Evaluation Of Design Solutions Research Articles

ON THE ISSUE OF ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Modern transport problems in many cities around the world are caused by the high level of motorisation of their population and the high frequency of private car use. Despite a number of advantages of using private cars as a means of transport (high speed of communication, the ability to choose a route and travel at a convenient time, high comfort, etc.), the mismatch between the development of motorisation and the existing transport infrastructure leads to traffic congestion, which has a number of negative consequences that make the use of private cars less efficient. These consequences include increased transport delays, reduced traffic speeds and, consequently, increased travel time, and more intensive consumption of non-renewable energy sources. Equally urgent are the issues of road safety and improving the environmental situation in cities. At present, a promising way to solve urban transport problems is to apply the concept of sustainable development of urban transport systems and the methodology of transport demand management. The justification of design solutions to ensure the sustainability of urban transport systems should be based on a model approach and include a comprehensive assessment of a number of social, economic and environmental performance indicators. The adequacy of transport models and the accuracy of the assessment of the consequences of design decisions are crucial for choosing the most appropriate set of measures to ensure the sustainability of transport systems. The article proposes an efficiency criterion for evaluating design solutions to ensure the sustainability of the city's transport system, which contribute to reducing the use of private car. This criterion provides for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of design solutions in terms of economic, social and environmental performance indicators. Based on the analysis of statistical data, it was found that the following distribution of passenger cars by type of fuel consumed is typical for Kharkiv: cars with petrol engines - 48.58%; diesel cars - 14.63%; cars with gas cylinder equipment - 33.58%; electric cars - 3.21%. The established distribution of passenger cars by type of fuel consumed is the basis for establishing average values of variable and fixed operating costs of private car owners and should be taken into account when assessing the environmental impact of the transport process. This is the direction of further research.

Model-Based Design of Aircraft Landing Gear System

The aerospace industry is one of the leading figures in the development and improvement of techniques for the design of new products. One of the most promising developments of the last decades is the exploitation of digital models that make it possible to evaluate design solutions and simulate the behavior of the individual systems and their interactions. The goal is to be able to predict and analyze all aspects an aircraft much in advance of its industrialization in order to heavily reduce the time and costs of product development and to guarantee flexibility to test a multitude of solutions. The main issue in this context is the complexity of creating models that are capable of accurately sizing and simulating multiple interacting systems, thus considering the constraints imposed by the need for their mutual compatibility. The present contribution introduces two interconnected models regarding an aircraft system, in particular, the landing gear, that make it possible to size its main components and subsystems and to use the found parameters to populate a dynamic model that simulates the behavior of the aircraft during landing. These models provide a preliminary digitalization of the system itself and of the design process as well, thereby making it possible to define a potential configuration and to test it in a dynamic virtual environment, thus taking into account the interaction between the individual subsystems. The model was tested through three use cases, differentiated by class and scope, which made it possible to compare and validate the obtained results with actual values.

RE-THINKING DESIGN REPRESENTATIONS IN DESIGN EDUCATION: AN INTERVIEW STUDY WITH PROFESSIONAL DESIGNERS

AbstractDesign representations are important tools for designers in the design process. To help designers choose the appropriate representation, taxonomies have been proposed based on type, degree of fidelity, and when to use them. However, Design representations may also play an important role in designers' communication with users and enabling users as co-designers. Therefore, new taxonomies, focusing on design representations’ potential mediating roles in collaborative design processes with users, have been developed. The purpose of this interview study, with twelve designers within Swedish industry, was thus to investigate how designers use design representations in communication with users in the design process. The study indicates that the designers mainly interacted with users in order for them to answer specific design questions or to evaluate design solutions. If design representations’ value for facilitating communication and collaboration with users should be emphasized, we need to shift from teaching mainly taxonomies related to fidelity levels or when to use them in the design process, and rather educate future designers about design representations inherent potential to mediate and enhance the dialogue with users.

Design and Evaluation of Regenerated Landscapes of Factory Sites Based on Evaluation Factors

Research in the field of industrial heritage regeneration suffers from high subjectivity and low reliability in design and evaluation. The study takes seven regeneration projects of the Kailuan family of industrial heritage as examples, designs four optimisation and improvement strategies and constructs an evaluation system containing four intermediate layers and 23 indicator layers based on the evaluation factor method to realise the evaluation of design solutions. The average evaluation value of the four intermediate layers was approximately 0.65, and the average evaluation value of the 23 evaluation indicators was approximately 0.68. The evaluation values of the four intermediate layers for the seven Kailuan projects showed that the evaluation of the park and the evaluation of the participants’ perceptions were roughly higher than the standard values, while the evaluation of the buildings and the evaluation of the environmental image had lower evaluation values. The correlations between the park evaluation and the other three intermediate level evaluation indicators were all over 0.500, and all had positive correlations, while the correlations between any two of the remaining indicators were weak and not statistically significant. The regenerative landscape design and evaluation of the Kailuan system of factory heritage enriches the current landscape design evaluation system and provides corresponding optimisation strategies for landscape optimisation design.

Evaluation and Design of Reusable Takeaway Containers Based on the AHP–FCE Model

As a strong and effective alternative to disposable food boxes that cause serious pollution consequences, reusable takeaway containers are promising in terms of environmental protection. However, at present, in the service process of leasing, using, distribution, and recycling, reusable takeaway containers have many problems, such as incomplete cleaning, resulting in unhygienic conditions, repeated use of materials that are not safe enough, food spillage, leakage or theft of customer phone and address information due to exposed takeaway order labels, and wrong containers taken by customers. In addition, there is a lack of objective and comprehensive evaluation methods and systems to guide their design and improvement. In order to solve the current problems of reusable takeaway containers and explore a quantitative approach for evaluation of design solutions from the perspective of users, this paper analyzed user behaviors and needs through user interviews, questionnaires, user journey maps (UJM), and other methods. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) were used to construct an evaluation model for the design of reusable takeaway containers, and it was calculated as a function of the survey dataset. The comprehensive index weight model was established, and the design indicators were sorted to obtain the priority of design elements. Three design schemes were proposed and calculated by combining questionnaire data and the FCE method to obtain the optimal Scheme B. The results showed that the combination of UJM and AHP–FCE method framework was suitable for scheme evaluation and design development, which could provide effective and detailed user evaluation for designers and guide the direction of product improvement.

Multi-objective Bayesian hull form optimisation for high-speed craft

Simulation-based design plays an important role in many engineering fields enabled by advancements in computing resources, numerical algorithms and computer aided engineering software. In naval architecture, it opens new opportunities for improving hull form designs by reducing calm water resistance and hence minimising required propulsive energy. In this paper, we propose a low dimensional shape morphing tool suitable for designing novel and realistic hull forms for high-speed craft. We provide an efficient simulation-based design framework for optimising hull forms across multiple operating conditions by taking advantage of a multi-objective Bayesian optimisation method. We demonstrate the proposed framework for optimising the hull form of a conceptual high-speed catamaran at two speeds, corresponding to Froude numbers of Fr=0.35 and Fr=0.65. The results highlight the benefit of multi-objective optimisation for high-speed craft along with a nonlinear CFD (computational fluid dynamics) solver to evaluate design solutions. We show the proposed framework can design highly efficient hull forms along the multi-objective Pareto front that have a reduced total resistance when compared to a generic baseline hull by 31%–43% and 5.7%–8.2% at low and high Froude numbers, respectively.

Multi-Analogy Innovation Design Based on Digital Twin

Analogy-based design is an effective approach for innovative design. However, existing research on analogy design mainly focuses on methods to form innovative schemes, without considering feasibility or practicality in applications. This research proposes a multi-analogy innovation design (M-AID) model based on analogy in both design-centric complexity (DCC) and solution of inventive problems (TRIZ). To improve practicality, digital twin (DT) is introduced to apply real design information, manufacturing production data, and maintenance information in the design process. The method includes six steps: (1) analyze a target product based on users and market requirements to synthesize general function requirements; (2) acquire analogy function source using knowledge base and patent base; (3) call digital twin resources to obtain real product data for the design; (4) reduce the complexity of the design system after fusion using DCC theory; (5) use TRIZ to solve problems of design conflicts; and (6) evaluate design solutions according to product requirements. The current proposed method enhances the design scheme feasibility and reduces the number of iterations from the conceptual scheme to the final scheme in the design process, thus improving the efficiency of the innovative design process. The applicability of the currently proposed method is demonstrated through exemplification of innovative design of a dust removal system for a solar panel.

Fish-spawning channels are a means of improving the conditions of natural reproduction of populations of anadromous fish on regulated rivers

The relevance of the development is predetermined by the need to solve the problem of creating conditions for the natural reproduction of commercial stocks and the restoration of populations of passable, semi-passable and aquatic fish in the conditions of river flow regulation carried out by the construction of cascades of waterworks on them. One of the ways to solve this problem on the Lower Don is the creation of near-hydro-node fish-spawning channels that provide conditions for the passage and spawning of anadromous-migrating fish. When designing such structures, specialists feel a lack of information and recommendations on the technical justification of their layout and design solutions. This circumstance predetermined the purpose of the study, which consists in summarizing information and evaluating the layout and design solutions of the Nikolaev, Konstantinovsky, Bagaevsky and Kochetovsky fish-spawning channels (FSCs) and developing proposals for their improvement. The factual basis of the development was made up of the materials of the survey of existing and analysis of projects of fishspawning channels on the Lower Don low-pressure waterworks. Based on the materials of the survey and analysis, the schemes of their layout and design solutions, flow-rate parameters and geometric dimensions were established, the advantages of fish-spawning channels over other types of fish-passing structures were determined. Based on the materials of the survey of existing structures, the disadvantages of their layout and design solutions were found, consisting in the remoteness of the entrances to the channels from the dams, excessive flow rates in their tracts, the absence of recreation areas for fish, the inability to regulate the values of speeds attracting fish with changing water levels in the river, the lack of equipment of the entrance heads, the failure of the technical execution of the channel coating and elements of enhanced roughness. The directions of improving the layout and design solutions of the channels in terms of eliminating their shortcomings in the projects of the Bagaevsky and Kochetovsky waterworks are determined. The evaluation of design solutions is given and generalizations are made to determine the parameters of channels and their layout and design solutions, which are recommended to be taken into account and used in their design.

Rana ekološka procena proizvoda korišćenjem modela ponašanja i uticaj njihove netačnosti na performanse proizvoda po životnu sredinu

The decisions made during the preliminary design phases considerably impact the development of a product's lifecycle, acting on its environmental performance, cost, and duration of its realization. However, the lack of relevant information during these phases does not allow for the accurate evaluation of design solutions. In addition, it generates schedule delays and overruns in the budget allocated to developing a given solution. In this perspective, the present work aims to assess the accuracy of the behavior models used for exploring solutions during the embodiment phase. This was based on two measures of different nature, namely objective accuracy, which is evaluated by referring to real prototyping of a given solution, and the subjective accuracy measure, which allows to the expression of the degradation of the first measure in relation to the reference point. This combination will lead to a measure that can be generalized on all the design space. In a second step, the current work suggests an estimation of the effect of these models' accuracy on the proposed solutions' environmental impact. To this end, a sensitivity study was carried out on the input data of the model (design parameters) in order to deduce the effect of the results obtained (performance parameters) on the mass and, consequently, the environmental impact of the solution. In order to highlight the approach adopted in the present study, it was applied to a real industrial case, ultimately leading to the most optimized solution in terms of accuracy and environmental impact.

A Design Optimization Method with Sparse Scattered Data and Evolutionary Computation

Engineering design can be regarded as an iterative optimization process. This process is difficult because of two main problems: the first is that computer‐aided engineering (CAE) is time‐consuming in terms of evaluating design solutions, while the second is the high dimensionality of design solutions. In the research community, a surrogate model is proposed to deal with the first problem while an evolutionary algorithm is adopted for the second. In this work, we develop a new method with only sparse scattered data, which is very common in many practical scenarios. The surrogate model can also assign a penalty factor for the predicted value, and this penalty factor can be used as one of the targets of the evolutionary algorithm to balance global exploration and local exploit. We also adopt a new evolutionary strategy, which can search high‐dimensional space. Three groups of experiments are conducted to validate the proposed methods. The experimental results show that the surrogate model can predict performance and the corresponding penalty factor, the evolutionary strategy is better in terms of searching high‐dimensional space compared with other evolutionary strategies, and the whole method can generate new design solutions that are near to the known design solutions. The experimental results show that this method can be used in practical scenarios, especially where they only have sparse scattered data.

Student dormitories and cultural and leisure facilities as part of the university infrastructure

The sustainability of the city and the development of its environment is connected with the variety of infrastructure facilities that provide comfortable conditions for the urban population. Being a part of an urban system, universities act as a place of concentration for the city's youth. Comfortable accommodation for temporary residence during the period of study at the university and buildings where students can spend their leisure time and realize their creative potential is among the priorities of choosing a particular university for a school graduate. The state of housing and social facilities of the university infrastructure will also determine the competitiveness of Kazakhstani higher education organizations. The article reveals the need for student dormitories in Kazakhstan, the dynamics of their construction provides an analysis of free-standing social university buildings, substantiates methodological approaches to evaluating design solutions for the construction of student dormitories and university social facilities, presents an algorithm for financing the construction of dormitories by a public-private partnership. The article was prepared based on the results of the research of the scientific project №AR09260210, funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Nonvisual Legibility and the Coherence of Space: A New Theoretical Framework with Examples of Its Implementation in Empirical Research

The legibility and coherence of space are informative qualities as they facilitate the understanding and exploration of the environment. They also function as categories in architectural and urban design theory, as well as environmental psychology. The approaches of those disciplines, including their contemporary continuations, evolved from Lynch (1960) and are based solely on the visual qualities of the environment.In this article, I argue that relying only on the visual scope of human-environment relations is insufficient for inferring the user’s perception of the environment as legible and coherent and evaluating design solutions from the users’ perspectives. The proposed revised theoretical framework combines architecture and urbandesign perspectives with environmental psychology and broadens concepts of legibility and coherence. The revised framework combines the visual scope of the legibility and coherence with other aspects of human-environment relations by referring them to multisensory perspective, social and spatial functioning, levelsand characters of stimulation, and affective appraisal of the environment. To show how we can address this broadened approach to legibility and coherence in empirical research, I present two examples of experimental research using bimodal research materials. They present how nonvisual qualities contribute to legibility and coherence and how they can be measured (tested) during the data-driven evidence-based design process. The first experiment investigates the relationship between the qualities of soundscapes and the social functioning of users. The second covers the tactile and haptic dimensions and their connections with blind and visually impaired users’ spatial functioning.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

The development of technologies for the manufacture and design of steel structures, together with the development of computer technologies, makes it possible to increase productivity in the building industry. The analysis and generalization of such factors made it possible to identify the main trends and directions of the creation and improvement of metal structures, taking into account the automation of their manufacturing processes and the use of BIM technologies. The highlighted tendencies make it possible to show both new directions for the development of scientific research and directions for the development of practical methodologies for determining the regularities of the stress-strain state of structural systems using steel. Among the main trends, the following are highlighted: digitalization of the metal construction industry; automation and robotization of the manufacturing and assembling processes; science intensity of design and production processes; greening production, evaluating design solutions from the standpoint of environmental safety; complex optimization of design solutions. The authors highlight the next important tasks and prospects for the development of the creation of effective metal structures: the creation and use of high-strength steels C960 and more, the improvement of automated and robotic welding processes for ultra-high-strength steels with various metal thicknesses; development and improvement of the theory of calculation of thin-walled and composite structures, determination of the actual resource of metal structures after long-term operation; introduction into the practice of creating new structures of rational and optimal design approaches with the requirements of long-term operation and life cycle, including progressive collapse, reduction in the cost of fire and anti-corrosion covers for steel structures; improvement of building codes and rules for the design of metal structures; implementation of leading foreign standards and experience; training of modern professional engineers and technicians; development of experimental and theoretical studies of full-scale samples of structures on the basis of creating high-precision information models of structural systems.

Information-intensive design solution evaluator combined with multiple design and preference information in product design

• Help designers make a comprehensive decision in design solution evaluation (DSE). • This study balances the objective design and subjective preference factors in DSE. • Ideal solution is got by fusing with multiple design and preference information. • Alternatives are sorted according to their deviations to defined ideal solutions. • A series of empirical comparisons confirm the feasibility of evaluation system. To assist designers in making comprehensive decisions for objective design values (DVs) and subjective preference values (PVs) during the design solution evaluation stage, this study builds an information-intensive design solution evaluator (IIDSE) that combines multi-information from DVs and PVs. In the IIDSE, the importance degrees of the DVs and PVs are analysed based on their differences. Then, according to the importance classifications , values, characteristics, and numbers of DVs and PVs, a multi-information fusion (MIF)-based ideal solution definition strategy, which covers quantitative criteria with i) benefit characteristics, ii) cost characteristics, and iii) qualitative criteria, is proposed. A rough multi-criteria decision-making (R-MCDM) model is used to evaluate an alternative by computing its deviation from the defined ideal solution. The effectiveness of the IIDSE was validated via empirical comparisons. Experiment I showed that the MIF-based strategy is compatible with different R-MCDM models for selecting the preferred and best performing solution. In experiment II, among the R-MCDM models, R-COPRAS plus the MIF-based strategy is the best combination for constructing the IIDSE. Experiments III and IV demonstrated that the IIDSE can obtain more reasonable solutions compared with classical evaluators, especially in the case where conflictions between the objective DVs and subjective PVs exist.

Evaluation of ecological and economic efficiency of investment in water management and land reclamation projects

The article is devoted to the actual scientific and practical problem of improving methodological and methodical ap-proaches to the evaluation of design solutions in the water management and land reclamation industry based on the ecolog-ical and economic principles in conditions of uncertainty. The current stage of the development of the water management sector in Ukraine is characterized by a combination of past negligence and the present energy, food and water crises, as well as global climate change. To solve these problems, it is necessary to reform organizational-economic relations in the industry, including new sources and forms of financing for water management and land reclamation projects, introduction of new environmentally advanced technologies, and the im-provement of the existing ecological and economic evaluation of investments. Based on scientific and methodological recommendations used for evaluating the effectiveness of investment in vari-ous spheres of economic activity, the authors developed and implemented an improved methodology for the evaluation of water management and land reclamation projects. It is based on methodological approaches that cover such elements as the variety of options, changes in the value of money over time, specific project implementation environment, including the impact of weather, climate and environmental factors on project performance, multilevel and gradual evaluation of a pro-ject against specific criteria and according to stages of the project cycle. The method was tested during the reconstruction of a rice irrigation system in the steppe zone of about 3000 ha in Ukraine. Economic results, namely the deterministic payback period and investment return index confirm that the proposed mechanism, unlike the traditional one, increases the economic and environmental feasibility of water management and land reclamation projects. Therefore, it stimulates investment in the land reclamation sector.

URBAN ENVIRONMENT DESIGN: NEW METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES BASED ON THE BIOSPHERE COMPATIBILITY PARADIGM (PART 1)

Statement of the problem. The question is raised about the need to develop methodological approaches to urban planning at the microterritorial level, aimed at creating a comfortable and safe environment for life in cities and settlements.Results. The authors propose a methodology development project development plan for the area -- planning documentation the town-planning elements of planning structure (blocks, neighborhoods, residential areas) based on the developed in RAACS paradigm of biosphere compatibility of cities and settlements that develop the man. The method of evaluating variants of planning projects based on a comparison of four blocks of indicators: environmental safety of residential areas, spatial and territorial resources, structural planning and architectural organization of the territory and provision of urban functions. For each of these blocks, the necessary and sufficient composition of indicators is determined, which are calculated based on the design solutions. The prospects for the development of quantitative evaluation of design solutions using the principles of the biosphere compatibility paradigm at the microterritorial level are shown.Conclusion. The numerical evaluation of the design solutions shows the social content of the territory planning projects and reflects the decisions on the urban environment of the city.

An Exploration of the Challenges Instructional Designers Encounter While Conducting Evaluations

Evaluation is the process of systematically and systemically examining data to determine merit and worth of performance goals at the organizational, individual, and project level. While instructional design literature often references the need for formative, summative, and confirmative evaluation, research has shown that instructional designers continue to struggle with integrating evaluative techniques in practice. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative investigation to explore the challenges instructional designers face while conducting evaluations. Through the use of semi-structured interviews that utilized the critical-incident technique, results indicated that instructional designers must contend with a variety of project constraints while attempting to evaluate design solutions throughout a project. Specific themes revealed that there is a disconnect between the evaluative techniques instructional designers would like to include and clients understanding the value that evaluation can bring to their projects. Additional recommendations are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.

METHOD FOR EVALUATING EXCAVATION SHORING DESIGN CONCEPTS

Abstract. Aim.When conducting engineering and geological surveys at the conceptual stage of the feasibility study, it is necessary to create an automated system that allows the designer to take all possible factors into account and choose the most optimal design solution for the shoring of excavations.Method. The study is based on dynamic programming methods based on the principle of Bellman optimality. Logical convolution matrices are applied according to the dichotomy method.Results. As a result of the logical convolution of the aggregated criteria of the environmental parameters K12 along with the parameters of the surrounding buildings K34, a comprehensive assessment of the design solution for a foundation shoring fence is obtained such as to ensure the technical characteristics and safety of the development zone. However, a considerable influence on the choice of the design solution for the building envelope is exerted by the cost of its construction. Therefore, the indicator of a comprehensive assessment of the shoring fence considering the economic efficiency of the KOE is obtained by combining the indicator of a comprehensive assessment of the foundation shoring fence KO with the criterion of economic efficiency of the design decision K5.Conclusion. The analysis of methods for solving optimisation problems demonstrates that the method of complex estimates based on the theory of active systems is optimal for the task of evaluating design solutions for foundation shoring fences.

Optimization of the Urban Highway Acceleration Lane Length Using Traffic Simulations

Design recommendations for the acceleration lane length are based on research and monitoring data made decades ago and have recently been the subject of discussions and innovations. Designing a highway acceleration lane differs between urban and non-urban areas by a large number of parameters. Specificities of an urban space, multimodal demands of traffic users, environmental requirements and inherited spatial relationships make optimization of the acceleration lane length a real challenge. The development of analytical, analytical-empirical and simulation methods for evaluating design solutions is generated by the desire to make the analyses performed in the planning phase as realistic as possible. Microsimulation traffic tools, such as VISSIM, enable the analysis of variant solutions and the optimization of road design elements for existing as well as for future traffic demands. This paper presents an analysis of two existing acceleration lanes on the southern bypass of the city of Osijek. Microsimulation results show that there is a potential for shortening the length of acceleration lanes in the current traffic demand conditions. Various scenarios of the increase in traffic of the main and secondary traffic flows have been analysed. The results were evaluated through the criteria of selected functional indicators, which are average delays and queue lengths. This research contributes to the methodology of applying modern simulation tools in the analysis and optimization of traffic infrastructure elements in local conditions.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF COMPUTATIONAL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE BUILDING DESIGN

Recently, the automation of architectural design process has been focused specifically in Healthcare buildings (HCB) for easier implementation and faster feedback. Hence, a great evolution of Computational Implementations (CIs) were appeared and studied for early stages of design process of HCB, such as generating design solutions, evaluation of design solutions or others to provide helpful tools for designers. This paper provides comparative analyses of a set of CIs that can be applied on different architectural design stages in HCB, these stages includes: a) architectural programming and topological diagram, b) generating design alternatives and c) evaluation of design solutions. The focused CIs in this study have been classified to computational tools, computational algorithms, computational approaches and hybrid methods; they are compared using a set of criteria with various evaluation methods. This comparative analysis helps designers to determine the appropriate CI or CIs’ combinations for each main early stage of HCB design, and also the possibilities of connecting two of the studied CIs in a framework to get wider outcomes were studied. The main study findings are the capabilities, limitation and features of each CI, in addition to the best selections in each early stage for different HCB design cases. Also, possible connections between different CIs were discussed on simple examples as a fruitful outcome of analyzing CIs’ combinations.