface water quality using the water quality index (WQI) and the synthetic pollution index (SPI): a case study of Indus Delta region of Pakistan

Rebuttal to “Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River Basin (Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods” by Bilgin and Konanc (Environ Earth Sci 2016; 75:1029)

The paper entitled “Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River Basin (Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods” by Bilgin and Konanc (Environ Earth Sci 75:1029, 2016) was discussed. The authors made a great effort measuring 21 water quality indicators for the surface waters from 14 monitoring and sampling stations selected in the Coruh River Basin (northeastern Turkey) during a period from June 2014 to May 2015. Unfortunately, various mistakes, e.g., several misevaluated water quality indicators and a number of mistyped parts, as well as incomplete evaluation were identified with respect to the surface water quality in the Coruh River Basin, northeastern Turkey. Moreover, Bilgin and Konanc (Environ Earth Sci 75:1029, 2016) considered the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR 2004), which was repealed as of 30.11.2012, and the Council Directive 75/440/EEC (1975), which was repealed as of 22.12.2007, to evaluate the surface water quality in the Coruh River Basin, northeastern Turkey. The mistakes were corrected, and the surface water quality was reevaluated with reference to the Turkish Regulation being in force.

Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of surface water quality of the Himalayan foothills streams, Pakistan

Himalayan foothills streams, Pakistan play an important role in living water supply and irrigation of farmlands; thus, the water quality is closely related to public health. Multivariate techniques were applied to check spatial and seasonal trends, and metals contamination sources of the Himalayan foothills streams, Pakistan. Grab surface water samples were collected from different sites (5–15 cm water depth) in pre-washed polyethylene containers. Fast Sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian FSAA-240) was used to measure the metals concentration. Concentrations of Ni, Cu, and Mn were high in pre-monsoon season than the post-monsoon season. Cluster analysis identified impaired, moderately impaired and least impaired clusters based on water parameters. Discriminant function analysis indicated spatial variability in water was due to temperature, electrical conductivity, nitrates, iron and lead whereas seasonal variations were correlated with 16 physicochemical parameters. Factor analysis identified municipal and poultry waste, automobile activities, surface runoff, and soil weathering as major sources of contamination. Levels of Mn, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cd, Zn and alkalinity were above the WHO and USEPA standards for surface water. The results of present study will help to higher authorities for the management of the Himalayan foothills streams.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS VARIÁVEIS HIDROQUÍMICAS NA SUB-BACIA DO ALTO JAGUARIBE, CEARÁ UTILIZANDO ANÁLISE MULTIVARIADA E SIG

A avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais e detecção de possíveis degradações é de fundamental importância para monitoramento do manejo de bacias hidrográficas. Com isso objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade das águas superficiais dos reservatórios da bacia do Alto Jaguaribe, Ceará, quanto aos parâmetro químicos para fins de irrigação. O estudo foi realizado em 10 reservatórios que fazem parte sub-bacia do Alto Jaguaribe. Foram utilizados os dados das concentrações químicas das águas dos reservatórios em um período de 2001 a 2015 dos seguintes parâmetros: condutividade elétrica (CE), cloreto (Cl-), sódio (Na+), cálcio (Ca2+) e magnésio (Mg2+), totalizando 750 amostras. Os dados foram provenientes do banco de dados da Companhia de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos (COGERH) disponibilizados ao Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do estado do Ceará, campus Iguatu. Foi aplicado a técnica de Estatística Multivariada Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (AAH) para formação da similaridade entre os reservatórios. De acordo com resultados, as águas dos reservatórios da sub-bacia do Alto Jaguaribe apresentam até o momento, moderado risco à salinidade de maneira geral, com exceção dos reservatórios da região do Inhamuns, em que foram encontrados elevadas concentrações de sais. Os açudes Broco e Favelas obtiveram as maiores concentrações de sais dentre os estudados, com valores acima dos limites para consumo humano e irrigação, fato ocorrido pela baixa capacidade dos reservatórios, elevada taxa de evaporação e baixa pluviosidade, acarretando aumento da concentração de sais do corpo hídrico.

Different methods for the evaluation of surface water quality: The Case of the Liao River, Liaoning Province, China

The water-quality index is a grading system for presenting water-quality data and comparing water of varying quality. It can be used in water quality trend analyses and presents valuable information to policy makers, managers, and other nontechnical people. For exploring water quality and identifying the main pollution parameter in the lower reaches of Liao River, Single Factor Evaluation (SFE) method in the form of a Comprehensive Water Pollution Index (CWPI), the Nemerow-Sumitomo Water Quality Index (NWQI), and the Comprehensive Water Quality Identification Index (CWQII) method were used to evaluate water quality in lower reaches of Liao River, Liaoning province, China. The results proved that at Zhaoquan river and Wailiao river the water quality status was good, and Pangxiegou river and Qingshui river showed unsatisfactory water quality status. The major pollution indicator in lower reaches of Liao River was petroleum, and compared with the other assessment methods, CWQII was found to give more useful and objective information, and it is worth further promoting water quality inspections in lower reaches of Liao River. Finally, according to the distribution of industry in the Liao river basin, this study makes some relevant suggestions for sustainable development in the future.

Surface Water Quality of Intensive Farming Areas Within the Santa Lucia River Basin of Uruguay

The Santa Lucia River basin provides drinking water to 60% of Uruguay population. The input of excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus both from point and nonpoint sources could impair surface water quality and prevent its use for human consumption. The objective of this work was to evaluate surface water quality in small catchments under agricultural use located within this river basin. To this end, 5 streams and 4 small polders were surveyed between September 2008 and December 2009. The median concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the streams across all sites and periods were 770 and 1659 µg L−1, respectively, exceeding in the case of total phosphorus national and international thresholds. Furthermore, soluble phosphorous, the most readily available form to algae, represented 88.3% of total phosphorus. Concentrations of phosphorous and nitrogen in polders were also high. The eutrophication process of this water bodies could be linked to the intensive agricultural land use in the area because the nutrient input from cities and industries was not relevant in these catchments.

Integrated river quality management by CCME WQI as an effective tool to characterize surface water source pollution (Case study: Karun River, Iran)

Evaluation of surface water quality is a complex process undertakingmultiple parameters. Converting great amount of parameters into a simpler expressionand enabling easy interpretation of data are the main purposes of water quality indices.The main aim of this study is to plan effective water resources management system forKarun River by combination of CCMEWQI and Geographic Information System (GIS).The investigation was carried out to set a management plan through exploratory andspatial analysis of physicochemical water parameters of collected samples from 10stations over one year period. Since all indices were obtained from index, river zoningwas conducted by GIS. Moreover, trace metals concentrations (As, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn,and Al) ranged in safer limit. The highest values of F1 belonged to aquatic life and thelowest ones belonged to irrigation. Aquatic life and drinking uses received the maximumvalues of F2. The lowest values were devoted to livestock and then recreation uses. It wasinferred from index that the quality of the Karun River is principally impacted by highturbidity, TDS, NO3, SO4, and PO4 due to high suspended sediment loads. The maincause is incremental agricultural, industrial, and residential effluents. Amongst stations,station one only received the priority for drinking water supply and recreation.

Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal pollution of Coruh River Basin (Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the water quality data and heavy metal analysis results in Coruh basin by using multivariate statistical analysis methods. Measurement of 21 water quality parameters was evaluated by collecting monthly samples between June 2014 and May 2015 from 14 monitoring sites in Coruh basin. These data were interpreted by using statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis, factor analysis/principal component analysis. According to ANOVA analysis, there are statistically significant differences between samples obtained from these 14 monitoring sites in terms of electrical conductivity, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, NO2, SO4, alkalinity, Na, K, Ca parameters (p < 0.05). Two groups were obtained by cluster analysis. The first group consists of the areas with wastewater of mining fields with high heavy metal pollution, and the second group includes areas with domestic wastewater and wastewater coming from agricultural areas causing less pollution. As a result of factor analysis/principal component analysis, four factors were determined. These four factors explain 62.7 % of the data of water quality. It is concluded that water quality is affected by mining activities, domestic wastewater, geological structure and wastewater of agricultural areas. In this study, environmental hazards affecting the water quality of Coruh river basin at different points are identified. Thus, it is expected to guide decision makers and administrators in environmental management works conducted to improve water quality in Coruh basin.

Environmetric techniques in water quality assessment and monitoring: a case study

This paper presents the interpretation of voluminous and complex dataset of Vishav stream, using different environmetric techniques, acquired during 1 year monitoring program of 21 parameters at five different sites. General linear regression model depicted better and higher positive and negative relationship among various analyzed water quality parameters (p < 0.0001), indicating that the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, NO3-N, and ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P) appears to be important parameters to predict overall water quality. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified similar water quality sites into two significant clusters (Cluster II and Cluster I). Cluster II (sites I and II) is characterized by excellent water quality while cluster I (sites III, IV and V) is considered to be of moderately poor water quality, thereby reflecting the different physico-chemical characteristics and quality status. Principal component analysis has allowed identification of a reduced number of mean three varifactors (VF1, VF2 and VF3), pointing out 88.3 % of both spatio-temporal changes. Factor analysis showed that the first factor (VF1) explained 63.9 % of the total variance comprising of WT, discharge, free carbon dioxide, NO3-N and total phosphorus and strong negative loading on pH, DO, total hardness, calcium hardness and magnesium hardness. VF2, explaining 14.13 % of total variance, has a strong positive loading on ortho-P and sulphate. VF3, explaining the lowest variance (10.12 %), has strong positive loading on ammonical-nitrogen and dissolved silica. Thus, the present study demonstrates the importance of environmetric techniques for reliable characterization and evaluation of surface water quality, over a short period for effective management.

Evaluation of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of Fei-Tsui Reservoir basin, Taiwan

The evaluation and interpretation of the spatio-temporal pattern of surface water quality is crucial for the assessment, restoration and protection of drinking water sources. This case study reports different multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis, factor analysis/principal component analysis (FA/PCA) and discriminant analysis, which had been applied for 6 years (2005–2010) water quality data set generated from 19 parameters at 14 different sites within the Fei-Tsui Reservoir basin. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 14 sampling sites into three clusters: high-, moderate- and low-pollution regions. This study revealed that water release from the dam outlet will further increase the concentrations of pollutants in the downstream river. PCA/FA did not result in considerable data reduction, as it points to 13 parameters (68 % of original 19) required to explain the 72.8 % of the total variance in the water quality data set. The varifactors obtained from PCA suggested that parameters responsible for water quality variation were mainly related to mineral-related parameters (natural), nutrient group (non-point sources pollution), physical parameters (natural) and organic pollutants (anthropogenic sources). Discriminant analysis used only five parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium, total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity; and seven parameters: BOD, DO, nitrate nitrogen, TDS, total alkalinity, turbidity and WT, to discriminate between temporal and spatial with 88 and 90 % correct assignation, respectively. This study illustrated the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for designing the sampling and analytical protocol, analysis and interpretation of complex data sets, identification of pollution sources/factors, and provides a reliable guideline for selecting the priorities of possible controlling measures in the sustainable management of Fei-Tsui Reservoir basin.

Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of surface water quality of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India

The hydrogeochemical study of surface water in Pratapgarh district has been carried out to assess the major ion chemistry and water quality for drinking and domestic purposes. For this purpose, twenty-five surface water samples were collected from river, ponds and canals and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+), major anions (HCO3−, F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−) and dissolved silica concentration. The analytical results show mildly acidic to alkaline nature of surface water resources of Pratapgarh district. HCO3− and Cl− are the dominant anions, while cation chemistry is dominated by Na+ and Ca2+. The statistical analysis and data plotted on the Piper diagram reveals that the surface water chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering with secondary contributions from agriculture and anthropogenic sources. Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3−, Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− and Na+–HCO3−–Cl− are the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the surface water of the area. For quality assessment, values of analysed parameters were compared with Indian and WHO water quality standards, which shows that the concentrations of TDS, F−, NO3−, Na+, Mg2+ and total hardness are exceeding the desirable limits in some water samples. Water Quality Index (WQI) is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of any water body. The computed WQI values of Pratapgarh district surface water range from 28 to 198 with an average value of 82, and more than half of the study area is under excellent to good category.

Fiber optic sensor modified by grafting of the molecularly imprinted polymer for the detection of ammonium in aqueous media

Subject of Research.The paper deals with novel chemical sensors based on the polymeric optical fibers modified by grafting of the molecularly imprinted polymer for the detection of ammonium in aqueous solutions. Elevated concentrations of ammonium in surface waters lead to their eutrophication, that’s why, monitoring of the content of this ion is very important for the evaluation of surface water quality. However, currently in situ monitoring of relevant parameters in surface waters is constrained by the availability and cost of commercial sensors. Attractive approach to the development of chemical sensors for remote controls is the use of polymeric optical fibers. Polymer optical fibers have high mechanical resistance and low cost, and give the possibility for multiplexing and remote sensing. Method. Polymeric layer imprinted with ammonium ions was grafted on the surface of the methylmethacrylate fiber. Methacrylic acid was used as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacylate as a cross-linker, 2.2'-Azobis (2-ethylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride as a radical initiator, ammonium as a template and water:ethanol 4:1 mixture as a solvent. Optimization of the imprinted polymer synthesis conditions was carried out using intensity of transmitted light, uniformity of the grafted polymeric layer and response in the aqueous ammonium solutions as optimization criteria. Main Results. Chemical sensors based on the polymeric optical fibers modified by grafting of the molecularly imprinted polymer for the detection of ammonium in aqueous solutions have been developed. New method of the grafting of the molecularly imprinted polymer on the surface of the methylmethacrylate optical fiber has been developed. It was found out, that high concentrations of the monomer and cross-linker in the polymerization solutions cause optical fiber damage while longer polymerization times result in the decrease of the intensity of transmitted light. Optical sensor demonstrating response to ammonium in the aqueous solutions was obtained using the following experimental conditions: methacrylic acid – 2.1 mmolL-1, ethylene glycol dimethacylate – 7.7 mmolL-1 and NH4Cl – 0.3 mmolL-1 and polymerization time equal to15 minutes. Practical Relevance. Results obtained in this work are applicable in the ecological monitoring of ammonium in the surface waters, in particular, as a part of remote in situ sensing systems. Furthermore, developed optimized method of the grafting of molecularly imprinted polymer on the surface of the polymeric optical fiber is usable for the development of fiber optic sensors for detection of other compounds.

Evaluation of surface water quality for human consumption potential in the upper reaches of Sis Icán, Guatemala

In Guatemala 90 % of urban water has a rural origin and 70% of the sources are superficial. We selected three rivers of the upperbasin of Sis Icán (Chita, and Sacobá Ixconá-Sis; Pacific coast) to assesdrinking water. The watersheds have agriculture and livestock farms,as well as urban and rural populations. Water quality was assessed in the origin and end of each river, in 2012. The variables measured were:NO3, NO2 =, SO4 =, Fe, Cl, Mn, hardness, total coliforms and fecal coliforms.We applied the water pollution index, which is the average of the ratios between observed parameters and regulated standard values.We found statistically significant inputs for chemical and microbiological contaminants (total and fecal coliforms). The level of chemicalcontaminants does not compromise the quality of water for human consumption, but the biological contamination does.

Evaluation of surface water quality for human consumption potential in the upper reaches of Sis Icán, Guatemala

In Guatemala 90 % of urban water has a rural origin and 70% of the sources are superficial. We selected three rivers of the upper basin of Sis Icán (Chita, and Sacobá Ixconá-Sis; Pacific coast) to asses drinking water. The watersheds have agriculture and livestock farms, as well as urban and rural populations. Water quality was assessed in the origin and end of each river, in 2012. The variables measured were: NO3, NO2 =, SO4 =, Fe, Cl, Mn, hardness, total coliforms and fecal coliforms. We applied the water pollution index, which is the average of the ratios between observed parameters and regulated standard values. We found statistically significant inputs for chemical and microbiological contaminants (total and fecal coliforms). The level of chemical contaminants does not compromise the quality of water for human consumption, but the biological contamination does.

Evaluation of Surface Water Quality by Using GIS and a Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) Model in a Coal Mining Area, India.

Twenty eight surface water samples were collected from fourteen sites of the West Bokaro coalfield, India. The concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Se, Al, Cr, Ba, and Fe were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of seasonal fluctuations and a heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI values were below the critical pollution index value of 100. Metal concentrations were higher in the pre-monsoon season as compared to the post-monsoon season. The Zn, Ni, Mn, As, Se, Al, Ba, Cu, and Cr concentrations did not exceed the desirable limits for drinking water in either season. However, at many sites, concentrations of Fe were above the desirable limit of the WHO (2006) and Indian drinking water standard (BIS 2003) in both seasons. The water that contained higher concentrations of Fe would require treatment before domestic use.