SCE Values Research Articles

The Influence of Phosphate-Ester-Based Additives on Metal Cutting Fluid Behavior during the Machining of Titanium Alloy

The behavior of four phosphate ester additives with varying levels of phosphorus concentrations (very high, high, medium, and low) was examined through the course of drilling a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy at a constant metal removal rate (4.2 mm3/s). Cutting fluid (CF) additives were evaluated using torque, specific cutting energy (SEC), and tool wear. The drilling conditions employed had a significant influence on the performance of the phosphate ester additives. At 0.105 m/s and 0.188 m/s, the phosphate ester with very high phosphorous levels possessed the lowest SCE and torque values. The high-phosphorous-level phosphate ester displayed enhanced drilling performance at 0.293 m/s. At 0.419 m/s, the SCE and torque performance of the medium-phosphorous-level phosphate ester was preferable. The drilling performance of the phosphorus esters was observed to be related to the working mechanisms of the additives, which, in turn, was associated with the formation of a phosphorus-rich tribolayer and an organophosphate tribolayer on the cutting blade.

P-009 - Evaluation of selective Sc(III) complexes with a non-macrocyclic ligand for theranostics applications

P-009 - Evaluation of selective Sc(III) complexes with a non-macrocyclic ligand for theranostics applications

Effect of sancai powder on glacemic variability of type 1 diabetes in China: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by the destruction of insulin producing cells and persistent hyperglycemia. At present, the drugs for type 1 diabetes mellitus can reduce blood glucose rapidly and effectively, but there are risks of hypoglycemia, large fluctuation of blood glucose, and chronic complications. Related research found that compared with continuous hyperglycemia, blood glucose fluctuations are more harmful to the chronic complications of diabetes. Blood glucose variation is closely related to the occurrence and development of chronic complications of diabetes. Sancai powder (SC) is made on the basis of 3 ancient Chinese medicine formulas, which has the effect of lowering blood glucose. There have been reports on the clinical study of SC in the treatment of diabetic patients, but there is no systematic evaluation of SC in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, so it is necessary to summarize and evaluate the existing evidence.Methods and analysis:This study will be conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols. We will search 3 English databases and 4 Chinese databases. Two methodologically trained researchers will read titles, abstracts, and full texts, and independently select eligible literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After assessing the risk of bias and extracting data, we will conduct a meta-analysis of the results, including: standard deviation of blood glucose level, coefficient of variation, mean blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose fluctuation, hypoglycemia index, glycated hemoglobin, overall impact rate, and adverse effects. The heterogeneity of the data will be tested by Cochrane x2 and I2. Based on reliable subgroup effect guidance, we established 3 hypotheses for subgroup analysis: disease status at baseline, duration of intervention, and type of concomitant medication. Sensitivity analysis will be carried out to assess the stability of the results. The publication bias assessment will then be performed by funnel plot analysis and Egger test. Finally, we will use the “grading, evaluation, development and evaluation of recommendations” system to assess the quality of evidence.Results:The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Conclusion:In our study, the evidence of SC in the treatment of reducing blood sugar fluctuation in type 1 diabetes will be comprehensively summarized and carefully evaluated. It will provide more options for clinical treatment of the disease.INPLASY registration number:INPLASY202050052

Effect of novel formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (DOR Bt-127) against semilooper (Achaea janata) in castor

Semilooper, Achaea janata feeds on many different species of plants among which castor is one of the mostpreferred hosts. DOR Bt-127 was multiplied through solid state fermentation and subjected to milling in a planetary ball mill. 559 nm particles of Bt technical gave 100% mortality against A. janata @ 0.6 mg/l. Field evaluation of Bt127 SC (33.3%) formulation lowered A. janata larval population (97.3 to 98.1% reduction over control by 3 days after treatment).

Colour Treatment of Aluminium Roof Sheets, a Significant Operating Factor

Aluminium roofing is used for low weight, good strength and weather resistance, easy handling and assembly, for various roofs of industrial and agricultural buildings, residential and family houses, holiday homes, garages and various shelters. Important is very long life, relatively low price and the possibility to choose the colour design according to your taste. The basic form is a natural unpainted finish, which can be used because the aluminium roofing material is not subject to corrosion and is chemically stable. The aim of this research is to verify a suitable method of measuring the colour of aluminium roofing and to determine the basic characteristic values of the most common colours of aluminium roofing sheets. The identification by the CIELAB system makes it possible to characterize the suitability of roofing sheets in terms of reducing the heat gains of the roof structure, thus complementing this very practical information to the RAL colour marking system. This leads to a reduction of the cooling demand of air of the building in the summer. In terms of colour measurement and evaluation, the classical method according to the CIELAB system is where the colour attributes lightness (L-value), redness (a-value) and yellowness (b-value). These values may include the effect of surface gloss (SCI values) or exclusion (SCE values).

Supply Chain Mixed Integer Linear Program Model Integrating a Biorefining Technology Superstructure

A crucial element of the quest of curbing carbon dioxide emissions is deemed to rely on a biobased economy, which will rely on the development of financially sustainable biorefining systems enabling a full exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass (and its macrocomponents such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the coproduction of biofuels and bioderived platform chemicals. In this work, a general modeling framework conceived to steer decision-making regarding the strategic design and systematic planning of advanced biorefining supply networks is presented. The design task is formulated as a mixed integer linear program which accounts for the maximization of the supply chain profit, considering multiechelon, multiperiod, multifeedstock, and multiproduct aspects as well as spatially explicit features. The applicability of the proposed model, along with the use of a bilevel decomposition approach, are demonstrated with a case study of lignocellulose-based biorefining production systems in the South-West of Hungary. Results show the effectiveness of the tool in the decision-making regarding the systematic design of advanced biorefining SC networks. An economic analysis of different design configurations (i.e., centralized and distributed scenarios) through a holistic evaluation of the entire biobased SC, integrating technology superstructure, shows that both instances generate profitable investment decisions that could be equally trusted by the decision-maker unless regional restrictions are applied.

Evaluasi Implementasi Clinical Pathway Sectio Caesarea di RSUD Panembahan Senopati Bantul

The purpose of this study was performed to evaluate the content and quality of clinical pathway sectio Caesarea (CP SC), compliance evaluate the implementation of CP SC and know that there are barriers in the implementation of CP SC, so it can make recommendations to improve the implementation of CP SC in hospitals Panembahan Senopati Bantul. The research used mix method focusing in case study design at obsgyn unit room in Panembahan Senopati State Hospital in Bantul. Sample of respondent to the quantitative data to observe at the documentation and obedience to the medical records of patients who had been operated sectio caesarea’s elective that choosen by total sampling and evaluation of CP SC using the Integrated Care Pathway Appraisal Tools (ICPAT) consisting of six dimensi. Data qualitative is obtained by do a deep interviews with a purposive sampling method.

Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide Pirimor-50® in Vicia faba root tip meristems and human lymphocyte culture after direct application and treatment with its metabolic extracts.

The aim of the study was to evaluate genotoxic effects of Pirimor-50®, a pirimicarb-based formulation (50 % active ingredient), in human lymphocyte cultures and Vicia faba root meristems. Furthermore, the objective was to examine a combined influence of insecticide treatment with mammalian microsomal S9 and vegetal S10 metabolic fractions or S10 mix metabolic transformation extracts (after Vicia faba primary roots treatment with Pirimor-50®). We used sister chromatid exchange assay-SCE and measured cell cycle progression and proliferation (proportion of M1-M3 metaphases and replication index ratio-RI). Two processes were used for plant promutagen activation: in vivo activation-Pirimor-50® was applied for 4 h to the plant and then S10 mix was added to lymphocytes; and, in vitro activation-lymphocytes were treated with Pirimor-50® and S10 or S9 for 2 h. Direct treatment induced significantly higher SCE frequencies in meristems at 0.01 mg mL-1. In lymphocytes, significantly higher SCE was at 1 mg mL-1 with decrease in RI and M1-M3 metaphase proportions at 0.5 mg mL-1 and cell division stop at 2.5 mg mL1. S10 mix lymphocyte treatment showed significantly elevated SCE values at 2-2.5 mg mL-1, with cell death at 3 mg mL-1. Lymphocyte treatment with Pirimor-50® together with S9 or S10 showed slightly elevated SCE frequency but had a significant influence on RI decrease, with lowest values in S9 treatment. Since no data are available on the genotoxicity of Pirimor-50®, this study is one of the first to evaluate and compare its direct effect in two bioassays, animal and vegetal, and also the effect of plant and animal metabolism on its genotoxic potential.

Investigations into the effects of mass transport and flow dynamics of spacer filled membrane modules using CFD

Cross-flow membrane operations often experience material build-up on membrane surfaces leading to maintenance issues. Although several studies addressed the flow distributions and concentration patterns during membrane operations, the prediction of fouling propensities of top and bottom membranes are non-existent. Present study investigates the effects of dimensionless filament spacing of feed spacer on flow and concentration patterns on membrane surfaces. Comparisons of spacers in terms of a novel concept ‘Spacer Configuration Efficacy’, SCE (Sh/Pn) revealed that spacers with higher SCE values would lead to higher mass transport of the solute away from the membrane walls with moderate energy losses. Among the 16 spacer arrangements studied, spacer with filament spacing of 4 was found to be the optimal (Reh up to 200) with moderate pressure drop and higher values of mass transfer coefficient for the two membrane walls, further mass transfer coefficient values for the two membrane surfaces were found to be equal which leads to equal and lower fouling tendencies of the membrane walls.

Entropy-Theoretical Analysis of Glass Transitions in Binary Mixtures

The entropy theory of binary liquid mixture was extended to include the excess configurational entropy SCE, which reflects the degree of structural change on mixing. The SCE values were obtained for several hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon, alcohol-alcohol and amine-alcohol systems from their mole-fraction dependence of the glass transition temperatures and precise heat capacity data of the pure components. The liquid structures of the systems, especially those related to the formation of the hydrogen bonds, are discussed based on SCE.

Estimating the effect of Pinus massoniana Lamb plots on soil and water conservation during rainfall events using vegetation fractional coverage

Abstract Determining the effects of the critical structure of forests on soil and water conservation aids in understanding forest functions and scientific decision-making in management practices. Quadratic polynomial regression models were established for five pure tree ( Pinus massoniana Lamb) plots between vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) and soil/water conservation effects (SCE/WCE) for 144 erosive rainfall events from 2007 to 2010 in Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province, a typical water-eroded area in southern China. The SCE/WCE corresponds to the ratios of soil loss/runoff depth of each tree plot to those of the control plot under each rainfall event. The results show that increasing VFC exhibits descending (DS), descending–ascending (DA), ascending–descending (AD), and ascending (AS) trends in the VFC–SCE and VFC–WCE curves, which indicate positive or negative effects of plot trees on soil and water conservation. In general, the effects on soil conservation on the plots were more notable than those on water conservation, and most of the SCE and WCE values reflect the positive effect of trees on soil and water conservation. Most determination coefficients of both the VFC–SCE and VFC–WCE models exceeded 0.6, and varied with the year and the effect. The positive effects of the pure trees occurred mainly during rainfall events with relatively higher rainfall depth, stronger intensity, and shorter duration, whereas the negative effects occurred mainly during rainfall events with lower rainfall depth, weaker intensity, and longer duration. The transition effects DA and AD appeared largely during rainfall events with moderate rainfall depth, intensity, and duration. The critical VFCs for soil and water conservation during rainfall events were 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, which provided a reference for the evaluation and planning of forest reconstruction in this and similar water-eroded areas.

In vivo synergistic cytogenetic effects of aminophylline on lymphocyte cultures from patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy

BackgroundThe anti-cancer and cytogenetic effects of aminophylline (AM) have been demonstrated in several clinical trials. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo cytogenetic effects of AM in newly diagnosed patients with small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), receiving chemotherapy for the first time. MethodsSister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and proliferation rate index (PRI) were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from six patients with SCLC and six patients with NSCLC after the in vitro addition of AM and after the in vivo administration of AM in patients receiving chemotherapy. ResultsThe in vitro addition of AM significantly increased SCEs only in SCLC patients (p<0.001). The in vivo administration of AM after chemotherapy increased SCEs in both cancer types (SCLC: p<0.001, NSCLC: p=0.003) and this increase was synergistic, the rates of SCEs in the presence of AM were higher than the expected SCE values if the increases above background for chemotherapy and AM were independent and additive (SCLC: p<0.001, NSCLC: p=0.008). Although in both groups of patients cell division delays were observed after the combined chemotherapy plus in vivo AM treatment, the correlation between the magnitude of the SCE response and the PRI depression was not statistically significant (p>0.05). ConclusionsThese observations suggest that AM enhances the results of concurrently administered chemotherapy by synergistically increasing its cytogenetic effects in patients with lung cancer.

초임계 이산화탄소 처리 공정에 의한 다시마 유래 이취성분 제거

다시마 유래 이취 및 휘발성 유기 성분을 효과적으로 저감 또는 제거하기 위하여, 초임계 이산화탄소의 연속적인 처리 공정이 실험적으로 적용되었다. 다시마 시료는 동결 건조 후 <TEX>$710{\mu}m$</TEX>의 크기로 균질화하여 사용하였으며, 초임계 이산화탄소 처리에 의한 효과를 평가하기 위하여 다양한 압력(10~25 MPa) 및 온도(35~<TEX>$55^{\circ}C$</TEX>) 조건에서 실험을 수행하였다. 한편, 실험에 사용된 이산화탄소의 유입 유속은 26.81 g/min으로 일정하게 고정하였다. 초임계 이산화탄소 처리 전과 후, 다시마 유래 이취 및 휘발성 유기 성분은 기체 크로마토그래피-질량분석기에 의하여 동정되었으며, 다시마 원료에서 알코올, 알데하이드, 에스터 및 산, 케톤, 할로젠 화합물 그리고 탄화수소계를 주 성분으로 하는 총 47종의 이취 및 휘발성 유기 성분이 동정되었다. 초임계 이산화탄소 처리 후 모든 실험 조건에서 이취 및 휘발성 유기 성분이 저감 또는 제거되었고, 그 중 25 MPa, <TEX>$55^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 실험 조건에서 87.48%로 가장 높은 제거율을 보여주었다. In order to reduce or remove off-flavor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Laminaria japonica effectively, continuous treatment process by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>) was applied. After freeze-drying, Laminaria japonica powdered with <TEX>$710{\mu}m$</TEX> was used. Experiments were carried out at temperature range from 35 to <TEX>$55^{\circ}C$</TEX>, and pressure range from 10 to 25 MPa for evaluation of SC-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> treatment effect. Flow rate of carbon dioxide used in this reseach was constantly fixed at 26.81 g/min. Before and after treatment of SC-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, off-flavor and VOCs from Laminaria japonica were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD). Total 47 VOCs emitted from Laminaria japonica were identified before treatment of SC-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, major components of seaweed smell (ordor) in Laminaria japonica were identified as alcohols, aldehydes, ester and acids, ketone, halogenated compounds and hydrocarbon. Off-flavor and VOCs in all experimental conditions was reduced or removed after SC-<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> treatment. Among the experimental conditions, the highest removal yield was at 25 MPa and <TEX>$55^{\circ}C$</TEX>.

9046 A phase II retrospective trial of Platinum/Gemcitabine (P/G)-based in first line treatment of advanced NSCLC with genetic polymorphisms analysis

DNA repair polymorphisms may represent susceptibility factors affecting DNA integrity, and possibly cancer risk, in human population. In order to elucidate the influence of a few widely studied DNA repair polymorphisms on individual levels of DNA damage and their possible interaction with lifestyle and environmental exposures, 171 subjects from a well-characterized human population enrolled in a previous study on genetic effects of air pollution were genotyped for the XRCC1 Arg280His and Arg399Glu, XRCC3 Thr241Met and ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphisms. The association between DNA repair genotype, alone or in combination with metabolic genotype, on the levels of SCE, micronuclei and tail moment values in peripheral lymphocytes was evaluated. A significant influence of the ERCC2 genotype on SCE frequency was observed. Subjects with ERCC2 751 Gln/Gln genotype had significantly higher risk of high (above the median) SCE/cell with respect to Lys/Lys referents (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.48–13.99). A non-significantly elevated OR was also observed in Gln/Lys heterozygotes, suggesting a gene dosage effect. When subjects were categorized by smoking habits and professional exposure, the variant ERCC2 751 Gln/Gln genotype was associated with elevated SCE rates in non-smokers and in exposed subjects, but not in smokers. The results of this study support the hypothesis that some DNA repair polymorphisms exert a modifying effect on individual levels of DNA damage in healthy subjects, possibly also modulating cancer risk.

Effects of ionizing radiation on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in lymphocytes of smokers and nonsmokers.

Chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei were studied in irradiated and unirradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes of smokers and nonsmokers. No effect of smoking could be observed in the number of chromosome aberrations, either in the irradiated or nonirradiated samples. Smokers had significantly elevated SCE values in the unirradiated samples, but the difference in SCE frequencies between smokers and nonsmokers in the irradiated series was not significant. The mean frequency of micronuclei in smokers was significantly higher than in nonsmokers. After irradiation the mean difference in micronuclei frequencies between smokers and nonsmokers was greater than the difference between the unirradiated samples of the two groups.

Influence of DNA repair polymorphisms on biomarkers of genotoxic damage in peripheral lymphocytes of healthy subjects

DNA repair polymorphisms may represent susceptibility factors affecting DNA integrity, and possibly cancer risk, in human population. In order to elucidate the influence of a few widely studied DNA repair polymorphisms on individual levels of DNA damage and their possible interaction with lifestyle and environmental exposures, 171 subjects from a well-characterized human population enrolled in a previous study on genetic effects of air pollution were genotyped for the XRCC1 Arg280His and Arg399Glu, XRCC3 Thr241Met and ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphisms. The association between DNA repair genotype, alone or in combination with metabolic genotype, on the levels of SCE, micronuclei and tail moment values in peripheral lymphocytes was evaluated. A significant influence of the ERCC2 genotype on SCE frequency was observed. Subjects with ERCC2 751 Gln/Gln genotype had significantly higher risk of high (above the median) SCE/cell with respect to Lys/Lys referents (OR 4.55, 95% CI 1.48–13.99). A non-significantly elevated OR was also observed in Gln/Lys heterozygotes, suggesting a gene dosage effect. When subjects were categorized by smoking habits and professional exposure, the variant ERCC2 751 Gln/Gln genotype was associated with elevated SCE rates in non-smokers and in exposed subjects, but not in smokers. The results of this study support the hypothesis that some DNA repair polymorphisms exert a modifying effect on individual levels of DNA damage in healthy subjects, possibly also modulating cancer risk.

Novel Angiogenic Compounds for Targeted Drug Delivery

ABSTRACTInduction of angiogenesis is necessary for the success of engineered implantable tissues in order to meet oxygen and nutrient requirements of cells during tissue repair. Insufficient vascularization in bone graft reconstruction may impede healing and initiate hypoxic cell death at the interior of the implant. As a result, endogenous growth factors have been studied to enhance angiogenesis during wound repair. However, these peptide-based molecules are highly sensitive to processing that occurs during scaffold biomaterial fabrication and treatment for tissue engineering purposes. We report here the development of new small molecule regulators of angiogenesis that may circumvent the impediments associated with protein-based growth factor delivery. In this study, we report the design and evaluation of SC–3–143 as a regulator of endothelial function. We show that the compound significantly increases the formation of microvascular networks in vitro, and selectively enhances endothelial survivability by reducing endothelial cell death under serum deprived culture conditions.

Folate status, metabolic genotype, and biomarkers of genotoxicity in healthy subjects.

Gene-environment interactions play an important role in folate metabolism, with a potential impact on human health. Deficiencies in the uptake of key micronutrients and variant genotypes can affect the folic acid cycle, modulating methyl group transfer in key processes and leading to increased cancer risk and Down syndrome incidence. So far, the significance of folate status and metabolic genotypes on baseline levels of DNA damage in normal individuals has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the possible modulation of SCE, micronuclei and tail moment values in peripheral lymphocytes by plasma levels of folic acid, homocysteine and vitamin B12, and by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G polymorphisms was investigated in 191 healthy subjects. The results obtained show a highly significant (P = 0.001) positive association between plasma levels of vitamin B12 and frequencies of both SCE and high frequency cells (HFC, above 90 degrees percentile) in smokers. No significant effect was observed in non-smokers. Moreover, after correction for age, gender and GSTM1 genotype, a significant association (P = 0.026) between the MTRR 66GG variant genotype and higher micronucleus rates was observed. Tail moment values were not affected by any of the independent variables considered. Overall, the results obtained suggest that both folate status and relevant metabolic genotype can influence background levels of DNA damage in normal subjects. The significant association observed in smokers between plasma vitamin B12 and SCE frequencies may highlight the effect of methylation status on DNA damage and repair, although the role of other, unidentified dietary factors cannot be ruled out. At the same time, micronucleus data indicate that the MTRR 66GG variant may represent another individual trait of relative genomic instability, thus supporting epidemiological data on increased risk of Down syndrome conception in MTRR 66GG subjects.

An evaluation of the anxiolytic SC 48,274 in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Cutler, Neal R., John J. Sramek, Alison E. Macpherson, Monica G. Doss, Charles O. Benes, and Sarah F. Howard: An Evaluation of the Anxiolytic SC 48,274 in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1994, 18 : 3 685–694. 1. The present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of two dosages of SC 48,274 (1mg and 25mg) as compared to placebo in subjects with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). 2. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study which was part of one of three large multicenter trials which evaluated a total of 5 doses of SC 48,274 (.25, 1, 5, 25, and 100mg bid). Following a 7-day placebo baseline period, patients entered 4 weeks of double-blind treatment and a 7-day placebo follow-up period. 3. Efficacy was assessed weekly throughout the study with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and at treatment endpoint with the Covi Anxiety Scale, Raskin Depression Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). A diagnosis of GAD according to DSM-III-R criteria (with the exception that a GAD minimum duration of 3 months was allowed), a HAM-A score ≥20 (anxious mood and tension items ≥2), HAM-D less than HAM-A, Covi Anxiety Score ≥ 8, Raskin Depression Scale less than the Covi Anxiety, and age of 18 to 65 years were necessary for inclusion in the study. 4. Patients received one of two dosages of SC 48,274, either 1mg (n = 28), 25mg (n = 9), or placebo (n = 28) bid, during the 4-week randomized portion of the trial. 5. Mean changes from baseline in HAM-A scores for the 1mg, 25mg, and placebo groups after 4 weeks treatment were −5.1, −4.2, and −1.9, respectively. Changes were significant for the 1mg group vs. placebo (F = 8.93, p = 0.004), but not for the 25mg group (F = 2.26, p = 0.138). 6. CGI severity of illness scores were also significant for the 1mg group versus placebo at the end of treatment (X 2 = 3.8, p = 0.05), but not for the 25mg group (X 2 = 0.90, p = 0.343). Neither group showed significant CGI improvement scores by end of treatment. 7. The most frequent adverse events associated with the study drug (n = 37) were headache (n = 7), nausea (n = 3), palpitations (n = 4) and chest pains (n = 2). There was, however, no apparent pattern of adverse events distinguishing SC 48,274 from placebo.

In vitro activity and mutagenicity of bisbenzylisoquinolines and quinones against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes

AbstractThe accidental transmission of Chagas' disease by donor blood is recognized as a serious problem in the Latin America. This paper describes the screening of natural products as possible new chemoprophylactic additives in blood banks. Ten plant‐derived alkaloids, three terpenes, three quinones and 14 crude plant extracts were tested against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain in vitro at 4°C at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, using gentian violet as the baseline drug. The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, cocsuline, daphnandrine, daphnoline, isochondodendrine, gyrocarpine, limacine and pheanthine and the naphthoquinone, plumbagin completely lysed the trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, this activity was verified by the subculture of the treated medium during 4 months. The active alkaloids, pheanthine, daphnoline and limacine were evaluated for mutagenicity by the sister chromatid exchange assay (SCE) in peripheral lymphocytes. Daphnoline and pheanthine elicited no significant increase of the SCE up to 50 μg/mL, while limacine significantly increased the SCE values at a concentration of 25 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL.