Evaluation Of Prototype Research Articles

Rapid flow diagnostics for prototyping of reservoir concepts and models for subsurface CO2 storage

Sketch-based interface and modelling is an approach to reservoir modelling that allows rapid and intuitive creation of 3D reservoir models to test and evaluate geological concepts and hypotheses and thus explore the impact of geological uncertainty on reservoir behaviour. A key advantage of such modelling is the quick creation and quantitative evaluation of reservoir model prototypes. Flow diagnostics capture key aspects of reservoir flow behaviour under simplified physical conditions that enable the rapid solution of the governing equations, and are essential for such quantitative evaluation. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel and highly efficient implementation of a flow diagnostics framework, illustrated with applications to geological storage of CO2. Our implementation permits ‘on-the-fly’ estimation of the key reservoir properties that control CO2 migration and storage during the active injection period when viscous forces dominate. The results substantially improve the efficiency of traditional reservoir modelling and simulation workflows by highlighting key reservoir uncertainties that need to be evaluated in subsequent full-physics reservoir simulations that account for the complex interplay of viscous, gravity, and capillary forces.The methods are implemented in the open-source Rapid Reservoir Modelling software, which includes a simple to use graphical user interface with no steep learning curve. We present proof-of-concept studies of the new flow diagnostics implementation to investigate the CO2 storage potential of sketched 3D models of shallow marine sandstone tongues and deep water slope channels.

Design and evaluation of portable emergency ventilator prototype with novel titration methods

Mechanical ventilation is considered to be an effective treatment in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Traditional ventilators are not suitable for prompt out-of-hospital first aid treatment due to the limitations of large size and slow titration. This study proposed a novel portable emergency ventilator prototype with compact structure and efficient titration. The prototype was realized by using a centrifugal fan suitable for volume controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation and pressure controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation modes. The new titration technique was developed based on the relationships between the PWM and flow. The validity of the new prototype was examined using a test-lung (Michigan A13) in comparison with a commercial ventilator (ResMed Stellar 150) under three simulated lung conditions -- acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and normal lung. Results indicated that the new prototype could provide desired tidal volume, ventilation respiratory rate, peak inspiratory pressure, peak inspiratory flow, inspiratory time and expiratory time with satisfactory respiratory waveforms, functional performance, fast flow supply and accurate parameter control for all three lung conditions. The tidal volume and peak inspiratory flow values were higher than their default values at 500 ml and 33 L, respectively, and the errors were within 10 % of target. The new titration method required only 3 breaths to complete the titration process, which were fewer than the ResMed Stellar 150 that requires at least 5 breaths. The fewer breaths needed for titration may result in shorter response time and could accelerate estimating the lung compliance and airway resistance while running the ventilator. This new prototype with the new titration technique could play a role in various emergency situations for out-of-hospital, transport or in-hospital first aid.

Results from a Pseudo-Real-Time Next-Generation 1-km Warn-on-Forecast System Prototype

Abstract Since 2017, the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) has been tested and evaluated during the Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment (SFE) and summer convective seasons. The system has shown promise in predicting high temporal and spatial specificity of individual evolving thunderstorms. However, this baseline version of the WoFS has a 3-km horizontal grid spacing and cannot resolve some convective processes. Efforts are under way to develop a WoFS prototype at a 1-km grid spacing (WoFS-1km) with the hope to improve forecast accuracy. This requires extensive changes to data assimilation specifications and observation processing parameters. A preliminary version of WoFS-1km nested within WoFS at 3 km (WoFS-3km) was developed, tested, and run during the 2021 SFE in pseudo–real time. Ten case studies were successfully completed and provided simulations of a variety of convective modes. The reflectivity and rotation storm objects from WoFS-1km are verified against both WoFS-3km and 1-km forecasts initialized from downscaled WoFS-3km analyses using both neighborhood- and object-based techniques. Neighborhood-based verification suggests WoFS-1km improves reflectivity bias but not spatial placement. The WoFS-1km object-based reflectivity forecast accuracy is higher in most cases, leading to a net improvement. Both the WoFS-1km and downscaled forecasts have ideal reflectivity object frequency biases while the WoFS-3km overpredicts the number of reflectivity objects. The rotation object verification is ambiguous as many cases are negatively impacted by 1-km data assimilation. This initial evaluation of a WoFS-1km prototype is a solid foundation for further development and future testing. Significance Statement This study investigates the impacts of performing data assimilation directly on a 1-km WoFS model grid. Most previous studies have only initialized 1-km WoFS forecasts from coarser analyses. The results demonstrate some improvements to reflectivity forecasts through data assimilation on a 1-km model grid although finer resolution data assimilation did not improve rotation forecasts.

Multi-Operator Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for Wireless Communications: A Consortium Blockchain Enabled Framework

To enable secure and efficient dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) with guaranteed revenue and quality of service (QoS) in future wireless communications, we present a consortium blockchain based DSS framework, where the regulators supervise the whole process of DSS, and thus the revenue of each participant can be guaranteed. Each mobile network operator (MNO) on the chain can adaptively act as a spectrum provider or spectrum requestor based on their demand, and the spectrum resource allocation is recorded on the chain with a smart contract. The optimal spectrum pricing and buying strategies are solved based on a multi-leader multi-follower (MLMF) Stackelberg game model, and the equilibrium is solved with the proposed algorithm. We then build a prototype with Hyperledger Fabric consortium blockchain, and the average latency is evaluated. Simulations and prototype evaluations validate the feasibility of blockchain based DSS and show that the average latency increase with the participants, which provides useful insights for real applications.

A three step protocol for the development of an innovative footwear (shoe and sensor based insole) to prevent diabetic foot ulceration.

The incidence of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is increasing worldwide. Therapeutic footwear is usually recommended in clinical practice for preventing foot ulcers in persons with diabetes. The project Science DiabetICC Footwear aims to develop innovative footwear to prevent DFU, specifically a shoe and sensor-based insole, which will allow for monitoring pressure, temperature, and humidity parameters. This study presents a three-step protocol for the development and evaluation of this therapeutic footwear, specifically: (i) a first observational study will specify the user requirements and contexts of use; (ii) after the design solutions were developed for shoe and insole, the semi-functional prototypes will be evaluated against the initial requirements; (iii) and a pre-clinical study protocol will enable the evaluation of the final functional prototype. The eligible diabetic participants will be involved in each stage of product development. The data will be collected using interviews, clinical evaluation of the foot, 3D foot parameters and plantar pressure evaluation. This three-step protocol was defined according to the national and international legal requirements, ISO norms for medical devices development, and was also reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E) of the Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC). The involvement of end-users (diabetic patients) will enable the definition of user requirements and contexts of use to develop design solutions for the footwear. Those design solutions will be prototyped and evaluated by end-users to achieve the final design for therapeutic footwear. The final functional prototype will be evaluated in pre-clinical studies to ensure that the footwear meets all the requirements to move forward to clinical studies. The three-step study outlined in this protocol will provide the necessary insights during the product development, ensuring this new therapeutic footwear's main functional and ergonomic features for DFU prevention.

Mobile eye tracking applied as a tool for customer experience research in a crowded train station.

Train stations have increasingly become crowded, necessitating stringent requirements in the design of stations and commuter navigation through these stations. In this study, we explored the use of mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and a survey to gain knowledge on customer experience in a crowded train station. We investigated the utilization of mobile eye tracking in ascertaining customers' perception of the train station environment and analyzed the effect of a signalization prototype (visual pedestrian flow cues), which was intended for regulating pedestrian flow in a crowded underground passage. Gaze behavior, estimated crowd density, and comfort levels (an individual's comfort level in a certain situation), were measured before and after the implementation of the prototype. The results revealed that the prototype was visible in conditions of low crowd density. However, in conditions of high crowd density, the prototype was less visible, and the path choice was influenced by other commuters. Hence, herd behavior appeared to have a stronger effect than the implemented signalization prototype in conditions of high crowd density. Thus, mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and the survey successfully aided in understanding customers' perception of the train station environment on a qualitative level and supported the evaluation of the signalization prototype the crowded underground passage. However, the analysis process was laborious, which could be an obstacle for its practical use in gaining customer insights.

Designing for patient decision-making: Design challenges generated by patients with atrial fibrillation during evaluation of a decision aid prototype.

Shared decision-making (SDM) empowers patients and care teams to determine the best treatment plan in alignment with the patient's preferences and goals. Decision aids are proven tools to support high quality SDM. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, struggle to identify optimal rhythm and symptom management strategies and could benefit from a decision aid. In this Brief Research Report, we describe the development and preliminary evaluation of an interactive decision-making aid for patients with AF. We employed an iterative, user-centered design method to develop prototypes of the decision aid. Here, we describe multiple iterations of the decision aid, informed by the literature, expert feedback, and mixed-methods design sessions with AF patients. Results highlight unique design requirements for this population, but overall indicate that an interactive decision aid with visualizations has the potential to assist patients in making AF treatment decisions. Future work can build upon these design requirements to create and evaluate a decision aid for AF rhythm and symptom management.

Innovative seated vertical lumbar traction allows simultaneous computer work while inducing spinal height changes similar to supine lying.

Lumbar intervertebral disc height loss has been associated with spinal height change (SHC) and low back pain (LBP), including stenosis. Non-invasive methods to improve disc height loss require forms of lying down, which are unconducive to computer work. Intermittent vertical traction (VT) integrated with seated computer work may provide ergonomic alternatives for increasing SHC to promote LBP relief. The primary aim was to develop and introduce a safe VT prototype and dosage to induce and measure SHC. Prototype comfort and LBP ratings were exploratory secondary aims. Forty-one participants were stadiometry-measured for pre- and post-intervention SHC from seated VT at 35% body weight removed, supine lying (SL), and sitting at a computer (SIT) without VT. Pain ratings were recorded for those self-reporting LBP. VT prototype evaluations were compiled from a 3-question, 7-point Likert-style survey. SHC increased by 3.9 ± 3.4 mm in VT, 1.7 ± 3.4 mm in SIT, and 4.3 ± 3.1 mm in SL (P< 0.000). Post hoc findings were significant between VT and SIT (P< 0.000), and SL and SIT (P< 0.000). VT and SL LBP ratings both decreased, but not SIT. Intermittent seated VT is a promising alternative for postural relief during seated computer work, producing SHC similar to lying down without compromising workflow.

Informing the design of a digital intervention to support sexually transmissible infection care in general practice: a qualitative study exploring the views of clinicians.

Strengthening sexually transmissible infection (STI) management in general practice is prioritised in Australian STI strategy. Digital interventions incorporating clinical decision support offer a mechanism to assist general practitioners (GPs) in STI care. This study explored clinicians' views towards a proposed digital intervention for supporting STI care in Australian general practice as a first step in the tool's design. Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted during 2021 with sexual health physicians (n =2) and GPs (n =7) practicing in the state of Victoria, Australia. Interviews explored views on a proposed STI digital intervention for general practice. We applied the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a behaviour change framework to our analysis. This involved: (1) directed content analysis of transcripts into TDF domains; and (2) thematic analysis to identify sub-themes within relevant TDF domains. Subthemes were subsequently categorised into enablers and barriers to the use and implementation of a STI computerised clinical decision support system (CDSS). All interviewees viewed a digital intervention for STI care favourably, expressing confidence in its potential to improve care and support management. Within the relevant TDF domains (e.g. environmental context and resources), subthemes emerged as barriers (e.g. lack of sensitivity to patient context) or enablers (e.g. clear communication and guidance) to the use and implementation of a STI CDSS in primary care. Multiple subthemes (e.g. time constraints) have the potential to be a barrier or an enabler, and is largely dependent on end-user needs being met and clinical context being appropriately addressed. A digital intervention incorporating clinical decision support was viewed favourably, indicating a possible role for such a tool in Australian general practice. Co-design with end-users and prototype evaluation with health consumers is recommended to ensure relevance and usefulness.

Performance of the electromagnetic pixel calorimeter prototype Epical-2

The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0–5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The 25 × 106 pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30 μm, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a Si-W calorimeter, with data described well by a simulation model using Geant4 and Allpix2. The performance achieved makes this technology a good candidate for use in the ALICE FoCal upgrade, and in general demonstrates the strong potential for future applications in high-energy physics.

Robust Saliency-Driven Quality Adaptation for Mobile 360-Degree Video Streaming

Mobile 360-degree video streaming has grown significantly in popularity but the quality of experience (QoE) suffers from insufficient and variable wireless network bandwidth. Recently, saliency-driven 360-degree streaming overcomes the buffer size limitation of head movement trajectory (HMT)-driven solutions and thus strikes a better balance between video quality and rebuffering. However, inaccurate network estimations and intrinsic saliency bias still challenge saliency-based streaming approaches, limiting further QoE improvement. To address these challenges, we design a robust saliency-driven quality adaptation algorithm for 360-degree video streaming, RoSal360. Specifically, we present a practical, tile-size-aware deep neural network (DNN) model with a decoupled self-attention architecture to accurately and efficiently predict the transmission time of video tiles. Moreover, we design a reinforcement learning (RL)-driven online correction algorithm to robustly compensate the improper quality allocations due to saliency bias. Through extensive prototype evaluations over real wireless network environments including commodity WiFi, 4G/LTE, and 5G links in the wild, RoSal360 significantly enhances the video quality and reduces the rebuffering ratio, thereby improving the viewer QoE, compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.

TROMPE L’OEIL İLE KLAVYE ÜZERİ GİYİM İÇİN YARATICI KALIP DENEMELERİ

The design scenario of this study is based on seeking answers to the question “How can we&#x0D; produce different, extraordinary and original shirts for working women with the Trompe l’oeil (illusion)&#x0D; technique?”. The sample of the study, in which the user-oriented design research method was used, is women&#x0D; working above the keyboard. Within the scope of the study, three women’s shirts were produced with creative&#x0D; pattern applications. The classical techniques known in garment production have been reconstructed with&#x0D; the Trompe l’oeil technique. The findings were discussed in two dimensions as the process carried out for&#x0D; these three shirts and the prototype evaluation. Osborn’s checklist was used to create the design value of the&#x0D; shirts. For the evaluations of the marketability of the products, measurement was made in the form of voting&#x0D; over Google Forms. As a result of the voting, the first prototype was found to be more suitable for the target&#x0D; audience. Based on the individual comments received, it has been observed that originality varies when&#x0D; the position and needs of the target audience come into play. The importance of the user profile in creative&#x0D; product design has been understood.

The Influence of Hand Tracking and Haptic Feedback for Virtual Prototype Evaluation in the Product Design Process

Abstract Product evaluation throughout the design process is a fundamental task for product success, which also helps to reduce design-related costs. Physical prototyping is a common method to assess design alternatives, but often requires significant amounts of time and money. Extended reality (XR) technologies are changing how products are presented to the user, making virtual prototyping an effective tool for product evaluation. However, it is generally assumed that our perceptual and emotional responses to a product viewed in an XR modality are comparable to those elicited by the physical product. This paper reports the results of a study where a group of participants evaluated three designs of a product (i.e., umbrella stands) when viewed in a real setting, virtual reality (VR), and VR with passive haptics. Our goal was to observe the influence of visual media in product perception, and how the use of a complementary item (i.e., a physical umbrella) for interaction as well as user design expertise influence product assessment. Results show that the Jordan’s psycho-pleasure category of assessment was the most affected by the presentation medium, whereas the ideo-pleasure category was the only category not influenced by the medium. We also highlight that the use of VR with passive haptics could be an effective tool for product evaluation, as illustrated by the study of umbrella stands and young consumers. Our study also shows that the user’s background does not influence the level of confidence in their responses, but it can influence the assessment of certain product features. Finally, the use of a complementary item for interaction may have a significant effect on product perception.

SISTEM INFORMASI ADMINISTRASI DENGAN METODE THROW AWAY PROTOTYPING DEVELOPMENT PADA TOKO AT SPORT

Competition in the business world is very tight, and more and more products are offered, as well as anticipating consumers for sports products or equipment, so AT SPORT Shop tries to achieve breakthroughs for change, especially in the field of technology. Previously the processing of sales data and inventory of goods had not been computerized, causing several problems, including inaccurate inspection of existing goods, frequent occurrence of lists of goods, relatively long reporting processes and errors in bookkeeping or recording of sales notes, for example writing product names, and quantity. goods. because the recording is still used it is vulnerable to the risk of paper being torn, wet by water, and lost if you are not careful in storing it. The purpose of this study is to able to design a web-based administrative information system to help improve performance in recording sales transactions, purchases, and making reports at the AT SPORTS Store. Making this information system using the Throw away prototyping method with the stages of needs analysis, prototype creation, prototype evaluation, system specifications, system validation, and system use. The description of the final results of the system can already be known at the beginning so that the prototyping process produces applications that are by the wishes and can be developed according to the needs of the AT SPORTS shop.

Performance analysis of a lab-scale adsorption desalination system using silica gel/LiCl composite

Adsorption desalination is a novel technology to supply high-quality potable water driven by a low-temperature heat source. However, only a few composite sorbents, whose excellent performances have been demonstrated in other adsorption-based systems, have been applied in adsorption desalination (AD) systems. This study evaluated the performances of LiCl-silica gel (30 % wt) composite in a lab-scale AD system, realized by packing the sorbents beads inside a finned flat-tube heat exchanger. For the first time, the ad/desorption dynamics under various operating conditions were measured using a T-LTJ (thermal-large temperature jump) apparatus, which has not been employed for evaluation of desalination prototypes so far. The sorption dynamics was compared with silica gel, which is a standard material for AD systems. Results were used to calculate the maximum specific daily water production (SDWP) and optimized cycle time. Moreover, three design strategies of the AD system were proposed, including 2-beds, 3-beds and 4-beds. The 3-beds-configuration was selected for the composite sorbent, being able to reach an SDWP as high as 69 m3/tonne/day under the condition of Teva/cond = 20 °C and Tde = 80 °C. The optimized cycle time is dependent on operating conditions, varying in the range of 240–470 s.

TRANSforming Design Through Emotion: An Application to Support Brazilian Transgender Student Women

Abstract Brazilian transgender women face 82% high school dropout rate, which increases their vulnerability. To address this challenge, we developed a prototype application, AGNES, to improve transgender women’s experience of high school. A mixed methods approach, based on Garrett’s five plane approach, was used and included an analysis of nine YouTube videos by Brazilian transgender women discussing their educational experiences; an analysis of three current apps to support Brazilian transgender people; evaluation of a first prototype of AGNES by six transgender women; redesign of the prototype using an emotional design approach; and, finally, evaluation of the second prototype by two design specialists and two experts in the target audience. This resulted in a final design for AGNES, which was implemented as a high-fidelity prototype for further evaluation and deployment.

Post Evaluation of Slope Cutting on Loess Slopes under Long-Term Rainfall Based on a Model Test

The failure of treated slopes around the world, especially in China, is occurring at a noteworthy rate, resulting in an urgent requirement for post evaluation of the treated slopes; however, there is no mature technique established for post evaluation. By using a real loess slope treated by slope cutting in Shaanxi Province as the prototype, indoor geotechnical tests and model tests were performed to reveal the rainwater infiltration characteristics and pressure-varying characteristics inside the slope, the results of which were used to conduct a post evaluation of the slope in situ. The results mainly showed that the effect of rainwater scouring on the slope surface weakened gradually into a steady state at the end of the first year. The rainwater upon the slope surface preferentially infiltrated the platforms with gradually reducing rates; however, the observed wetting front cannot be regarded as the border between the unsaturated and saturated loesses. The soil pressures inside the slope did not increase, but decreased during the early period of rainfall. The displacements of key points mainly occurred during the first two years and then steady periods were entered. The above results were utilized to conduct a post evaluation of the slope prototype, by which a post evaluation framework was constructed.

Emotional Keyboard: To Provide Adaptive Functionalities Based on the Current User Emotion and the Context

Improving the User Experience (UX) of mobile devices is of vital importance due to the advent of emerging technologies and the prevalence of using mobile devices. This research aims to develop a model for a mobile device that can suggest adaptive functionalities, based on the current user emotion and the context by changing the user’s negative emotions (sadness and anger) into positive ones. As a proof of concept, a keyboard named “Emotional Keyboard” was developed through five prototypes iteratively using Evolutionary Prototyping. Action Research was adopted as the methodology along with User-Centered Design (UCD) which further included two user surveys. The first three prototypes were implemented to decide the most optimal perception from facial expressions and text analytics. Subsequent prototypes provided affective functions to the user such as listening to music, playing a game, chat with friends, based on the detected negative emotion and the context. The evaluation of each of the prototypes was performed iteratively with user participation. The final (fifth) prototype evaluation was done in two phases, an individual analysis (to measure the performance of each user separately), and an overall analysis (a general analysis that averaged all the results from individual analysis and measured the performance of the overall model). Results of both analyses showed that eventually the Emotional Keyboard was able to predict the adaptive functions correctly to the user and it did not terminate its learning process where the users’ feedback was continuously used to improve its performance. In conclusion, an “Adaptive System with User Control” was developed thus improving the acceptability and usability of a mobile device which aligns with the research aim.

'Transparency is Meant for Control' and Vice Versa: Learning from Co-designing and Evaluating Algorithmic News Recommenders

Algorithmic systems that recommend content often lack transparency about how they come to their suggestions. One area in which recommender systems are increasingly prevalent is online news distribution. In this paper, we explore how a lack of transparency of (news) recommenders can be tackled by involving users in the design of interface elements. In the context of automated decision-making, legislative frameworks such as the GDPR in Europe introduce a specific conception of transparency, granting 'data subjects' specific rights and imposing obligations on service providers. An important related question is how people using personalized recommender systems relate to the issue of transparency, not as legal data subjects but as users. This paper builds upon a two-phase study on how users conceive of transparency and related issues in the context of algorithmic news recommenders. We organized co-design workshops to elicit participants' 'algorithmic imaginaries' and invited them to ideate interface elements for increased transparency. This revealed the importance of combining legible transparency features with features that increase user control. We then conducted a qualitative evaluation of mock-up prototypes to investigate users' preferences and concerns when dealing with design features to increase transparency and control. Our investigation illustrates how users' expectations and impressions of news recommenders are closely related to their news reading practices. On a broader level, we show how transparency and control are conceptually intertwined. Transparency without control leaves users frustrated. Conversely, without a basic level of transparency into how a system works, users remain unsure of the impact of controls.

Ready for robots? Assessment of autonomous delivery robot operative accessibility in German cities

Unlike autonomous car applications, the operational area of urban service autonomous robots like autonomous delivery robots (ADRs) is not clearly defined at the moment. Due to large variations in the different robot designs, specific local infrastructure and regulation, assessing the feasibility of different operational scenarios is difficult. This paper presents a prototype evaluation methodology based on Open Street Map data for the assessment of ADR deployments considering one-to-many delivery schemes. Four different robot configurations and potential operational specifications are modeled and evaluated in a sample of German cities. The bandwidth of considered robot types ranges from large ADRs operating on roadways down to small size systems operating on sidewalks. The performance of the first category is limited by the reduced accessibility in areas with higher traffic. On the contrary, small ADRs present a higher detour time but increased accessibility. The evaluated operational scenarios show very diverse performance depending on the considered metrics and cities. For all the metrics considered in the paper, sidewalk ADRs show poor performance when compared to other potential ADR deployments.