Evacuation Sites Research Articles

Організація відбору поранених і хворих способи оптимального комплектування пацієнтами повітряних суден для підвищення ефективності аеромедичної евакуації

SummaryThe article is dedicated to organizational aspects of aeromedical evacuation,namely the process of selecting patients for evacuation by air with the most effectiveway of using evacuation sites. It is established that in Ukraine such patients areclassified according to their position during the evacuation: sitting/lying down, as wellas on the degree of severity: minor, moderate, severe, which does not provide us withnecessary information about rational use of aircraft evacuation capacity, safety of thepatients in case of emergency, and their needs for proper in-flight intensive care.The organizers of the aeromedical evacuation, in order to rational use theevacuation capacity of the aircraft, should note how quickly patient should beevacuated, which specialists should be involved, what medical equipment is needed toperform the mission, how the patient should be loaded on board and who will evacuatehim in the case of emergency. To resolve the above issues, it is necessary to use theallocation of patients to categories and classes, as well as to determine the priorities ofthe patients and how quickly they should be evacuated.For high-quality, fast and safe aeromedical evacuation, monitoring of all abovementioned features is necessary. This will increase the quality and efficiency oftransportation by the air.

The Meaning of “Visiting” and “Returning” from Evacuation Site in the Reconstruction Process from a Nuclear Disaster

本稿の目的は福島県南相馬市原町区を事例に，なぜ原発事故後に人びとは避難先から避難元に通い，帰ってきたのか，またそれはいかなる意味をもつのかを検討することである．本稿では原発事故被災者の〈生活構造の経時的変化〉を分析の視点に据え，「通うこと」や「帰ること」が被害からの回復や新たな環境への適応をめざす〈復興プロセス〉へといかに結びついているのかを明らかにした．中でもこのプロセスは，①生活構造の地域的固有性や歴史的連続性にもとづいており，「通い」「帰る」中ではこれらを再構築することがめざされていたこと，②都市部の早期帰還者と農村部の長期避難者との間で被害回復や適応のあり方は異なっていたが，これらの相互関連性によって成り立っていたこと，③「早期帰還」政策としての復興政策がいわば同等のものとして扱ってきた，避難指示解除・帰還・生活再建・復興との間に存在する断絶を埋めようとする営みとして現れていたこと，の3 点に特徴づけられていた．原発事故後の復興政策は，十分な制度的保障や復旧を抜きにした避難指示解除によって早期帰還／移住の二者択一を迫り，自力再建を強制したことで，生活の時間的・空間的断絶や災害前後の不連続性を生じさせてきた．しかし人びとは「通うこと」や「帰ること」でこれらをもう一度つなぎ直し，政府が強行しようとする「復興」や社会解体に抗う，〈復興プロセス〉を形成してきたのである．

Utilization of geospatial information for recovery and rehabilitation from the northern Kyushu heavy rainfall disaster in July 2017

Unexpected torrential rains have occurred recently due to global warming. There is “limits of public help” in such a disaster. Therefore, “self-help” and “mutual help” become more important to protect lives. Improving these helps enhances disaster resilience. The purpose of this research is to propose initiatives utilizing geospatial information in recovery and rehabilitation phases and to indicate the effects of using geospatial information in the initiatives. The initiatives have conducted for rehabilitation in Toho village, which was damaged by the Northern Kyushu Heavy Rainfall Disaster in July 2017. One initiative is formulating a rehabilitation plan. Meetings are held to reflect residents’ opinions to the plan; using the map is useful to collect and share the opinions. Residents could discuss concrete future visions by using a map, and the rehabilitation plan reflected the opinions of residents could be published. The other initiative is Risk Communication. Many kinds of geospatial information are collected in it, and the Risk Map is published. The map shows the dangerous places and evacuation sites, and residents could understand their location, then the map enhanced disaster resilience.

Earthquake vulnerability mapping in the at-risk Opak Fault, Sengon Village, Central Java, Indonesia

This study aims to perform vulnerability assessment in a detailed scale at villages adjacent to Opak fault, Central Java. The study took place in Sengon Village, Prambanan District, Klaten Regency. Sengon is located near Opak fault zone and experienced tremendous disaster in 2006. The method for vulnerability assessment in earthquake hazard used in this study involves three criteria, i.e. physical, social, and economic with various indicators within. The mapping unit are hamlet units, which more detailed than village unit. The result of physical vulnerability assessment in Sengon village was dominated by a medium level of vulnerability. Sengon village has clustered settlement characteristics and this is a type of rural village in Indonesia. The advantage of clustered settlements is that there is a large evacuation site in this case paddy fields. The socio-economic vulnerability indicates that the majority of Sengon village are informal workers. This will have a big impact if an earthquake occurs because there will be many people lose their income. The total vulnerability assessment shows that all levels of vulnerability are distributed similarly. The advantage of this study is helpful to determine the action for reducing vulnerability especially in the at-risk of earthquake hazard.

Search Methods for Evacuation Routes during Torrential Rain Disasters Using Genetic Algorithms and GIS

The present study aims to propose a method to search for the most appropriate evacuation routes that take calorie consumption required for evacuees to reach evacuation sites into consideration, by focusing on disasters caused by heavy rainfall, and using genetic algorithm (GA) and geographic information system (GIS). Specifically, GA was used to design and develop an evacuation route search algorithm and 4 parameters including the number of generations, mutation rate number of individuals and crossover rate were set by conducting sensitivity analyses. Additionally, GIS was also used to create road network data and contour data for digital maps and calculate the altitude of each crossover point. Based on these, the necessary calorie consumption to reach evacuation sites for each route was calculated, and that made it possible to derive the several evacuation routes with the small values unlike other methods. By using GA and GIS to suggest detailed evacuation routes, which take the necessary calories required to reach evacuation sites into consideration, it can be expected that the present study should contribute to the decision-making of evacuees. Additionally, as the method is based on public information, the method has high spatial and temporal repeatability. Because evacuation routes are proposed based on quantified data, the selected evacuation routes are quantitatively evaluated, and are an effective indicator for deciding on an evacuation route. Additionally, evacuation routes that accurately reflect current conditions can be derived by utilizing detailed information as data.

Exploring key issues related to tsunami shelter in Padang city – Indonesia

Padang is a city on the coast of Sumatra island in the province of West Sumatra that has the potential to be threatened from a tsunami originating from the Mentawai megathrust. Various attempts have been made by the Padang City Government to anticipate casualties if a tsunami really occurs. One such effort is in the form of building shelter or TES (Temporary Evacuation Sites). Unfortunately, until now the data on the capacity of existing shelter and the number of shelter needed have not been found. In addition, the maintenance of existing shelters has the potential to become a burden on the Padang city government budget. The Mayor of Padang once complained about the need for the budget to build and maintain the shelter building so that it could function properly when needed. Therefore it is necessary to conduct a study regarding the optimal amount of shelter and how to optimize its function. Determination of the optimal number of shelter begins by identifying factors that influence the determination of the location of the shelter through questionnaires and interviews. This study also examines the alternative use of shelter and maintenance techniques so that the constructed shelter can be effective and efficient according to its function but still economical or not a burden on the government budget.

Potensi Air Tanah Di Wilayah Pengungsian Erupsi Gunung Agung Bali

Gunung Agung is a stratovolcano type of volcano which has a height of 3,142 masl and is located in Karangasem Regency, Bali Province. At the end of 2017, Mount Agung's volcanic activity increased until it finally erupted several times in October to December. The government has prepared refuge pockets at the foot of Mount Agung, in areas that are not directly affected by eruption. There are 19 drilling plan points that will be carried out to meet the raw water needs at the evacuation site. This paper presents the groundwater recharge potential including the distribution of water sources, Hydrogeological conditions and the magnitude of groundwater recharge potential at hillside of Mount Agung and the surrounding area. The method used in this study is a field survey, calculation of potential recharge, analysis and evaluation of hydrogeological conditions, distribution of water sources and calculation of potential groundwater recharge. Groundwater at the foot of Mount Agung has the potential to be utilized and developed mainly to cover raw water needs in several refugee locations, namely in the Districts of Sidemen, Abang and Karangasem. The result of the analysis is that the largest groundwater potential is in Kubu Sub-District, namely 97,560,207 m3 / year, with a position that is relatively susceptible to primary hazards and secondary to Mount Agung eruption. For locations that are relatively safe and reachable in the area, they are in Tianyar, Sukadana, Baturinggit, Kubu, and Tulamben Villages, all of which are on the coast of the sea. These results are expected to be used by local governments in an effort to deal with the provision of water from the impact of the eruption of Mount Agung.

LAHAR RISK MAPPING OF BANAHAW VOLCANO, SOUTHERN LUZON USING LAHARZ

Banahaw Volcano is one of the 24 identified active volcanoes in the Philippines. With the growing population around its vicinity, it is important to produce hazard map and risk maps for Banahaw Volcano. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools could be utilized to determine the hazard areas in case of lahar flows. Risk assessment based on population of barangays can be determined using the Population Exposure Index (PEI), Population Risk Level (PRL) cohorts, and land area. Early versions of volcanic hazard maps were generated based on the information of type and extent of deposits, river channels and topography. This study explored the use of LaharZ as a tool in generating a hazard map for Banahaw Volcano which can be assessed for risks. Input parameters for the LaharZ include estimated volume, stream threshold, slope value, cone apex type and flow type. Risk assessment of the hazard map produced in LaharZ confirmed that a total of 18 municipalities and three cities, and 402 barangays for both Laguna and Quezon provinces could be affected by future syn--eruption type of lahar from Banahaw Volcano. Results also showed that the lahar flow paths could affect farther municipalities along the North--northwest, Northwest, Southwest and Southeast areas of Banahaw Volcano. A consideration for identification of possible evacuation sites and preparedness plans, and proper siting of critical facilities outside of the proximal hazard zone are highly recommended accompanied by conducting more comprehensive researches about Banahaw Volcano for additional resources that may have greater accuracy.

Understanding services from ecosystem and facilities provided by urban green spaces: A use of partial profile choice experiment

This study aims to understand the preferences regarding 15 services in ecosystem and facilities provided by urban green spaces using a partial profile choice experiment. The method is one type of discrete choice experiment in which researchers present respondents with only a subset of all the attributes under consideration. Therefore, it has the advantage of valuating large numbers of attributes simultaneously. In Northern Japan's Sapporo city area, which is the site of our study, the future vision for urban green spaces needs to be revised, and thus a valuation of the services from ecosystems and facilities provided by urban green spaces is necessary. The survey was conducted in December 2017 by a contracted research company. Respondents were members of the general public that were registered at the research company and live in the study site. The results showed that overall, services from the ecosystem were preferred over those from facilities. “Forming the landscape” and “Providing places to interact with the forest,” which are generally considered requirements of urban green spaces, were highly valuated, as were “Conserving biodiversity” and “Providing evacuation sites,” neither of which have been previously considered major services in the context of Japan's urban green space management. Finally, despite Japan's declining birth rate and aging population, “Providing facilities for the elderly” was valuated lower than “Providing facilities for children.”

Studi kapasitas masyarakat sebagai mekanisme bertahan menghadapi bencana banjir di Desa Sitiarjo, Kecamatan Sumbermanjing Wetan, Kabupaten Malang

The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of communities as a mechanism to withstand floods Sitiarjo Village, District Sumbermanjing Wetan. This research is descriptive qualitative. The research phase was divided into three, i.e: (1) pre-field observation; (2) field observation; (3) data processing. The method used in data collection is FGD (Focused Group Disscusion) and in-depth interviews. The results of the study indicate that the community has a strong capacity in social, cultural, economic and government aspects in dealing with floods. In the socio-cultural aspect, the community develops a local early warning system through titir and a communication chain involving the community along the Panguluran watershed armed with traditional technology, as well as the mutual development of a public evacuation site in the form of multi-storey buildings, in addition to every family capable of building terraced houses . In addition, the community has the capacity to survive in saving economic assets by creating plenggrongan and planting calendar systems for crisis management. Diversification of plants such as planting bananas and sengon for daily use and annual savings when agricultural land was destroyed by flood. DOI: 10.17977/um022v4i22019p082

Determining the Location of Shelters for Tsunami Evacuation Based on Service Area Analysis in Paseban Village, Kencong Sub-District, Jember District

In each earthquake and tsunami event, efforts to evacuate to a safe place are always the right choice. This is because after the earthquake, the damage caused is usually quite massive. There is little time to react in an evacuation effort to move to a place safe from the reach of the tsunami wave. This study aimed to identify areas affected by the tsunami and the number of people exposed. The data will be used to select the temporary evacuation points that can be used to protect oneself from tsunami waves. The evacuation point was done by the scoring method. The determining of evacuation points took into account the parameters of building functions, distance from shoreline, building area, altitude, number of building floors, distance from the road, and its capacity. The results of this study indicates that, the determining of evacuation sites greatly impacts the area and service areas for Temporary Evacuation Shelter (TES)

IMPLEMENTASI SEKOLAH SIAGA BENCANA PADA SMAN 2 RANAH PESISIR

SMAN 2 Pasisir is in the Red Zone position and the people there are still unfamiliar with safety in the event of an earthquake. We know that students are usually very panicked when there is an earthquake, but there is no knowledge given either from parents or teachers to children or students. For the need for the Implementation of Disaster Preparedness Schools in SMAN 2 Ranah Pesisir. The purpose of this study is to look at the implementation of a disaster preparedness school in the in SMAN 2 Ranah Pesisir, where the importance of students is to know a disaster preparedness school. Whereas in SMAN 2 Ranah Pesisir is very potential for earthquake and tsunami disasters because it is in the tsunami hazard zone, Coastal Area Public High School is in a radius of 1-2 KM if pulled straight from the shoreline. If there is a tsunami potential to be affected is very large because based on the condition of the school located in a very wide plain without any barrier waves such as buildings and buildings. The students 'knowledge about earthquake and tsunami mitigation as a whole is in the good category while the students' knowledge about the earthquake and tsunami disasters is in the sufficient category, this can be seen from the large frequency and percentage in the table above. Based on the evacuation path to TEA from in SMAN 2 Ranah Pesisir, students only ran straight towards TEA as far as 500 meters towards the hill. The tsunami evacuation route in in SMAN 2 Ranah Pesisir is still classified as inappropriate but the evacuation network has no barrier or obstruction to TEA. In addition, the distance from the settlement to the evacuation route and continued to the final evacuation site is sufficient, because the final tsunami evacuation site for people walking is approximately 30 minutes.

ANALISIS PERENCANAAN BUKIT BUATAN (ESCAPE HILL) TERHADAP TINGGI RUN UP UNTUK TEMPAT EVAKUASI SEMENTARA

As we know, there is still a lack of the optimal effort for temporary evacuation sites to face the various threats of the earthquake which may caused the tsunami in the city of Banda Aceh. To deal with this serious threat, it is necessary to prepare a place of salvation to face the tsunami. In this case, it is an escape hill. The objective of this research is to determine the bearing capacity of the subgrade to the escape hill planning and the amount of the settlement, due to the load of the embankment height (Hcrit) and the value of the slope safety factor (FK). This research is conducted in Desa Deah Baro with the GCS coordinates (Geographic Coordinate System) 5º33'45.72"N 95º17'51.34"E which was calculated by using the Plaxis 8.2 computing system on the variations of the embankment height which started from the existing which is 2,0 m height, 4,0 m, 6,0 m, 8,0 m, 10 m and 12 m (run-up performance). As the results of analysis, the researcher found that the addition of the load due to the increase in soil embankment height has resulted in an increase in the value of settlement to the soil stability with an average percentage of 2,86% and the safety factor decreasing value (FK) numbers on slopes with an average percentage of 0,10%. At 2,0 m embankment heights, the researcher obtained a settlement value of 0,271 cm with the safety factor value (FK) is 1,684 greater than 1. Furthermore, with the embankment height of 4,0 m, there is a settlement of 1,139 cm dan safety factor (FK) 1,365 greater than 1. At a embankment height of 6.0 m there is a settlement of 3,035 cm and a safety factor (FK) 1,214 greater than 1. At embankment heights of 8,0 m, the settlement is 6,244 cm with a safety factor (FK) 1,135 greater than 1. For embankment heights of 10 m and 12 m, the decrease occurred was 10,991 cm and 17,446 cm with safety factor (FK) = 1,095 and 1,044~1. The occured decline was still within the tolerance limits, so that the subgrade was still able to withstand the embankment. The results of the value of the safety factor (FK) showed that the slope was safe and did not indicate the slope slides.

Predicting the Vulnerable Area of Tsunami Hazard Using CADMAS Surf 3D Case Study: Kolaka City, Southern Sulawesi, Indonesia

Tsunami is an unpredictable disaster. However, efforts to anticipate the tsunami disaster must be done. This research is done based on the earthquake’s history around Kolaka. Based on the location of the point of an earthquake and coastal area in Kolaka City, a numerical simulation analysis was performed using CADMAS Surf 3D to predict the speed and wave height when tsunamis happen after the earthquake. The tsunami analysis indicates that the affected area is based on wave velocity, wave height and topography condition in the coastal area of Kolaka City. Spatial analysis is used to delineate the tsunami-affected areas in Kolaka City. Based on the delineation of affected areas, local governments can take other preventive measures such as making maps of tsunami-prone areas with attributes such as evacuation routes, safe areas, temporary evacuation sites, and so on.

Analisis SWOT dalam Pelaksanaan Pengelolaan Tempat Evakuasi Sementara oleh BPBD Kota Padang

The purpose of this study is to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by the Padang city BPBD in managing temporary evacuation sites. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive methods. The results of this study indicate that the strength of the Regional Disaster Management Agency in the City of Padang in managing this temporary evacuation site is to have a legal basis such as a Decree issued by the Padang BPBD Chief of Management in conducting management, law number 24 of 2007 concerning countermeasures disaster and lau number 28 of 2002 concerning building. As for the Weaknesses faced are human resources and the limited budges for managing temporary evacuation sites. Then what becomes an opportunity is that the existence of the legal basis provides an opportunity to collaboration with other organizations in evaluating the management of temporary evacuations sites. Furthermore, the threat faced is the presence of irresponsible people who take electrical equipment arround the temporary evacuations site

The identifications of the availability of facilities and infrastructure at the temporary evacuation of Padang

The building of Temporary Evacuation Sites (shelter tsunami) has been done in West Sumatra. One of them is the Padang shelter, located in North Ulak Karang Village, Padang. The location has met the requirement of PEMA 646. However, the facilities and infrastructure are still insufficient. Consequently, this study is conducted to inventory, analyze and recommended the facilities and infrastructure so that the mitigation of tsunami disaster will be optimal. The method used is descriptive evaluative, method by doing field observations. The data in the field is tabulated and analysed based on Regulation of Public Works No 19 / PRT / M / 2001, Indonesian National Standard number 7766: 2012, and 7743: 2011. The results of the study show that the early warning facility (EWS) has functioned well, the logistics room, medical room, public kitchen, and warehouse have not got the equipment yet; clean water and electricity have not functioned. There are 22 evacuation road meeting the wide requirement of environment streets out of 71 existing streets, evacuation signs on 9 streets. To cope with tsunami disaster risk optimally, Padang shelter needs to be equipped with public facilities, additional evacuation maps, evacuation signs, and the improvement of evacuation streets to Padang shelter.

Minimum Isoseismal Distribution Based On Macroseismic Interpolation For Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Palu City

Palu City is the city that suffered the most damage and many casualties, effect from event Palu-Donggala earthquake on September 28, 2018. This earthquake triggered a tsunami, liquifaction and landslides which caused difficulties in determining a closest safe location for the temporary evacuation site in location affected disaster. The aftershocks that occurred after the main earthquake caused unrest for refugees and village government officials, because it was feared that the location to be used as a temporary evacuation site would run into the impact of an earthquake similar to other severe locations. To determine a safe location around the impact area destructive earthquake, information about the map of the minimum isoseismal distribution is very important. This study aims to map Minimum Isoseismal Distribution as the place that has the smallest disaster risk in areas affected by the earthquake, tsunami, liquefaction and landslides. The research methodology that be done are plotting and interpolate data from macroseismic surveys then were verified using satellite citra data and photo documentation of survey. The results showed that a minimum isoseismal distribution was found in 8 areas, located in the village: Kabonena, Lere, Kamonji, Siranindi, between Boyaoge and Nunu, Tawanjuka, Palupi and Tinggede.

Scenario based logistic capacity assessment for disaster preparedness

Disasters that occur in various locations will definitely have impacts on infrastructure damage such as roads, bridges, markets, shopping centers. The perceived disturbances will eventually disrupt logistics distribution (including food) and other basic needs from the point of entering logistics (logistics center) to evacuation sites (victims). In the case of less severe disasters, disturbances can cause logistical delays from producers to consumers. Finally, this can cause price volatility due to the stocks decrease. This study focuses on areas along the two main routes in Aceh: the East and West routes. The object of this study includes all information related to logistic distribution are producers, collectors, traders, wholesalers, consumers, and shipping companies and related local government agencies. This study applied scenario based on the combination of multiple models and geographical information system to identify the optimal location to aid emergency logistics transportation routes. The results of this study indicate that logistics distribution is still very dependent on land transportation modes such as trucks and containers. Ports and airports have not been used optimally while the progress of railway construction is plodding.

Landslide Risk Reduction by Using Geographic Information System in District Kaligesing, Purworejo Regency

Landslide takes a charge about 614 phenomenon with 3,5 milion more victims as long as 2017 in Indonesia. This study aims to: 1) take a measurement of landslide risk level in District Kaligesing, Purworejo Regency, and 2) to arrange alternatives of landslide risk reduction in District Kaligesing, Purworejo Regency. This is a descriptive quantitative research with GIS analysis using Arc.GIS 10.3 application. This study uses spatial and ecological approach. This population study is 147 landuse units. This study using primary data to measure the capacity level of society on disaster and secondary data to measure the vulnerability level. Data collection using observation, documentation, and interview methods. The data analysis techniques is using GIS analysis by scoring and overlay. The results shows that: 1) the variation of landslide risk level in District Kaligesing, Purworejo Regency divided into three classes: high level (9,41 km2), medium level (37,55 km2), and low level (28,94 km2). The percentage of high level is 12.40%, percentage of medium level is 49.47%, and percentage of low level is 38.13%. The highest risk level of landslides is located in Donorejo covering 6.77 km2 or 71.92% of the high-level area and the lowest risk level of landslides is located in Sudorogo covering 0.17 km2 or 0.59% of the low-level areas; 2) the alternatives advice of landslide prevention given through preventive and persuasive methods. The prevention methods such as make any limitation of building plan, and relocation in higher-level areas, infrastructure development at the moderate level, and establishment of sister s and integrated evacuation sites in low-level institutions. Persuasive methods done through grinding functions with disaster management organizations, forming community-based and using social media to give more access information related to landslide disaster.

저수지 비상대처계획 운영시 대피소 적지선정 기법 - 농촌지역 고령인구 이동조건에 따른 대피소 선정

최근 한반도 기후변동성의 증대에 따른 가뭄, 홍수 등 풍수해 관련 자연재난 증가와 50년 이상 된 국내 노후 저수지(댐)의 안전성 검토, 그리고 고령화 인구 증가에 따른 농촌지역의 저수지(댐) 취약성이 날로 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 저수지(댐) 취약성 대비를 위한 비상대처계획은 2005년도 법제도화 된 이후 저수지(댐) 붕괴시 하류부 주민들의 대피와 재산보호를 위해 효과적인 재해 대응 시스템에 대한 개발과 고도화 필요성이 대두되고 있으나, 실질적인 예산반영과 사업시행은 매우 열악한 실정이며, 또한 비상대처계획의 대응이 지역상황과 주민을 고려한 대응계획이라고 하기 미흡한 부분이 다수 존재한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 운영되는 저수지 비상대처계획의 핵심 대응인 대피소 지정현황과 이에 따른 고령화 인구에 신속대피 여부를 공간 분석을 통해 검토하고 실효성 있는 대응방안 제시를 목적으로 한다.