European Terminology Research Articles

Peculiarities of teaching a second/third foreign language based on English

Problem. The article deals with general issues relating to the main features of teaching a second or third foreign language (German and French, based on English) to students specializing in applied linguistics. A short list of similarities and differences between English, German and French in the context of their learning is given. This study presents an overview of the concept of multilingual education and analyses the main methods of teaching a third language. The problems associated with teaching a second foreign language are not sufficiently revealed, as this discipline is not very widespread in non-language educational institutions. It generally holds that the methodology of teaching a second foreign language does not differ from that of teaching a first foreign language, except that the second language is taught to a lesser extent. This approach does not take into account a number of characteristics that affect the effectiveness of learning the subject. Goal. The aim is to present the main features of teaching the second/third foreign language (German and French based on previously learnt English) to students majoring in Applied Linguistics. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to find more effective methods of teaching a second foreign language. Methodology. To achieve this goal, a number of research methods were used: theoretical analysis and generalization of pedagogical and methodological sources on the issues of third language teaching didactics and the concept of multilingual education. The term «multilingualism» is used in official European terminology to refer to both the linguistic diversity of a society and the ability of a person to speak several languages. The concept of "multilingual education" applies to both the development of an individual language repertoire and to «plurilingual education» i.e., education in a context of linguistic and cultural diversity. English, German and French have many things in common: Latin spelling and lexical similarities. All three languages contain many cognates - words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation and mean the same thing. All of these languages have a subject-verb-object syntactic structure. Consequently, the main problems in learning a second/third language after learning English, in the context of three foreign languages in contact with the mother tongue, are interference not only from the mother tongue but also from the second/third language, as well as positive language transfer, given that they both belong to the same Roman language group. Originality. The modern didactic approaches to multilingualism cause a major change not only in the way we teach, but also in the way we learn, develop curricula, and train future professionals. Practical value. The integration of work on language representation and multilingual learning, as well as explaining the plurilingual didactic approach to students, will make the language learning process more focused on students' real skills, more flexible and more creative.

Жанровая типология драмы в европейской и санскритской литературе

The article examines the notion of drama as a genre category in European and ancient Indian theatrical theory. The analysis of ancient texts, foremost the treatise of the Nāṭyaśāstra, which can be considered the most authoritative primary source for the study of classical Indian poetics, forms the basis of the research. This paper identifies Sanskrit analogues of such fundamental concepts of Western literary theory as “drama,” “genre,” “performance,” “scenicism,” “literariness,” etc. The closest analogical to European definitions of drama and genre Sanskrit notions are investigated in depth. They are primarely nāṭya and prayoga — two terms used to define various performative aspects of the play. Another notion studied in the paper is rūpa, which originally stood for “scenario” and, later on, for textual and literary format of the staged play. Due to its universality, the same term functioned as the general definition of ten “exemplary” spectacular forms. Finally, the category of vṛtti is discussed, employed in the Nāṭyaśāstra for the characterization of stylistic features of early mysterial performances and, later on, of classical Sanskrit plays. The scope of the paper does not limit itself to bringing to light and discussing these various notions. The ultimate goal is to highlight the differences between Eastern and Western poetological systems and to point out fundamental issues arising from the non-critical use of European terminology when interpreting and investigating ancient Indian aesthetics.

체제 전환 이후 폴란드 학계에서 논의된 중유럽 지역 명칭 연구

The region called ‘Eastern Europe’ in Korea lies between three European seas - the Adriatic Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Black Sea. In the Polish academic world, this region was called Central Europe, Central-Eastern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and Southern Europe, or several other ways, depending on time and conditions. And each of these names had justification to be called that. In this paper, the authors will focus on the use of the term ‘Central Europe’ and make the argument. Based on the research achievements of the Institute of Political Studies, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the current discourse in Polish academic world is the subject of this thesis. Numerous attempts have been made to define the concept of Central Europe in Polish literature on international relations. In this process, controversy often arose over which countries should be included in the Central European region. In this paper, while developing the thesis on Central European terminology, it was divided into four stages by period. With the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian War in 2022, the concept of ‘Central-Eastern Europe’, which was widely used in Polish academic world, began to lose its reason for existence. In the authors’ opinion, it seems logical to refer to the territory of the Three Seas Initiative as Central Europe. In other words, we conclude that it is reasonable to call Central Europe the group of 12 countries of the Three Seas Initiative, which are members of the European Union.

Polish-English Basic Dictionary of Archaeological Terminology of Modern Tobacco Pipe Findings with Elements of Pipe Production and Tobacco Smoking in the Modern Period

The aim of this work is to present the translation of professional terminology concerning tobacco pipes acquired by excavation methods, supplementing the already existing term base of concepts with a Polish-English translation, important in the context of the current research on this subject. This dictionary is a translation of the basic terms used in English-language works (also used in works of researchers from Central and Eastern Europe) concerning descriptions of tobacco pipe remains (based on finds of stub-stemmed pipes, one-piece clay pipes and porcelain pipes) in archaeological research, the production of such paraphernalia and elements of history of tobacco smoking, which were additionally supplemented with terms currently used in Polish archaeological literature. This dictionary should be treated as a contribution to further work on standardisation of European archaeological terminology, which should provide an aid for both specialists and enthusiasts reaching for professional literature on antique pipes.

Book Review

Book Review

Language didactics and language teaching since 1945 – the French way

Abstract The following article addresses epistemological and terminological issues regarding Didactique des langues [language didactics] in France, including teaching methods, curricular developments, and research priorities. Why do the French, among other Europeans, keep on labelling “didactique des langues” what is also known as Second Language Teaching and Learning (SLTL), even though the English translation, “language didactics”, is hardly found in anglophone scientific literature? As for the very word “didacticien.ne” [didactician], so often used in France, it seems inexistent in English, often translated as “teaching expert” or “educational specialist”. Still, to what extent do these signifiers convey the same signified? How did the research area develop in France? The purpose of this paper is to research and make more visible the historical and scientific foundations of “didactique des langues “ and more precisely of “didactique de l’anglais“ in the French context. First, our analysis will borrow from educational sciences and focus on the term “Didactics” as opposed to “pedagogy”, and explain the concept of “didactology” developed by Galisson (2002), Coste and Puren (1999). We will also elaborate on the specific meaning of “didactique des langues”, “didactique des langues-cultures” in connection with other European traditions and Anglo-American terminology. Then, we will adopt an epistemological stance and briefly outline the history of the concept of “didactique de l’anglais”, with an overview of language teaching in relation to founding theories. Finally, we will present the evolution of French contemporary research.

ЗМІНА ПАРАДИГМ ВОЄННО-ПОЛІТИЧНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ У ДОКТРИНАХ ТА СТРАТЕГІЯХ ВОЄННОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ XX–XXI СТОЛІТЬ

The time limits of the life of one generation are about 25-30 years, so lived in the struggle for building its own state and its armed defence, this time for Ukraine goes down in the history of the first generation of creation and attempts to comply with four military doctrines (1993-2004-2012-2015), in which our own defence course was proclaimed. The theoretical basis of these official documents of significance were certain paradigms of military-political thinking, according to which Ukraine did not consider it a continuation of politics. The direction and principles of military policy (defence or security policy in European terminology) for modern Ukraine from the mid-20s of the XIX century, as well as 100 years ago, again came to the fore in connection with the implementation of previously abstract concepts " annexation "," occupation "," war ", which allegedly did not exist for our country in recent history. But today they have been embodied or, in the image of Franz Kafka, "reincarnated" into threatening forms of Russia's military practice against our state, the end of which is not yet visible in the near future. The military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of militarypolitical thinking. The main thesis is the belief that the protection of sovereignty and strengthening of military security is the military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of military-political thinking. The main thesis is the belief that the protection of sovereignty and strengthening of military security is the creation of a "comprehensive defence system" with the integration of all forces of the state and civil society, law enforcement agencies and volunteers, administrative regions and territorial communities. The military-theoretical and political response was the "Military Strategy of Ukraine" in 2021, which "opened" a new generation of paradigms of military-political thinking. We will prove that this is a philosophy of military security instead of the previously expressed doctrinal military-political ideas of entrusting a matter of national importance to the forces of the defence sector. The new generation of public life Ukraine will begin with a new paradigm of militarypolitical thinking, the central idea of which is the transition from hopes for the political levers of defence for international cooperation to the creation of a system of comprehensive national security with the synergistic potential of Ukrainianity.

ТУРИЗМГА ОИД ТЕРМИНЛАРНИНГ ИНГЛИЗ ВА ЎЗБЕК ТИЛЛАРИДАГИ СЎЗ БИРЛИКЛАРИНИНГ ТАРКИБИЙ ТУЗИЛИШИ

This article analyzes the terms in the field of tourism and the structure of the lexeme field which have a higher priority than the terms of the mono lexeme, which is a feature of European terminology. The predominance of verbose terms is explained by the relative proximity of lexicalunits of this thematic group in bothUzbek and English languages

Three Preludes for piano by G. Gershwin in the context of the composer’s instrumental creativity

Three Preludes for piano by G. Gershwin in the context of the composer’s instrumental creativity

INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN LEGAL TERMINOLOGY ON THE UKRAINIAN LEGISLATIVE TERMINOLOGY

The analysis of the influence of European legal terminology on the terminology of national legislation by adapting Ukrainian legislation to the legislation of the European Union is carried out. It is emphasized that Ukraine’s desire to become a member of the EU necessitated the mandatory adoption of acquis communautaire, as well as legal and institutional mechanisms for their implementation. According to the National Program for the Adaptation of the Legislation of Ukraine to the Legislation of the European Union, this mechanism includes the adaptation of legislation, the creation of relevant institutions and other additional measures necessary for effective law-making and enforcement. It is established that, despite the natural aspirations of lawyers for unambiguity in the categorical apparatus, the meaning of the term ‘European legal terminology’ will always correlate with the concept of ‘European law’, for which there is still no common understanding. The author defines the term ‘European legal terminology’: it is a legal term system, the source of which is a set of legal rules, court decisions, doctrinal concepts, recommendations and agreements, etc., which arose during the existence of European integration associations. The main directions of influence of the European legal terminology on the Ukrainian legislative terminology are defined. European legal terminology penetrates into a wide range of legal relations in the fields of customs law, banking law, taxes, intellectual property, labor protection, competition rules, health and life of humans, animals and plants, environment, etc., which puts Ukraine before amending many regulations, especially in terms of terminology. The classification of directions of influence of the European legal terminology by priority spheres of adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine to the legislation of the European Union and by types of legal activity is offered. The positive and negative consequences of the influence of European terminology, which the legislative terminology of Ukraine has suffered on the European integration path as a result of the implementation of European legal terminology, are analyzed. The problems in the practice of legal translation, mistakes in the Ukrainian legislation, caused by the implementation of acquis communautaire and the terminological inconsistencies are considered. The ambiguity in scientific and professional circles of understanding of the concept of ‘European law’ has been established, which led to an attempt to provide a generalized definition of the term ‘European legal terminology’. It is substantiated that in Ukraine European legal terminology becomes the standard and criterion in the lawmaking process, the working categorical apparatus in law enforcement and the most common object of interpretation in the field of law. The necessity of further study of the linguistic aspects of the terminology of certain priority spheres of adaptation of the Ukrainian legislation to the EU legislation, the analysis of the practice of interpreting acquis communautaire, the use of European legal terminology in law enforcement activities and the problems of legal translation of European legal terminology have been established.

Management and Leadership in Serbian Terminology Work

Research question: This paper studies the roles of Terminology Leadership (Filipovic 2012, 2015; Filipovic & Vuco, 2012; Filipovic & Djordan, 2018) and Terminology Management model (Jernudd & Neustupný, 1987, 1991; Jernudd 1993, 1997 in Antia, 2000, p.3; Spolsky, 2004, 2009, 2012) in the implementation of terminology policy and planning in Serbia, and the sustainable development of Serbian scientific and technical terminology. Motivation: As in almost all standard-language cultures (Quirk,1990), the Serbian language policy is top-down oriented, i.e., it follows the language management model. In this model, all decisions regarding the language, including terminology decisions, are made by linguists - language planners, without taking into account the opinions of professional and academic communities, i.e., the primary creators and users of terminology. Newer European terminology guidelines, especially the widely accepted UNESCO Guidelines for Terminological Policies (2005, p.3), however, propose that terminology work should be approached both top-down, i.e., on the level of political decision-making (following the terminology management model), and bottom-up, i.e., on the level of professional associations and other terminology stakeholders (following the complementary model of terminology leadership). Idea: The idea behind this paper is to investigate to what extent the terminology leadership model and the bottom-up orientation in the Serbian terminology policy and planning are recognized and accepted by various groups of stakeholders in comparison with the dominant language management model. Data: The data regarding the perspectives of two groups of terminology stakeholders (technical translators and professional / academic community) towards the state of the Serbian subject-field terminology and terminology management were collected, analyzed, interpreted and compared. Tools: The data were collected through two surveys on terminology work (Andjelkovic, 2018). While the first survey focuses on translators’ perspective on terminology management, the second survey examines the attitude of the academic community towards the terminology state of their own subject field: management. Findings: The surveys’ results confirm that both groups of terminology stakeholders recognise the importance of collaborative and cooperative work of linguists and subject field specialists in terminology policy making, planning and implementation, and thus do not regard linguists (i.e., language planners) as exclusive language and terminology decision-makers. The results also indicate, however, that there is still a very strong influence of standard-language ideology and the top-down oriented language policy. Contribution: The paper suggests a change in the implementation of the Serbian terminology policy and planning that is more in line with the European terminology Guidelines (UNESCO, 2005).

ПОЛІТИКО-ПРАВОВЕ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТЕОРІЇ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У ВОДНОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ УКРАЇНИ

ПОЛІТИКО-ПРАВОВЕ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТЕОРІЇ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У ВОДНОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ УКРАЇНИ

Hoe de term wordt vertaald: Vertaalopties buiten het kader van de termfiche

Translators of specialised texts often consult multilingual terminology databases to find suitable equivalents for terms that they need to translate. Such databases are comprised of concept-oriented terminological records. Each terminological record consists of terms (in several languages) that refer to the same concept. We will illustrate on the basis of examples taken from a comparative study of terms and their translations in European source and target texts and in the European terminology database ‘IATE’ that translators sometimes propose translations that do not appear on concept-oriented terminological records. Starting from this observation, we will reflect on how future terminology databases for translators could be structured and enriched with results from contrastive corpus-based research.

Larva, nymph and naiad – for accuracy's sake

Larva, nymph and naiad – for accuracy's sake

Divergent drift of Adriatic-Dinaridic and Moesian carbonate platforms during the rifting phase witnessed by triassic MVT Pb-Zn and SEDEX deposits; a metallogenic approach

Early-intracontinental rifting of Pangea is result of thermal doming in Uppermost Permian time giving rise to the formation of horst-graben structures, followed by slow subsidence, marine transgression and evaporate deposition. Consequence of incipient magmatism are numerous geothermal fields and subterrestrial hydrothermal siderite-barite-polysulfide deposits (PALINKAS et al, this issue). Advanced rifting magmatism as a successive stage in Middle Triassic brought intensive submarine volcanism, accompanied by coeval sedimentation of chert and siliciclastics, building up volcanogenic-sedimentary formations. Volcanic activity with explosive phases and generation of large volumes of pyroclastic rocks in the rifts produced concomitant mineralization with numerous SEDEX deposits of Fe-Mn-Ba-polysulfides. Passive continental margins flanked by the Adria-Dinaridic carbonate platform as passive continental margin of the northern Gondwanaland and Moesian carbonate platform, as a counterpart on the European passive continental margin, were divergently drifted in the coarse of the advanced rifting. A fast growing carbonate platforms, developing gradually, covered evidences of the earlier intracontinental rifting and their ore formations. On the other hand, the carbonate platforms themselves host specific Pb-Zn deposit, well known as Mississippi valley type, (MVT) or Bleiberg-Mežica type according the traditional european terminology. Triassic MVT and SEDEX deposits are symmetrically situated on the both sides of the divergent passive margins in this early history of the Tethyan ocean.

Learning Support for Standard e-Classroom

Normative approaches developed in the traditional education system are based on the classical resources, and this type of formal education reveals more and more restrictions, both for teaching and for evaluations, as soon as information has still an exponential development. At the same time, the informal education recognised as the regional information systems and the non-formal education reflected as the global information system evolve as a learning environment with more and more consequences for students. In this context, the formal education requires to be reorganized as a national information system according to the functionalities of the e-society, consolidated on the main three building blocks: e-Education, e-Science and e-Business. This article is designed as a conceptual one, focused on specific features of the e-classroom, considered as the standard technological infrastructure, defined as an extension of the traditional classroom in e-education. The purpose of this analysis is to highlight the new paradigm of meta-instruction in e-education as it is profiling as the basement of the learning support in standard e-classroom.Keywords: Assisted Instruction, Educational Research, E-Articles, Assisted Individual Study, Qualifications and Occupational Standards1 IntroductionI nformation has still an exponential development since the appropriate technology had been devised and information technology had become a scientific research field. In education, information technology has to move the boundary between teaching and learning in the same manner in which the technological infrastructure harmonizes theory and practice in science or the suppliers and the customers in business.Such an approach has to focus to the central concept of the e-society, which is qualification, and this fact explains why e-education is valuable both as an end in itself, and as an engine of the community. The development of the conceptual approaches for describing qualifications is currently an important priority for any country.In [1, p.22] is specified that traditional models and methods of expressing qualifications structures are giving way to systems based on explicit reference points using learning outcomes and competencies, levels and level indicators, subject benchmarks and qualification descriptors. These devices provide more precision and accuracy and facilitate transparency and comparison. Without these common approaches, full recognition, real transparency and thus the creation of an effective European Higher Education Area, will be more difficult to achieve. In a similar vision, [2, p.3] mention that in The European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning (EQF), a learning outcome is defined as a statement of what a learner knows, understands and is able to do on completion of a learning process. The EQF therefore emphasises the results of learning rather than focusing on inputs such as length of study. Learning outcomes are specified in three categories - as knowledge, skills and competence. This signals that qualifications - in different combinations - capture a broad scope of learning outcomes, including theoretical knowledge, practical and technical skills, and social competences where the ability to work with others will be crucial.In the section Some Terminology Issues Concerning Key Competencies, [3, p. 291-292] mention that notions such as competence, competency, skill, ability, know-how, capacity, capability and aptitude are used or associated with different meanings according to the context and are sometimes considered more or less equivalent. Moreover, in many countries, it is difficult to make a clear distinction between skills and competences or competencies. The same author highlights that even the official European terminology maintains some ambiguity. For example, on the IATE (Interactive Terminology in Europe) website 'competence' is translate into French as 'competence', but 'skill' is also translated as 'competence', which reflects the real world, since skills and competences in French are often used indiscriminately in the general education sphere. …

Fetal Heart Ultrasound: How, Why and When (Second edition)

As is the usual format of the How, Why and When books, each chapter starts with a summary of the contents (including page numbers). The three steps and ten key points help the reader to focus on identifying the minimum diagnostic criteria necessary to eliminate suspect pathologies. The accompanying website, allows access to ten video clips; while the authors admit that the image quality can be poor, these do show examples of common pathologies. The French and Italian authors collectively bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise in their fields. The new chapter on first trimester cardiac scanning is written by Claudio Lombardi, a leader in first trimester cardiac scanning. Some abbreviations differ but are easy to refer back to, until the reader is familiar with the European terminology. Throughout the chapters, there are pink, blue and yellow boxes which bring the reader's attention to statistics, important ideas and points. The graphics are excellent, including ultrasound and pathological images, and combined with the accompanying text boxes make it easy to identify normal compared with abnormal. The technical aspects explain the physics behind obtaining the images and how to optimise these to produce the best views to scrutinise the heart for anomalies. Pitfalls are identified and discussed, with tips on how to avoid them. Increasingly, we are being asked to identify pathologies at the nuchal translucency scan. The new chapter on ‘First trimester cardiac scan and study’, addresses the why, when and how of scanning at this gestation and what should be achievable during this scan. Again, pitfalls and tips are addressed, along with technical aspects to optimise imaging at this early stage. The tricuspid valve and ductus venosus Dopplers are well explained, with useful tips and guidelines to identify normal and abnormal appearances. Principle cardiac pathologies are described in detail so that critical cardiac pathologies are not overlooked. Chapter 7 deals with the fetal morphological examination after a cardiac anomaly has been identified. The final chapter reinforces practical points and tips already made, ensuring that the reader is now less apprehensive and more confident to perform a competent study of the fetal heart. I found the book to be an excellent resource that has certainly impacted on my confidence in assessing the fetal heart. It will be a welcome resource to our remote practice, where our ability to identify cardiac anomalies can have a major impact on the outcome of the gestation.

Specifika francouzského přímého zdanění a jeho terminologické aspekty

This thesis originated as part of the academic project IGA FMV VSE no. 13/2010 (European terminology within the field of economy and law) and focuses on the system of direct taxation in France, especially on direct taxes we would not find in the Czech Republic. The goal is to describe these specific taxes and related terminological differences. The first part of this thesis describes the specific aspects of the French system of direct taxation and its structure compared to the structure of direct taxation in the Czech Republic. The next part is divided into four sections (personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, property taxes, and local taxes). Each section deals in more detail with particular taxes which do not exist in the Czech Republic (who is the taxpayer, tax rates applied, existence of tax reliefs related to the tax, etc.) and their terminological equivalents. At the end, there is a thematic Czech-French glossary which should facilitate the reader´s understanding of a specialized French text dealing with tax-related issues.

Researching plurilinguistic competences in specialised domains: Looking for means to prevent exclusion

Given the growing role of English worldwide and the EU's cultural and linguistic diversity, this article focuses on Europe's need for scientific research into plurilingualism, cultural aspects of meaning and the dynamics of the European linguistic situation, and the need to harmonise European terminology. The author suggests that European terminology in policy-making processes and the translation of terms from (mainly) English into other official European languages should be observed and analysed, citing a case study and highlighting examples of how new terminology occurring in EU texts is translated (mostly) from English into other European languages. The article also focuses on plurilingualism and intercultural communication problems following migration within Europe. In workplaces in many regions, different languages and language variants are constantly in use, often in conjunction with one or more lingua francas. The author argues that organisations need to provide qualified multilingual assistance, as in hospitals, and citing an example of language-planning management in a hospital in Texas, USA, she insists that similar initiatives in Europe should be investigated, for instance projects based on participant observation and action research, with the aim of promoting best practices.

The Notion of Damage

One of the many questions related to the notion of damage is whether it needs to be defined at all. The European Commission seems to be convinced that it does. In the Commission’s view the famous Simone Leitner case of the European Court of Justice strongly supports the idea of developing a common European legal terminology, the notion of damage being a prime candidate for inclusion in a list of Europe-wide uniform definitions of legal terms. This paper examines the notion of “damage” that has been introduced in the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) for European contract law.