Evaluated Study Quality Research Articles

Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecule Expression in Clinical Sepsis Studies: A Systematic Review.

Checkpoint inhibitors have been proposed for sepsis following reports of increased checkpoint molecule expression in septic patients. To determine whether clinical studies investigating checkpoint molecule expression provide strong evidence supporting trials of checkpoint inhibitors for sepsis. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, inception through October 2019. Studies comparing checkpoint molecule expression in septic patients versus healthy controls or critically ill nonseptic patients or in sepsis nonsurvivors versus survivors. Two investigators extracted data and evaluated study quality. Thirty-six studies were retrieved. Across 26 studies, compared with healthy controls, septic patients had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased CD4+ lymphocyte programmed death-1 and monocyte programmed death-ligand-1 expression in most studies. Other checkpoint molecule expressions were variable and studied less frequently. Across 11 studies, compared with critically ill nonseptic, septic patients had significantly increased checkpoint molecule expression in three or fewer studies. Septic patients had higher severity of illness scores, comorbidities, and mortality in three studies providing analysis. Across 12 studies, compared with septic survivors, nonsurvivors had significantly increased expression of any checkpoint molecule on any cell type in five or fewer studies. Of all 36 studies, none adjusted for nonseptic covariates reported to increase checkpoint molecule expression. Although sepsis may increase some checkpoint molecule expression compared with healthy controls, the data are limited and inconsistent. Further, data from the more informative patient comparisons are potentially confounded by severity of illness. These clinical checkpoint molecule expression studies do not yet provide a strong rationale for trials of checkpoint inhibitor therapy for sepsis.

Prevalence of human alveolar echinococcosis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundHuman alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a severe parasitic disease that is a major public health concern. New HAE cases in China account for 91% of the global HAE burden every year. Although there are a few studies and systematic reviews (SRs) on the prevalence of HAE in China, trends in the prevalence have not been estimated. This study aims to describe the overall variation in the trend of HAE prevalence in China, and provide evidence for preventive measures in the future.MethodsThirty-five eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP, and included in the SR and meta-analysis. An adjusted Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist was used to evaluate study quality. The arcsine transformation was used to adjust the individual reported prevalence, and the pooled HAE prevalence was calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the chi-square test and I2 statistic. Forest plots were generated for the meta-analysis, and publication bias of the studies was assessed using the Egger’s test and funnel plots. We conducted subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and meta-regression analyses to analyze the source of heterogeneity and factors potentially influencing the prevalence of HAE.ResultsThe meta-analysis indicated that the pooled HAE prevalence in China was 0.96% (95% CI: 0.71 to 1.25%). Factors potentially influencing HAE prevalence were female sex (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.91, P<0.01), being ≥30 years old (OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 2.29 to 9.75, P<0.01), and being farmers and/or herdsmen (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.02, P<0.01). The results of the meta-regression analysis (R2 = 38.11%, P < 0.01) indicated that HAE prevalence is on a downward trend.ConclusionsHAE prevalence has decreased over time and maintained low levels after 2005 in China. This decline was influenced by the utilization of One Health strategies as intervention measures. Therefore, these One Health strategies should be used as references to formulate future programs for HAE control. More high-quality epidemiological investigations and surveillance programs should be conducted in order to improve HAE control in the future.

Colchicine in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of colchicine after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). English-language searches were made of MEDLINE and EMBASE from database inception through mid-June 2020. Randomized trials characterizing the effects of colchicine in ACS were considered. Of 627 title and abstracts identified, nine trials were included. Two reviewers extracted data and rated study quality. Four studies showed colchicine did not attenuate C-reactive protein production. Colchicine did modulate the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome in 3 studies and reduced production of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 in 1 study. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were not significantly different at 30 days in 3 studies, administered as 1.8 mg preprocedurally or scheduled 1 mg daily. One study found a significant reduction in MACE with colchicine 0.5 mg daily over median 22.6 months (hazard ratio = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.61-0.96). Colchicine is associated with increased gastrointestinal adverse events but was generally well tolerated. Colchicine is likely to reduce MACE in an ACS population if administered for greater than 30 days but does not improve MACE when administered only preprocedurally. Adjunctive colchicine 0.5 mg daily for greater than 30 days is reasonable for an ACS population on guideline-directed medical therapy treated with PCI. Additional studies are needed to validate and determine the durability of these benefits.

A systematic review of reasons for abstinence from alcohol reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers.

Numerous studies have been conducted to assess non-drinkers' reported reasons for abstinence, and this review summarises and compares the reasons for abstinence reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers. Based on a search of four computerised databases, we identified 31 relevant studies, each of which included a sample of at least 20 individuals who had been abstinent from alcohol for at least 14 days and reported a numerical summary of participants' self-reported reasons for not drinking. To identify the most salient reasons for abstinence among each group of abstainers, we calculated a z-score to represent the level of endorsement of each reason in each investigation, assigned listed reasons to one of 13 categories, and calculated average z-scores (weighted by study quality ratings) for each of the categories. Having no interest in drinking and disliking the effects of alcohol were the most salient categories of reasons for lifelong abstainers; having no interest in drinking and health reasons were the most salient categories of reasons for current abstainers; and health reasons was the most salient category of reasons for former problem-drinkers. Understanding the reasons that motivate abstinence from alcohol may help refine theoretical explanations of drinking and abstinence. In addition, understanding the reasons that lifelong abstainers report for not beginning to drink, and that current abstainers and former problem-drinkers report for no longer drinking, may help inform interventions designed either to delay the initiation of alcohol use or help individuals stop drinking.

Acupuncture for breathlessness in COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:At present, accumulative attention has been paid to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to its global prevalence. Acupuncture may play a beneficial role in patients with breathlessness in COVID-19. This study is designed to determine the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for breathlessness in COVID-19.Methods:Randomized controlled trials (RCT) will be searched from 7 electronic databases, with the last search update being 30 June 2020. Studies by registers of clinical trials will be additionally searched. Two investigators will independently select studies, extract data and evaluate study quality. Finally, a meta-analysis will be used to evaluate the pooled intervention effect if possible.Results:Our present findings will indicate the application of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for dyspnea in COVID-19, which will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Conclusion:Our study will provide a reference foundation for clinical optimization of treatment.Prospero registration number:CRD42020182323.

Can Myofascial Interventions Have a Remote Effect on ROM? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Anatomical and in vivo studies suggest that muscles function synergistically as part of a myofascial chain. A related theory is that certain myofascial techniques have a remote and clinically important effect on range of motion (ROM). To determine if remote myofascial techniques can effectively increase the range of motion at a distant body segment. In November 2018, the authors searched 3 electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and PEDro) and hand-searched journals and conference proceedings. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials comparing remote myofascial techniques with passive intervention (rest/sham) or local treatment intervention. The primary outcome of interest was ROM. Quality assessment was performed using the PEDro Scale. Three authors independently evaluated study quality and extracted data. RevMan software was used to pool data using a fixed-effect model. Eight randomized controlled trials, comprising N = 354 participants were included (mean age range 22-36y; 50% female). Study quality was low with PEDro scores ranging from 2 to 7 (median scores 4.5/10). None of the studies incorporated adequate allocation concealment and just 2 used blinded assessment of outcomes. In all studies, treatments and outcomes were developed around the same myofascial chain (superficial back line). Five studies included comparisons between remote interventions to sham or inactive controls; pooled results for ROM showed trends in favor of remote interventions (standard mean difference 0.23; 95% confidence intervals; -0.09 to 0.55; 4 studies) at immediate follow-ups. Effects sizes were small, corresponding to mean differences of 9% or 5° in cervical spine ROM, and 1 to 3cm in sit and reach distance. Four studies compared remote interventions to local treatments, but there were few differences between groups. Remote exercise interventions may increase ROM at distant body segments. However, effect sizes are small and the current evidence base is limited by selection and measurement bias.

Efficacy of shoulder arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of rotator cuff injury: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:This study will investigate the efficacy and safety of shoulder arthroscopic surgery (SAS) for patients with rotator cuff injury (RCI).Methods:We will systematically search for randomized controlled trials in the electronic databases of PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All above databases will be searched from their beginning to March 1, 2020 without language restrictions. Two reviewers will independently scan retrieved records, evaluate study quality and extract data. If possible, we will synthesize the data and conduct a meta-analysis by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:This systematic review will summarize the most recent evidence to explore the efficacy and safety of SAS for patients with RCI.Conclusion:The findings of this study will help to provide a genuine understanding of perspective from a scientific basis on the efficacy and safety of SAS for patients with RCI.PROSPERO registration number:PROSPERO CRD42020170009.

Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy.

Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy.

Efficacy of weekly paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of weekly paclitaxel (WP) for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer (AOC).Methods:This study will systematically search bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PSYCINFO, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, CNKI, WANGFANG, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) and other literature sources from inception to the March 1, 2020 without language and publication time limitations. Two authors will independently complete all literature selection, data collection, and study quality evaluation. Any disagreements will be solved by a third author through discussion. We will analyze data by RevMan V.5.3 software.Results:This study will systematically generate a comprehensive summary on the efficacy and safety of WP for the treatment of AOC.Conclusion:This study may provide beneficial evidence of WP for the treatment of AOC.Systematic review registration:INPLASY202040193.

Association of objectively measured physical activity and bone health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.

The influence of day-to-day physical activity on bone in adolescence has not been well characterized. Forty articles were identified that assessed the relationship between accelerometry-derived physical activity and bone outcomes in adolescents. Physical activity was positively associated with bone strength in peri-pubertal males, with less consistent evidence in females. Physical activity (PA) is recommended to optimize bone development in childhood and adolescence; however, the influence of day-to-day PA on bone development is not well defined. The aim of this review was to describe the current evidence for objectively measured PA on bone outcomes in healthy children and adolescents. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant articles up to April 2020. Studies assessing the relationship between accelerometry-derived PA and bone outcomes in adolescents (6-18years old) were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, and rated study quality. Forty articles met inclusion criteria (25 cross-sectional, 15 longitudinal). There was significant heterogeneity in accelerometry methodology and bone outcomes measured. Studies in males indicated a significant, positive relationship between moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and bone outcomes at the hip and femur, particularly during the peri-pubertal years. The results for MVPA and bone outcomes in females were mixed. There was a paucity of longitudinal studies using pQCT and a lack of data regarding how light PA and/or impact activity influences bone outcomes. The current evidence suggests that objectively measured MVPA is positively associated with bone outcomes in children and adolescents, especially in males. However, inconsistencies in methodology make it difficult to determine the amount and type of PA that leads to favorable bone outcomes. Given that the majority of research has been conducted in Caucasian adolescents, further research is needed in minority populations.

Assessment of quality of markers of myocardial damage using sigmametry

The purpose. To evaluate study quality markers of myocardial damage using Sigmametry.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in a Federal Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery. Data were collected in 2017–2018. Daily there controlled the following indicators: high-sensitivity troponin T, myoglobin, the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase. The study was performed on an automatic immunochemical electrochemiluminescence analyzer cobas e411. The sigmametry values were calculated using CV (coefficient of variation), systematic error (bias), and total analytical error (TEmax).Results. The analysis of the quality of laboratory studies using the calculation of sigma values in 2017 revealed: sigma values less than 4 are noted in the study of the second level of the control material for highly sensitive troponin T, at the same time in the study of the first level of the control material sigma values more than 4 and amounted to 6.26. Analysis of the quality of laboratory studies in 2018, showed the following: the values of sigma is less than 4 it is noted in the study of the first level of the control material at a fraction of MB – creatine phosphokinase, at the same time in the study of level 2 control material values of sigma greater than 4, and amounted to 4.14.Conclusions. Оn the basis of sigmametry (calculation of sigma values) changes in the tactics of intralaboratory analysis were held, what allowed to improve the quality of laboratory studies.

Relations between information flow and information behaviour of users in formal organizations

O presente artigo busca identificar na literatura como se dão as relações entre fluxo de informação e comportamento informacional de usuários em organizações formais. Foi realizada uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura (RSL) com intuito de responder duas questões de pesquisa definidas, por meio de um rigoroso protocolo, que contemplou a identificação da pesquisa, a seleção dos estudos, avaliação da qualidade dos estudos, extração e síntese dos dados. O método possibilita a replicação do processo e consequente verificação pelos pares. Permitiu identificar nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e Google Scholar um total de 486 estudos, que após a aplicação dos critérios de seleção, resultou em cinco estudos aprovados que relacionam os conceitos de fluxo de informação e de comportamento informacional em organizações. Destes estudos aprovados, três apresentam interferências diretas entre fluxo e comportamento. Embora nenhum estudo aprovado cite o conceito de organização formal, inferiu-se que alguns estudos ao tratarem de empresas e seus respectivos setores estão de forma implícita abordando organizações formais. Conclui-se que das cinco publicações que atendiam ao objetivo proposto, três abordam o fluxo de informação como elemento passível de influenciar ou de sofrer influência do comportamento informacional em organizações. Os demais estudos aprovados não apresentam claramente interferências entre fluxo e comportamento informacional. Eles focam exclusivamente em um determinado conceito, ou somente em fluxo ou somente em comportamento.

Effect of advanced nursing care on psychological condition in patients with chronic heart failure: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:This study will appraise the effect and safety of advanced nursing care (ANC) on psychological condition (PC) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).Methods:The following databases will be sought from the beginning up to the February 29, 2020: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, the Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. There are not language and publication status limitations related to any electronic databases. In addition, we will also identify conference proceedings, reference lists of included studies, and websites of clinical trials registry. Two reviewers will separately carry out study selection, data extraction, and study quality evaluation. Any inconsistencies will be solved by a third reviewer through discussion. RevMan 5.3 software will be utilized to carry out statistical analysis.Results:This study will comprehensively summarize all potential evidence to systematically address the effects and safety of ANC on PC in patients with CHF.Conclusion:The findings of the present study will help to determine whether ANC is effective or not on PC in patients with CHF.Study registration number:INPLASY202040077.

Effectiveness of acupuncture combined mecobalamin in the treatment of elderly diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Although previous studies have reported the effectiveness of acupuncture combined mecobalamin (AM) in the treatment of elderly diabetic peripheral neuropathy (EDPN), no systematic study has assessed its effectiveness and safety. Thus, this study will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of AM for the treatment of patients with EDPN.Methods:Bibliographic electronic databases will be searched as follows: Cochrane Library, PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, WANGFANG, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All of them will be searched from each database initial to March 1, 2020 without language restrictions. All study selection, information extracted, and study quality evaluation will be performed by 2 independent authors. Any disagreements between 2 authors will be resolved by a third author via discussion. RevMan 5.3 software will be used for data pooling and meta-analysis performance if it is possible.Results:This study will provide synthesis of current evidence of AM for patients with EDPN through primary outcome of glycemic profile, and secondary of neuropathic pain intensity, plantar tactile sensitivity, sensory nerve conduction velocity and motor nerve conduction velocity, health-related quality of life, and adverse events.Conclusion:This study will provide helpful reference for the efficacy and safety of AM for the treatment of patients with EDPN to the clinicians and further studies.Study registration number: INPLASY202040094.

Effect and safety of Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu Decoction and Erxian Decoction in the treatment of frozen shoulder: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect and safety of Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu Decoction (HGWD) and Erxian Decoction (EXD) in the treatment of frozen shoulder (FS).Methods:We will compressively search potential randomized controlled trials from electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will search all of them from inception of each electronic database up to the present without language limitations. Two researchers will conduct selection of study, data extraction, and study quality evaluation independently. Study quality will be identified using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Statistical analysis will be performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:This study will summarize high quality evidence of randomized controlled trials on exploring the effect and safety of HGWD and EXD in the treatment of FS.Conclusions:The results of this study will provide helpful evidence of the effect and safety of HGWD and EXD in the treatment of FS to facilitate the clinical practice and guideline development.Study registration number:INPLASY202040070.

30 Years of soft interventions to reduce car use – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Soft travel interventions are generally regarded as effective measures for reducing personal car use. However, doubts about the validity of such claims are raised, primarily fueled by the low methodological quality of evaluation studies upon which such conclusions are based and by the fact that the literature is, for the most part, narratively synthesized. The present systematic review addresses these critiques by investigating the effect of soft interventions on car use through a meta-analysis, which includes only experimental and well-controlled quasi-experimental studies. Results revealed that interventions (k = 41) lead to a significant reduction of 7% in car modal split share (Hedges’ g = 0.163). Moderators of interventions’ effectiveness were investigated in a meta-regression. Effectiveness was moderated by the type of intervention and by the main psychological variable targeted by the interventions, whereas the other studied moderators (i.e. residential relocation of participants, study design, percentage of females in the study, the presence of incentives, passed time to follow-up, interventions’ measurement instrument, city size in which interventions were applied and the setting where they were conducted) were non-significant. Limitations of the present findings, together with implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Nasal nebulization inhalation of budesonide for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (CRNP) is a common public health concern for general population, and is thought to negatively impact their quality of life. Although previous studies have reported that nasal nebulization inhalation of budesonide (NNIB) can benefit patients with such condition, its conclusions are still inconsistent. Thus, this study will assess the efficacy and safety of NNIB for the treatment of CRNP. To identify any associated studies, we will comprehensively and systematically search Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will search all electronic databases from inception to the present with no limitations of language and publication status. Two independent reviewers will undertake selection of study, data collection, and study quality evaluation, respectively. Another reviewer will help to settle down any different opinions between both of them. Study quality will be checked using Cochrane risk of bias tool, and statistical analysis will be performed using RevMan 5.3 software. This study will assess the efficacy and safety of NNIB for the treatment of CRNP through assessing primary outcomes of nasal symptoms and polyp sizes, and secondary outcomes of serum cortisol levels, health-related quality of life, and any expected and unexpected adverse events. The results of this study will summarize the up-to-date evidence on assessing the efficacy and safety of NNIB for the treatment of CRNP. INPLASY202040108.

Challenges Experienced by Family Caregivers of the Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients in Korea: An Integrative Review.

Consistent with global trends, population aging in South Korea is necessitating increasing admissions to intensive care units (ICU). This integrative review describes the challenges experienced by family caregivers of ICU patients in South Korea and evaluates relevant intervention studies. Using Whittemore and Knafl's methods, we identify and synthesize findings from 20 (14 descriptive and 6 experimental design) articles and evaluate study quality. South Korean ICU family caregivers reported challenges such as feelings of powerlessness and vulnerability, difficulty in maintaining their own health and well-being, and mixed feelings regarding patients' transition to the general ward. Intervention studies, which were based on quasi-experimental design, examined modified visiting hours, information provision strategies, nurse-led transitional care programs, and educational support. Findings highlight the current state of the science in this topic area in South Korea. Future studies should use more robust methods, such as longitudinal cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.

The Current Situation and Prospect Of Study Quality Evaluation Research in China in The Last 10 Years

With the deepening of China's educational reform, the evaluation of teaching quality has become an important aspect of teaching reform.And the evaluation of students'learning quality is an important part of teaching evaluation. Research on it will help to improve the teaching quality of our country and promote the overall improvement of students' morality, intelligence, physical fitness and beauty.Therefore, this study takes 108 literatures related to the study of learning quality evaluation in China as the research object, uses content analysis method, carries out statistical analysis on the annual number of literatures, Journal distribution, author status, paper influence, research content, etc., analyzes the current situation and existing problems of the study of learning quality evaluation in China, and puts forward the need for further deepening.On the basis of these questions, possible future research directions are proposed.

A Systematic Review of Methodological Variation in Healthcare Provider Perspective Tuberculosis Costing Papers Conducted in Low- and Middle-Income Settings, Using An Intervention-Standardised Unit Cost Typology.

BackgroundThere is a need for easily accessible tuberculosis unit cost data, as well as an understanding of the variability of methods used and reporting standards of that data.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to descriptively review papers reporting tuberculosis unit costs from a healthcare provider perspective looking at methodological variation; to assess quality using a study quality rating system and machine learning to investigate the indicators of reporting quality; and to identify the data gaps to inform standardised tuberculosis unit cost collection and consistent principles for reporting going forward.MethodsWe searched grey and published literature in five sources and eight databases, respectively, using search terms linked to cost, tuberculosis and tuberculosis health services including tuberculosis treatment and prevention. For inclusion, the papers needed to contain empirical unit cost estimates for tuberculosis interventions from low- and middle-income countries, with reference years between 1990 and 2018. A total of 21,691 papers were found and screened in a phased manner. Data were extracted from the eligible papers into a detailed Microsoft Excel tool, extensively cleaned and analysed with R software (R Project, Vienna, Austria) using the user interface of RStudio. A study quality rating was applied to the reviewed papers based on the inclusion or omission of a selection of variables and their relative importance. Following this, machine learning using a recursive partitioning method was utilised to construct a classification tree to assess the reporting quality.ResultsThis systematic review included 103 provider perspective papers with 627 unit costs (costs not presented here) for tuberculosis interventions among a total of 140 variables. The interventions covered were active, passive and intensified case finding; tuberculosis treatment; above-service costs; and tuberculosis prevention. Passive case finding is the detection of tuberculosis cases where individuals self-identify at health facilities; active case finding is detection of cases of those not in health facilities, such as through outreach; and intensified case finding is detection of cases in high-risk populations. There was heterogeneity in some of the reported methods used such cost allocation, amortisation and the use of top-down, bottom-up or mixed approaches to the costing. Uncertainty checking through sensitivity analysis was only reported on by half of the papers (54%), while purposive and convenience sampling was reported by 72% of papers. Machine learning indicated that reporting on ‘Intervention’ (in particular), ‘Urbanicity’ and ‘Site Sampling’, were the most likely indicators of quality of reporting. The largest data gap identified was for tuberculosis vaccination cost data, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine in particular. There is a gap in available unit costs for 12 of 30 high tuberculosis burden countries, as well as for the interventions of above-service costs, tuberculosis prevention, and active and intensified case finding.ConclusionVariability in the methods and reporting used makes comparison difficult and makes it hard for decision makers to know which unit costs they can trust. The study quality rating system used in this review as well as the classification tree enable focus on specific reporting aspects that should improve variability and increase confidence in unit costs. Researchers should endeavour to be explicit and transparent in how they cost interventions following the principles as laid out in the Global Health Cost Consortium’s Reference Case for Estimating the Costs of Global Health Services and Interventions, which in turn will lead to repeatability, comparability and enhanced learning from others.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40273-020-00910-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.