Evaluation Of Water Quality Research Articles

AO-SVM: a machine learning model for predicting water quality in the cauvery river

Water pollution is a significant cause of death globally, resulting in 1.8 million deaths annually due to waterborne diseases. Assessing water quality is a complex process that involves identifying contaminants in water sources and determining whether it is safe for human consumption. In this study, we utilized the Cauvery River dataset to develop a model for evaluating water quality. The aim of our research was to proficiently perform feature selection and classification tasks. We introduced a novel technique called the Aquila Optimization Support Vector Machine (AO-SVM), an advanced and effective machine learning system for predicting water quality. Here SVM is used for the classification, and the Aquila algorithm is used for optimizing SVM. The results show that the proposed method achieved a maximum accuracy rate of 96.3%, an execution time of 0.75 s, a precision of 93.9%, a recall rate of 95.1%, and an F1-Score value of 94.7%. The suggested AO-SVM model outperformed all other existing classification models regarding classification accuracy and other parameters.

Artificial Intelligence for Application in Water Engineering: The Use of ANN to Determine Water Quality Index in Rivers

To improve water quality, total daily loads must be established, and this requires determining the quality of the water in rivers, storage tanks, ponds, and coastal areas. Current methods to evaluate water quality involve the collection of water samples for subsequent laboratory analysis. Although these technologies offer precise measurements for a specific location and time, they are expensive, time-consuming, and do not provide the continuous, temporal, or spatial conditions of water quality that are required for managing, assessing, and monitoring water quality. In order to calculate the water quality, the water quality index is modeled using artificial neural network models that incorporate feedforward neural network backpropagation neural networks and radial neural networks. The water quality index of Malaysia’s Klang River was determined by training the artificial network using six major sub-quality parameters. Compared to the current method, the artificial neural network simplifies and expedites the computation of the water quality index. The artificial neural network method could provide a significant saving in terms of money and time while offering a robust assessment of water quality. The proposed method could also be used as an early warning system for pollution of water bodies. The best artificial neural network was the feedforward neural network with one hidden layer containing 5 neurons. Furthermore, conventional approaches for calculating the water quality index rely on empirical equations, often introducing a high degree of approximation and uncertainty into the results. Moreover, these equations cannot be applied when some parameters are not measured. In contrast, the artificial neural network methods and technique offer an efficient and straightforward process for estimating and creating prediction models for water quality index. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-07-012 Full Text: PDF

Evaluating Water Quality of the Tigris River in the Qayyarah District/ Nineveh/ Iraq Through the Concentrations of Some Heavy metals and Some Limnological Parameters

Evaluating Water Quality of the Tigris River in the Qayyarah District/ Nineveh/ Iraq Through the Concentrations of Some Heavy metals and Some Limnological Parameters

Evaluation of the Water Quality of Nakdong River Using the Real-time Water Quality Index

Recently, the influx of pollutants into rivers has increased owing to the impacts of climate and environmental change, consequently accelerating the pollution of river ecosystems and aquatic habitats. Consequently, river water quality must be precisely assessed to facilitate effective management strategies by discerning different aspects of water quality deterioration and enhancement and by identifying and regulating river contaminants. Understanding water quality at a cursory glance is highly challenging, particularly for individuals lacking expertise in water pollution assessment. Hence, the present investigation utilized a domestically developed real-time water quality index (RT-WQI) to scrutinize the water quality attributes at 12 specific locations within the total pollution quantity monitoring network situated in the main channel of the Nakdong River system to render the water quality of the river easily comprehensible even to non-specialists. Furthermore, an attempt was made to detect patterns by applying the Mann–Kendall test and locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) using the index values for water quality assessment. To achieve this aim, extensive water quality data (averaged on a monthly basis) spanning 2004–2022 were obtained from the Water Environment Information System of the Ministry of Environment (https://water.nier.go.kr). The gathered date were then subjected to computation of descriptive statistics for individual water quality parameters to delineate the distinctive features of water quality. This study anticipates that the evaluation of water quality across diverse river systems in the future will facilitate the identification of highly polluted rivers and confirm their trends, thereby providing fundamental data for the management of river basins and the formulation of water quality policies.

Health and Environmental Impact of Xenobiotics in Water Quality Evaluation: A Review

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This review presents a comprehensive categorization and impact analysis of xenobiotics on humans, animals, and the environment, providing a novel synthesis of current knowledge in this field. It details the diverse sources of xenobiotics, such as microplastics and pesticides, and their pervasive presence in various environmental compartments, highlighting the significant issue of surface runoff contributing to pesticide residue in surface waters. Additionally, the review innovatively integrates a discussion on advanced detection and removal techniques, including cutting-edge chromatographic methods and bioremediation strategies, offering a holistic approach to understanding and managing xenobiotic pollutants. Full Abstract Xenobiotics are compounds or chemicals to which an organism is exposed, usually in large concentrations that are inessential to the regular pattern of metabolism of that organism. This review emphasised the categorization and impact of xenobiotics on people, animals, and the environment. It also gave a general overview of the process of discharging and detecting xenobiotics and their potential environmental fates. A chart of xenobiotic categories was also provided, including industrial products, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care items, and radioactive waste. Microplastics and pesticides were discussed as xenobiotic chemicals commonly found in freshwater bodies; similarly, the impact of creating substances such as personal care products, medicinal chemicals, and insecticides through technology was discussed as the source of xenobiotics. Additionally, a thorough description of how pesticide pollution affects common environmental compartments such as soils, streambed sediment, groundwater, and surface water is provided since surface runoff accounts for more than 10% of pesticide residue in surface rivers. Effective techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC/MS, and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) along with diverse chromatographic techniques were also discussed as techniques for the analysis of xenobiotics. These techniques are often paired with state-of-the-art detection techniques like high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Highlighted as well were techniques for the removal of xenobiotics using membrane processes, improved oxidation processes, engineered wetlands, photocatalytic degradation, biotransformation, bioremediation, photo-remediation, adsorption, and bioremediation to decrease the side effects.

Evaluation of Groundwater Security under Engineering Environment in Geda Township Area,Tibe

Water body is one of the important factors of engineering spatial structure, and also the carrier of spatial activities. The Tibetan Plateau is known as the “third pole in the world”. It has a special geographical location and a large number of projects for engineering infrastructure. Therefore, how to build various major and large-scale projects under the plateau environment needs to be further strengthened to the importance of water bodies. In this paper, through the geological conditions in Geda Township, Tibet, Analysis and performance of water mechanism in the area, through the field discovery, The water direction in the survey area is controlled by the structure and terrain; at the same time, the project water supply guarantee is mainly for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of water quality and quantity information, the water supply guarantee of the investigation area is mainly divided into surface water supply water guarantee and groundwater water supply guarantee. This paper describes the relevant content of groundwater protection, through the field investigation and field water quality collection, the basic situation in the investigation area is that: the groundwater quality is generally superior to that of the surface water, especially more than Jilin spring water, better water quality and larger amount of water; It is of guiding significance to water quality investigation and geological engineering construction in other areas.

Hubungan Kepadatan Gafrarium pecinatum dengan Kualitas Perairan di Perairan Pengudang dan Perairan Dompak, Tanjungpinang Provinsi Kepulauan Riau

This study aims to analyze the relationship between macrozoobenthos Gafrarium pecinatum density and water quality at two water stations determined based on the turbidity of the research location on Sunday, May 26, 2024 in Pengudang waters and Monday, May 27, 2024 in Dompak waters. Field data analysis was carried out in the Marine Biology laboratory of the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries UMRAH. This study used a random sampling method with sample collection carried out at two predetermined research stations. The results showed that Gafrarium pecinatum is a macrozoobenthos species found in both research locations, with differences in the number of individuals between stations. Evaluation of water quality showed that most of the chemical and physical parameters were still within the established quality standard limits, but the temperature parameter at station 2 slightly exceeded the quality standard limits. Nonetheless, the water conditions at both sites can still be considered suitable to support the life of marine biota. Further monitoring is required to maintain the sustainability of the coastal ecosystem.

Comparative evaluation of spatiotemporal variations of surface water quality using water quality indices and GIS

AbstractThere is a need for a comprehensive comparative analysis of spatiotemporal variations in surface water quality, particularly in regions facing multiple pollution sources. While previous research has explored the use of individual water quality indices (WQIs), there is limited understanding of how different WQIs perform in assessing water quality dynamics in complex environmental settings. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of three WQIs (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and System for Evaluation of the Quality of rivers (SEQ-Eau) and a national water quality regulation in assessing water quality dynamics. The pilot study area is the Acısu Creek in Antalya City of Turkey, where agricultural practices and discharge of treated wastewater effluents impair the water quality. A year-long intensive monitoring study was conducted includig on-site measurements, analysis of numerous physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. The CCME and SEQ-Eau indices classified water quality as excellent/good at the upstream, gradually deteriorating to very poor downstream, showing a strong correlation. However, the NSF index displayed less accuracy in evaluating water quality for certain monitoring stations/sessions due to eclipsing and rigidity problems. The regulatory approach, which categorized water quality as either moderate or good for different sampling sessions/stations, was also found less accurate. The novelty of this study lies in its holistic approach to identify methodological considerations that influence the performance of WQIs. Incorporating statistical analysis, artificial intelligence or multi-criteria decision-making methods into WQIs is recommended for enhanced surface water quality assessment and management strategies.

A new quadrant constellation graph-based water quality index and map

Water quality (WQ) evaluation is very important issue in human health and environment management. Many WQ evaluation (WQE) methods based on statistical methods and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods have been developed and used. The common drawback is that they lack in visualization/intuitiveness of the WQE results. They evaluate the WQ level only quantitatively. To intuitively represent the WQ level, the previous WQE methods have applied some additional graphical methods such as concentration/distribution/contour maps combined with complicated interpolation techniques based on geographic information system. The objective of this research is to develop a new effective approach to evaluate the WQ level not only quantitatively but also intuitively without requiring additional complicated graphical technique. To do this, we proposed a new quadrant constellation graph-based water quality index (QCG-WQI) and map (QCG-WQM). The QCG-WQI evaluates the WQ level quantitatively, and QCG-WQM evaluates the WQ level intuitively. To demonstrate the effectiveness, three illustration cases were considered and compared with the results from some well-known MCDM methods. The results demonstrate that the new approach is very effective intuitive and quantitative WQE tool. It could be widely applied to not only WQE and environmental evaluation but also MCDM problems in many physical research works.

Assessing and predicting water quality index with key water parameters by machine learning models in coastal cities, China

The water quality index (WQI) is a widely used tool for comprehensive assessment of river environments. However, its calculation involves numerous water quality parameters, making sample collection and laboratory analysis time-consuming and costly. This study aimed to identify key water parameters and the most reliable prediction models that could provide maximum accuracy using minimal indicators. Water quality from 2020 to 2023 were collected including nine biophysical and chemical indicators in seventeen rivers in Yancheng and Nantong, two coastal cities in Jiangsu Province, China, adjacent to the Yellow Sea. Linear regression and seven machine learning models (Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB)) were developed to predict WQI using different groups of input variables based on correlation analysis. The results indicated that water quality improved from 2020 to 2022 but deteriorated in 2023, with inland stations exhibiting better conditions than coastal ones, particularly in terms of turbidity and nutrients. The water environment was comparatively better in Nantong than in Yancheng, with mean WQI values of approximately 55.3–72.0 and 56.4–67.3, respectively. The classifications "Good" and "Medium" accounted for 80 % of the records, with no instances of "Excellent" and 2 % classified as "Bad". The performance of all prediction models, except for SOM, improved with the addition of input variables, achieving R2 values higher than 0.99 in models such as SVM, RF, XGB, and SGB. The most reliable models were RF and XGB with key parameters of total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (AN), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (R2 = 0.98 and 0.91 for training and testing phase) for predicting WQI values, and RF using TP and AN (accuracy higher than 85 %) for WQI grades. The prediction accuracy for "Medium" and "Low" water quality grades was highest at 90 %, followed by the "Good" level at 70 %. The model results could contribute to efficient water quality evaluation by identifying key water parameters and facilitating effective water quality management in river basins.

Polyamide 6 microplastics as carriers led to changes in the fate of bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate in drinking water distribution systems: The role of adsorption and interfacial partitioning

Microplastics (MPs) co-exist with plastic additives and other emerging pollutants in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Due to their strong adsorption capacity, MPs may influence the occurrence of additives in DWDSs. The article investigated the occurrence of typical additives bisphenol A (BPA) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in DWDSs under the influence of polyamide 6 (PA6) MPs and further discussed the partitioning of BPA/DBP on PA6s, filling a research gap regarding the impact of adsorption between contaminants on their occurrence within DWDSs. In this study, adsorption experiments of BPA/DBP with PA6s and pipe scales were conducted and their interaction mechanisms were investigated. Competitive adsorption experiments of BPA/DBP were also carried out with site energy distribution theory (SEDT) calculations. The results demonstrated that PA6s might contribute to the accumulation of BPA/DBP on pipe scales. The adsorption efficiencies of BPA/DBP with both PA6s and pipe scales were 26.47 and 2.61 times higher than those with only pipe scales. It was noteworthy that BPA had a synergistic effect on the adsorption of DBP on PA6s, resulting in a 26.47 % increase in DBP adsorption. The article provides valuable insights for the compounding effect of different types of additives in water quality monitoring and evaluation.

Ecological restoration for eutrophication mitigation in urban interconnected water bodies: Evaluation, variability and strategy

Many urban water bodies grapple with low flow flux and weak hydrodynamics. To address these issues, projects have been implemented to form integrated urban water bodies via interconnecting artificial lake or ponds with rivers, but causing pollution accumulation downstream and eutrophication. Despite it is crucial to assess eutrophication, research on this topic in urban interconnected water bodies is limited, particularly regarding variability and feasible strategies for remediation. This study focused on the Loucun river in Shenzhen, comprising an pond, river and artificial lake, evaluating water quality changes pre-(post-)ecological remediation and establishing a new method for evaluating the water quality index (WQI). The underwater forest project, involving basement improvement, vegetation restoration, and aquatic augmentation, in the artificial lake significantly reduced total nitrogen (by 43.58%), total phosphorus (by 79.17%) and algae density (by 36.90%) compared to pre-remediation, effectively controlling algal bloom. Rainfall, acting as a variable factor, exacerbated downstream nutrient accumulation, increasing total phosphorus by 4.56 times and ammonia nitrogen by 1.30 times compared to the dry season, and leading to algal blooms in the non-restoration pond. The improved WQI method effectively assesses water quality status. The interconnected water body exhibits obvious nutrient accumulation in downstream regions. A combined strategy that reducing nutrient and augmenting flux was verified to alleviate accumulation of nutrients downstream. This study provides valuable insights into pollution management strategies for interconnected pond-river-lake water bodies, offering significant reference for nutrient mitigation in such urban water bodies.

Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion.

Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by-product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by-product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by-product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics.

Water Geochemistry and Inorganic Quality: Case of the Lower Rusizi Plain Aquifer, North-Western Burundi

The present study area is an alluvial plain consisting of fine clayey sand and coarse sand with mixed lithology. In September 2018, a water sampling campaign was carried out in 28 wells spread all over the plain. The interpretation of the results from the physicochemical analysis allows determination of the hydrogeochemical behaviour and quality of the groundwater sampled in this plain. The spatial distribution of physical and chemical parameters reveals a clear demarcation between the east and the west of the study area. Water samples from wells located in the western part of the plain show a high mineralisation with high electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Water samples from the southern and eastern parts show intermediate to low mineralisation. Graphical representations of chemical analysis in the Piper diagrams reveal that the groundwater in the study area can be classified into five families. The evaluation of water quality shows that concentration values of some ions like Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3− and SO42− are generally high in the western part of the plain along the Rusizi River with very high values particularly observed in the Rusizi delta.

Impact of coal energy development on the surrounding environmental water resources carrying capacity

In coal mining, water resources are consumed and destroyed. This study focuses on the water bodies in a coal base and analyzes the pollution caused by coal energy development in the area. By examining the current situation of coal energy development and coal industry, combined with the actual conditions in Northern Shaanxi, the detrimental effects of energy development pollution on water resource carrying capacity and the importance of protecting water resource carrying capacity are investigated. The findings indicate that river pollution is significant based on water quality evaluations of the 10 rivers in the coal base. The reservoir in northern Shaanxi has also been contaminated, with serious groundwater pollution observed. Recommendations are made to enhance laws for water resource protection, aiming to support the rational use and optimal allocation of water resources.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Sustainability of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation and the Municipal Uses in Karbala Province

This study was conducted to assess the quality of treated wastewater from the wastewater treatment project in Karbala. and its reuse for irrigation and municipal by Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). Samples were collected periodically with three replications from (Dec. 2021 –Jul.2022). The results showed that the water was characterized by high salinity, TDS, TSS, total hardness, EC, and turbidity, which were recorded at 2039 -3739 mg/l; 1030-2640; 30-48 mg.L-1. 3740 -2040 µs/cm and 3.17 -8.5 NTU respectively, major cations and anions (Cl-, PO4-3, NO3-, S2O4-2 and K+) exceed significantly to (57-380; 0.003-4.99; 8.63-44.25; 453-1340; 4.537) mg. L-1, sodicity index (SAR, Na+ and Sodium percentage ratio) and magnesium hazard, were detected 0.59 – 4.89; 138-447.5 12.98-43.76), Water can be classed depending on that as a permit to good. However, it’s categorized as marginal-fair according to the CCME Water quality index, especially in the far station from the plant water. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed depending on its effect on the value of the index, where the first group PCA1 recorded the largest proportion (35.26%) and includes dissolved solids, EC, salinity, Na, SAR, Na%, alkalinity, SO4, pH, DO, BOD5 Mg risk of magnesium. The second group, PCA2, with the lowest percentage (18.78%), was represented by temperature, Ca+2, total hardness, K, Cl, PO4, NO3, TSS, and turbidity. This water is a wealth that can be exploited in the cultivation of the desert adjacent to Karbala governorate, and by adopting different methods to reduce the effect of salinity.

Evaluation of Water Quality from the Zimny Sztok Spring (Southern Poland)—Preliminary Results

Enabling citizens to have access to good-quality water is an important challenge in the 21st century. Water quality in springs located in urban areas may deteriorate as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water in springs is influenced not only by rock weathering, evapotranspiration and climate change but also by the lack of sustainable resource use. Anthropogenic activities, including industrial and domestic and agricultural activities, may not only lead to an increase in pollutants such as nitrates, chlorides and heavy metals but also to the development of dangerous bacteria. Research on water quality was conducted in two series of measurements at the Zimny Sztok spring (southern Poland), located in an urban space. The results of the analyses indicate that the waters of this spring, despite anthropogenic pressure, exceeded the permissible values for drinking water only in terms of the total number of microorganisms. Unfortunately, this was not confirmed by Water Quality Index (WQI) values. These were approximately equal to 99 in the first measurement series and about 41 in the second series. Maintaining appropriate water quality is one of the goals of rational water management, and the constant control of selected parameters in the water falls within the scope of the concept of smart city/smart water. The example of this spring shows that the water was used by residents without information about its current physicochemical parameters and bacteriological composition. This problem can be solved in the future by implementing a monitoring system for this point. The aim of this work was to examine the quality of water in the spring, use the WQI to determine the potential risks and present the general problem of people consuming water from urban sources without knowing about their parameters.

Evaluation of Boiler Feed Water Quality in Tofu Industry UD. FIT in Bocek Village

The UD FIT industry, situated in Bocek Village, Karangploso District, operates as a tofu factory employing modern equipment, including a fire tube boiler. The quality of feed water utilized in the boiler is essential for optimizing its efficiency. This study aimed to analyze the boiler feed water sourced from household wells at UD FIT's tofu factory, using various indicators such as turbidity, iron content, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and pH levels. The test results revealed a temperature of 26°C, TDS of 253 mg/L, turbidity of 4.74 NTU, iron content of 1.123 mg/L, hardness of 180.5 mg/L, and pH of 7.89, with no detectable odor, color, or taste. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the boiler feed water utilized by UD FIT generally meet the quality standards, except for the pH parameter, which is not in accordance with the standard.

Pendampingan Masyarakat Peduli Ekowisata Mangrove di Kawasan Mangrove Tanjung Batu, Kecamatan Sekotong, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Assistance to people who care about mangrove ecotourism in mangrove areas is one of the monitoring and evaluation activities to maintain sustainability and increase the effectiveness of ecotourism programs in mangrove areas. The aim of community service activities in the Tanjung Batu mangrove ecotourism area, Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency is a follow-up to the urgency and relevance of the community assistance program caring for mangrove ecotourism in the mangrove area as a strategic step in maintaining the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem which can improve the welfare of the local community. This service method is carried out through a process of mentoring and community empowerment through several stages, namely: field surveys, interviews, discussions, and formulating solutions for sustainable mangrove ecotourism. The results of service activities show that the Tanjung Batu mangrove ecotourism area, Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency is in good condition with facilities and infrastructure to support tourism activities. Improving the quality of management of mangrove ecotourism areas can be carried out through a strategy of regular monitoring and evaluation of environmental (water) quality conditions, management, organizational structure (pokdarwis), and evaluation of ecotourism management, and involving community participation in sustainable management of Tanjung Batu mangrove ecotourism.

Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors and Water Quality Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Kono, Sierra Leone

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water and is considered an imperative component of the accessible water assets across Sierra Leone and many parts of the world. The degradation of groundwater can jeopardize drinking water availability and human health. 29 groundwater monitoring samples with 16 water quality parameters were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, Piper plots, Arc GIS spatial interpolation, Gibbs plots, ion ratio analysis, Wilcox diagram, water quality index (WQI), and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) were used to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics, controlling factors and evaluate the groundwater quality in the study area. The results revealed that the groundwater mean concentration of NO3− in the mining concession was 34.00 mg/L which was above the permissible limit, Ca2+ and HCO3− are higher in the Koidu community compared to the mining concession water, indicating weakly alkaline with dominant anions and cations of HCO3− and Na+ + K+ respectively, and the hydrochemical types were mainly HCO3−·Ca2+ and HCO3− ·Na+. The order of anion concentration in groundwater was HCO3− > NO3− > SO42− > Cl− and HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl− in the mining concession and the Koidu community respectively. Cations were Ca2+ > Na+, K+ > Mg2+ > Fe²⁺, and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe²⁺ in the mining concession and the Koidu community respectively. The interpretation of WQI and EWQI analysis exhibits 55.17% excellent, 17.24% good, 20.69% medium, 6.90% very poor, and 27.59% excellent, 24.14% good, 34.48% medium, 3.45% poor, and 10.34% very poor water respectively. Most of the sampling sites display similar trends to the WQI and EWQI. The solute source of groundwater was mainly controlled by water-rock interaction, cation exchange and the weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks were jointly the main contributors to the formation of the chemical components of groundwater in the study area, among which the main controlling factors of the groundwater were leaching, precipitate concentration and anthropogenic activities, and sulfate rock and carbonate rock dissolution. The overall water quality in the study area was suitable for human consumption but was polluted to an insignificant extent by mining activities. This study provides theoretical support and a decision-making basis for developing, utilizing, and protecting water resources in the study area.