European Counties Research Articles

«Китайский стиль» в музыке рубежа XIX–XX вв.

The study focuses on the features of perception and interpretation of China and Chinese culture in European music at the turn of the 19th/20th centuries—yet another heyday for chinoiserie (“Chinese style”) in art. The author uses an integrated approach which encompasses cultural-historical, sociological, comparative-historical and musical-analytical methods. The analysis of Russian and European music associated with the “Chinese style” proves that the development of chinoiserie in the late 19th-early 20th century was influenced by changing cultural and political relations between China and the major European powers. The main milestones were the European colonial policy of the 19th century, growing export of exotic goods as well as the acquaintance with the culture of the Far East at the World Exhibitions. This was followed by the aggravation of relations, the Boxer Rebellion, extermination of Christians, the invasion of China by troops of eight European counties, the Battle of Beijing. Under the influence of these events, the romantic view of the Celestial Empire, sophistication and oriental bliss are gradually fading into the past, and China begins to be portrayed as wild, spontaneously unbridled and deadly. The evolution of the "Chinese style" also reflected the change in artistic landmarks of that time: from late romantic incarnations of exoticism through "playing rococo" and the exaggerated beauty of modernity to the barbaric wild sounds of expressionism; from the "generalized East"—to an increasingly national character and an expansion of the range of specific means (texture, mode, timbres, tempos, etc.). It is the first time that musical chinoiserie of the turn of the centuries is considered as an integral phenomenon, which makes the study relevant. The paper outlines its evolution and characteristic features and concludes that the path of chinoiserie in music development at the turn of the 19th/20th centuries is the path to the emerging dialogue between the cultures of the East and West.

China’s One Belt and One Road Initiative and Outward Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Europe

For the last few years, the execution of the Belt and Road Initiative (hereinafter referred to as the BRI) and China’s outward foreign direct investment (hereinafter referred to as OFDI) in Europe have seen a significant upward trend. For our current paper, we collected empirical data pertaining to China’s OFDI and foreign trade (gathered from 21 European countries in the trade gravity market for the period 2003 to 2016) that yielded the following results: (a) China’s OFDI to Europe has significantly promoted international trade between China and European countries. On the other hand, OFDI has equally promoted China’s exports to European counties, while it has not encouraged China’s imports from European counties. (b) The Belt and Road Initiative has had a positive impact on China’s exports to European counties and has had a negative impact on China’s imports from European counties. (c) There have been both complementary trade impacts and substitution trade impacts when China has directly invested in European countries, but the complementary impact was much stronger than its substitution impact in the chosen sample period.

On the development of innovative green industries

The article explores trends in and imperatives of the world economy’s most prominent green industries – renewable energy and biopharmaceuticals. The goal is to identify their importance and ways to achieve competitive advantage in them. The paper emphasizes that much of the renewables’ development in the United States and European counties is owed to world’s energy and financial and economic crises. The latter has become an important driver of support to research and development and the further energy generation from renewable sources. The crucial American and European laws enacted in 2009 are examined. The renewables’ incentives having been used for a long period are structured into two groups. The paper reveals the current trend of shifting from feed-in tariffs to premiums and tenders in many Western countries. The author makes a conclusion that large investment amounts and use of a broad range of incentives have resulted in the USA and several European countries holding the top positions in renewable energy capacity and exports. The article identifies that biopharmaceuticals is the most prominent area of bioeconomy, which is considered to be one of the drivers of environmentally sustainable economic growth. Top 10 biotech (and biopharma) corporations by market capitalization are specified, as well as the modern development strategies of the biopharma’s leaders.

Changing demand for general skills, technological uncertainty, and economic growth

Abstract We develop a simple growth model featuring individuals’ choices between general and specific skills, endogenous technological innovation, and a government subsidy for education. The two types of skills differ by their productivity and transferability: general skills are transferable across firms, while each firm-specific skill has a productivity advantage in the firm. Firms face uncertainty in their innovation activities, and the resulting heterogeneity in their labor demand makes the transferability of general skill valuable. We theoretically show that as a country catch up to the world technology frontier, firms invest more in innovation activities. This rises firms’ technological uncertainty and, thus, their demands for general skills increases. As a result, especially in more advanced economies, education subsidies may enhance GDP by increasing the supply of general skills. Using aggregated data for 12 European OECD counties, we calibrate the model and compare the theoretical prediction with the data. In cross-country comparisons, we find that the returns on general skills and the impact of general education expenditure on GDP are higher in countries with higher total factor productivity. These findings support our theoretical argument of the positive relationship between firms’ demand for general skills and countries’ stages of development.

Prospective international multicenter pectopexy trial: Interim results and findings post surgery

The technique of laparoscopic pectopexy was published in 2010. A subsequent randomized trial focused on pectopexy versus sacropexy revealed no new risks for patients and significant advantages in terms of operating time and de novo defecation disorders compared to sacrocolpopexy. The present international multicenter trial was performed to evaluate the applicability of the technique in clinical routine. Material and MethodEleven clinics and 13 surgeons in four European counties participated in the trial. To ensure a standardized approach and obtain comparable data, all surgeons followed the same rules in placing the apical tape, no further mesh was used. Data were collected for 14 months on a secured server; 501 surgeries were documented and evaluated. ResultsPatients treated at the leading center (2 surgeons) contributed 44 % of the patient population. We made a distinction between high-volume (48–135 surgeries annually) (n = 4), intermediate-volume (28–37 surgeries annually) (n = 4), and low-volume (7–22 surgeries annually) (n = 5) surgeons.97.3 % of the patients (n = 501) had delivered children; 5.6 % had had a Caesarian section. 29.7 % of the patients had undergone a hysterectomy.The operating time for pectopexy was less than 60 min in 79 % of cases. The procedures were completed in less than 159 min in 71 % of cases. Severe complications (n = 5) included four cases of organ damage (related to concomitant surgeries or adhesions) and one case of relevant bleeding. De novo incontinence was registered in two cases and voiding dysfunction in three. No intestinal obstruction or defecation disorder was observed. Two complicated infections were noted. Urinary infection occurred in 2 % of patients. ConclusionIn clinical routine severe complications occurred in 1 %. The latter were unrelated to pectopexy, but occurred due to concomitant procedures or adhesions. The overall operating time as well as the operating time for pectopexy were similar to those reported in published studies on sacrocolpopexy.

Analysis of Overall and Pure Technical Efficiency of Tourism in Europe

The aim of this paper is to assess the overall and pure technical efficiency of tourism in European countries in 2017 using the output-oriented Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978, 1979), and Banker, Charnes and Cooper (1984) data envelopment analysis methodology. The countries were divided into two groups: European Union countries and non-European counties. We identified two input and two output variables for each group. Input variables were identified using the principal component analysis method, starting from fourteen pillars that measure the performance of countries in the field of travel and tourism, and are published in the regular reports of the World Economic Forum. Then, two output variables were defined (the total (direct and indirect) contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product, and the direct contribution of tourism to employment growth rate), to determine the relative efficiency of decision-making units within the formed homogeneous groups of countries, among which the group of Western Balkan countries was singled out. This analysis enabled us, based on relatively scarce potential, to propose guidelines for a tourism development strategy for the entire Western Balkans region.

Retrospective longitudinal study of ALS in Cyprus: Clinical characteristics, management and survival.

IntroductionAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease. There is heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes while a clinical characterization of ALS in Cyprus is still lacking. The aim of this 30-year retrospective study of ALS in Cyprus is to determine the demographic characteristics of patients, the clinical features of the disease, the uptake of supportive therapies and factors influencing survival.MethodsAll ALS patients seen at the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics from January 1985 until July 2015 were included. Medical records of eligible patients were used for data extraction and compilation of an ALS database. Clinical features were compared between gender categories using univariate tests, while survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify prognostic factors for survival.ResultsOne hundred and seventy-nine ALS patients were included in the study, of whom 7 had a positive family history. Most clinical characteristics of ALS did not differ from what is observed in other European countries. However, some clinical characteristics were unique to our population, such as an increased acceptability and utilisation of supportive treatments such as gastrostomy.ConclusionsOverall, clinical characteristics of patients with ALS in the Republic of Cyprus do not differ from other European counties. Our study demonstrates a high acceptance and utilisation of supportive interventions enhancing survival, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach offered in the single tertiary centre that services the whole Cypriot ALS population. The findings of this paper are of value to the health professionals treating ALS in Cyprus.

Achieving renewable energy, climate, and air quality policy goals: Rural residential investment in solar panel

Heavy dependence on fossil fuels among rural households contributes to GHG emissions and air pollution while increasing landfill loads in Poland. This study examines benefits from the renewable energy utilization support program that subsidized household purchase and installation of thermal solar panels. This review of synergy between energy, climate, and air quality policies focuses on solar panel subsidies funded through the European Union and county governments in Mazowieckie Voivodship in Poland. County government offices, using the unpublished list of households receiving subsidies for thermal solar panel installation, mediated in the implementation of the survey and collected 123 completed questionnaires in May and June 2015. The heteroscedasticity-corrected OLS estimates two equations identifying and quantifying factors influencing the purchase price of solar panels and rural household monthly energy bill savings after installation using the gathered data. Among sociodemographic variables, increasing age was associated with an increasing price paid for the panels, but education was associated with paying a lower price for solar panels and lower self-reported energy bill savings. Panel purchase price increased if the respondent was a farmer, viewed subsidies as important, and preferred domestically manufactured panels. Location of household increased the price as compared to the reference county. Savings on monthly energy bills increased if respondent had a positive view of solar energy, expected a decrease in the bill following the purchase of panels, and heated large areas in the house. Subsidy programs have been important in increased household solar energy utilization, especially among farm households, while self-reported energy bill savings increased with positive attitudes towards renewable energy and the larger heated areas in rural residences.

The European epidemic: Pain prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in pain across 19 European countries.

Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2014, this study presents an update of pain prevalence amongst men and women across Europe and undertakes the first analysis of socioeconomic inequalities in pain. Data from the ESS 2014 survey were analysed for three pain variables: back/neck pain (n=11,032), hand/arm pain (n=5,954) and foot/leg pain (n=6,314). Education was used as the indicator of socioeconomic status (SES). Age-adjusted risk differences and age-adjusted risk ratios were calculated from predicted probabilities generated by means of binary logistic regression. These analyses compared the lower education group with the higher education group (the socioeconomic gap), and the medium education group with the higher education group (the gradient). High prevalence rates were reported for all three types of pain across European countries. At a pan-European level, back/neck pain was the most prevalent with 40% of survey participants experiencing pain; then hand/arm pain at 22%, and then foot/leg pain at 21%. There was considerable cross-national variation in pain across European counties, as well as significant socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of pain-with social gradients or socioeconomic gaps evident for both men and women; socioeconomic inequalities were most pronounced for hand/arm pain, and least pronounced for back/neck pain. The magnitudes of the socioeconomic pain inequalities differed between countries, but were generally higher for women. Future strategies to reduce the burden of pain should acknowledge and consider the associated socioeconomic inequalities of pain to ensure the "pain gap" does not widen. This is a pan European study that has explored socioeconomic inequalities in pain. Across Europe, pain is more prevalent in people of lower socioeconomic position; these pain inequalities were most significant for hand/arm pain, and least significant for back/neck pain.

A Refugee Crisis Without Refugees: Policy and media discourse on refugees in the Czech Republic and its implications

Abstract Along with other Central and Eastern European counties, Czechia has invested significant effort in deterring refugees from entering the country during the ‘refugee crisis’. This article sheds light on the role of the media in legitimising anti-refugee policies by analysing the politicised discourse on refugees in 900 articles published in Czech newspapers between 2014 and 2016. The findings indicate that refugees were depicted as a security threat and an administrative burden partly imposed by the European Union. The article discusses the policy implications of depicting refugees in this way and thus broadens the literature on European narratives during the refugee emergency in Europe.

Current influence of China’s ban on plastic waste imports

The current global production of plastics is over 300 million tons, 20% of which is produced in China. It has been estimated that about 90% of the discarded plastics are not recycled. China was the world’s leading importer of waste plastics, while since January 1, 2018, China’s import ban on waste plastics has been put into force, which has had a far-reaching effect on global plastic production and solid waste management. Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia have replaced China as the leading importer of plastic wastes. As the main exporter of waste plastics, EU has released strategy and initiative about plastics to restrict the use of micro plastics and single-use plastics. Meanwhile main European counties like UK, German and France have also taken own active measures to realize the control of packaging waste and non-recycled plastic and the recycling of plastic wastes in several years. As For the US, some areas such as Seattle and San Francisco have positively responded to the global trend of plastic ban. However, the controversy over “plastic restriction” in the whole state obstructed the promulgation and implementation of the national plastic ban. On the whole, major companies and more than 60 countries all over the world have introduced levies or bans to combat single-use plastic wastes. The Chinese government began to rectify the domestic waste plastics market and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China has clarified the threshold of waste plastic treatment capacity for key enterprises. In addition to landfill, direct recovery and waste to energy processes are the main disposal methods of waste plastics. Thermoplastics like PE, PP and PET that are sorted out from the waste stream by citizens can be directly recycled to the primary material. The mixed waste plastics can be used as fuel in waste to energy plants, or as feedstock to pyrolysis plants that transform them to high value-added oil or chemical materials, which are more promising disposal methods of waste plastics.

SPECIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN WORKERS IN TIMES OF ECONOMIC RECESSION AND EXPANSION

Majority of studies proved that labor mobility and the effect of immigration differs with respect to the business cycle. The aim of the paper is to investigate differences in workers allocation within European countries during recession and expansion period. The presented analysis split European counties on two groups: a) West and South Europe; b) Middle and East Europe (post-communist economies). The specialization of workers is studied concentrating on differences between natives and immigrants with secondary or lower education. For the expansion period was found a sizable relocation of native workers to occupations with more interactive rather than manual content after immigration in West and South European counties. This effect was not found for recession period and for post-communist economies.

Should Islamic Banking & Financial Institutions go with General Data Protection Regulation Compliance?

The new European Union (EU) data protection law - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)that is enforceable on all entities, within and outside the territory of European Union requires that follow entities dealing with private data of EU individuals should follow due procedures in regard to safe data handling and storage. This regulation is forcing all countries globally, including those in the Islamic countries to take special precautions. Islamic banks and financial institutions are key intermediaries fostering smooth foreign trade between Islamic and European countries. Lack of sufficiently strong data protection legislation in most of the Islamic countries is hampering conformity with GDPR. This leads to non-compliance and thereby paves way to heavy monetary penalties in the short-run and hurts business prospects with the European counties in the long-run, both of which are detrimental. This paper helps institutions in building frameworksby taking them through a series of compliance checks, build teamsto enforce standards, make knowledge repositories and to undertake necessary technical measures. Findings from this study can help Islamic companies in general and Islamic Banking & Financial institutions in particular in meeting GDPR compliance.Finally, this paper makes some key recommendations to the Governments, Regulators, Financial Institutions, Organizations and Individuals so that they can become GDPR complaint.

Yugoslav diplomacy and the Greek coup d’État of 1967

Intensive conversations with members of political parties, closely reading the press, talks with other foreign diplomats, analytical evaluations of many individual events and their contextualization in the wider picture of the situation in Greece allowed Yugoslav diplomats to accurately assess the situation in the country, identify the potential of the military junta and the centers of putschist support in Greece and abroad, follow their showdown with left-wing and democratic options, recognize the ambitions of the putschist regime and the nature of their dictatorship, have insight into the situation of the opposition, make out te contours of a possible state-political system, monitor relations with neighboring countries, closely follow the regime?s position to the Macedonian minority, follow the moves of the monarch, assess the permanence of compromises, observe the pressure of the international public and the controversial behavior of the Great Powers, and offer prognoses of the course of events in the near future. Yugoslav diplomats collected some of the relevant information on the situation in Greece in other capitals (London, Ankara, Nicosia, Paris?). This information contributed to a wider evaluation of the existing circumstances and a sharper picture of the developments in Greece. The general opinion was that the Yugoslav diplomats were much better informed and more agile than their counterparts from other Eastern European counties, who were seen as ?slow?, ?unsure?, ??onfused?, ?contradictory? and so on. In the days and months following the coup, the Yugoslav diplomatic mission in Athens was a center where many came to be informed, consult with their peers, verify their assessments and hear Belgrade?s views. Besides the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, collected information was sent to Josip Broz Tito, Edvard Kardelj, Koca Popovic, Mijalko Todorovic, Marko Nikezic, Ivan Gosnjak, Petar Stambolic and Ivan Miskovic.

Enhanced Recovery Program in colorectal surgery

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme has been described and practiced for twenty years in the perioperative management of colorectal patients. ERAS is a complex, evidence based strategy which proved to be extremely effective when linked to laparoscopy in reducing morbidity, length of hospital stay, as well as reducing cost of colorectal service. We gradually adapted elements of ERAS protocol along with laparoscopy in the colorectal surgical treatment at a county hospital from 2013. This study reports a retrospective clinical audit of ERAS programme of two years, between 2015-2016. In this timeframe we compared clinical results of traditional and ERAS perioperative colorectal management protocols. The two groups were assessed on the basis of demographic, cancer-related parameters and clinical outcomes. Over the two years of audit we treated 130 patients under "traditional" and 84 cases according to ERAS protocol. Mean length of hospital stay was 8 and 6 days median, respectively. Earlier discharge in the ERAS group did not cause any increase in the readmission rates. Morbidity (Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or more) was found to be less in ERAS group: 8,3% vs. 27,4%. ERAS programme success rate, characterized by discharge by 7th postoperative day, was over 70%, keeping well with rates of the experienced centres of ERAS. Therefore we can report a successful introduction of ERAS programme for colorectal service in a Middle-Eastern European county hospital. Based on the favourable outcome results of the retrospective audit we have extended ERAS protocol as first choice perioperative scheme for each elective colorectal case from the beginning of 2017.

Hungarian dairy and beef production sector technical efficiency comparsion using DEA

To examine and compare the technical efficiency of dairy sector and the beef sector, this research introduced the main indicators of milk and beef production in the world, EU and Hungarian aggregates. Based on the data it can be said that the milk and beef production of Hungary does not occupy any significant position in the world as well as in the European Union neither today nor even in the past. If Hungry must compete in the European counties and international market, their dairy sector must focus to increase of their production efficiency as the key breakthrough point. This paper we compared technical efficiency of both dairy and beef sectors in total, for the year 2014 and 2015 separately and based on the farm size. The specific objectives of the research are: comparing dairy and beef farms efficiency in Hungary. Based on the results, we can determine which sector in Hungary is more effective. The second objective is to compare the efficiencies of both the sectors in 2014 and 2015 separately and from the results we can determine which year was more effective in terms of production efficiency and the third objective of the research is technical efficiency comparison of certain economic sizes for both sectors. In the research, we used (KOVACS, 2009) deterministic (DEA) model adapted to the Hungarian dairy farms and beef farms. For the dairy farms milk and dairy products as well as meat (other income). The input factors originated from the domestic AKI - FADN database. Summarizing the results of the research it can be conclude that the dairy sector is more effective than the beef sector in Hungary. In terms of years compared 2014 was more effective for both sector as compared with 2015. In regards to the farm size almost the same result in evaluating the scale of efficiency, which means that large economies can in most cases, manage resources more efficiently than small farms. In the examined years, based on the results of the DEA model, the VRS technical efficiency of the test for these two years was 72.90% for the dairy farms and 63.60% for the beef farms, which means that the dairy sector is more efficient than the beef sector in Hungary. The VRS technical efficiency of the research was 82.10% in 2014 and 75.10% in 2015 for the dairy farms and 77.50% in 2014 and 68.90% in 2015 for the beef farms, which means that both the dairy sector and the beef sectors followed the same trend and were more efficient in 2014 compared to the efficiency in 2015. The large size dairy farms were most effective in Hungary in the examined period (90.90%). VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 88% and the total number of small, the technical efficiency medium farms was 72.80% For the beef sector VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 71.30% and the technical efficiency medium farms was 74.40% and 70% of the beef meat producing farms in Hungary are medium sized. So, the conclusion is the small size dairy farms have a higher VRS efficiency than the small size beef farms whereas medium sized beef farms had higher VRS efficiency than the medium size dairy farms. As a conclusion, both dairy and beef sectors in Hungary have the potential to overcome technology and knowledge constraints and attain the upmost attainable productivity level through improvements in; farmer volume of production i.e. output, beef cattle technologies, and advertising, and the efficiency of the technology transfer process.
 JEL Code: Q13

Study of Photovoltaics (PV) Performance Degradation Analysis in Oman

The demand for electricity usage is increasing all around the globe. As an alternative and clean source to produce electricity there has been an emphasis on the usage of renewable energies. Sultanate of Oman has also taken an initiative by 2030 that at least 15% of the total energy mix should be generated through renewables. Considering the investments made in future it is also vital to estimate the Performance and reliability of PV modules under local climatic conditions. The surveyed data analysis of five sites under local climatic conditions has shown that the visual degradations such as encapsulate discolouration and delamination are main causes in old age group modules for higher degradation rates. Infrared (IR)-image analysis has shown that PV modules with ‘hot cells’ have higher degradation rates than the modules without ‘hot cells’. The interconnect test results have indicated that series resistance increases with the increase in the severity of interconnect breakages (SIB) thus increasing the output power degradation rates. Electrical parameter data analysis has shown that all the module average power degradation rate is 2.05%/year which is much higher than European counties. CdTe PV technology has shown fewer degradation rates which is less than 1%/year and seems to be the best choice in the local climatic conditions. The average degradation rate with regard to PV module size is higher for small size and lower for a larger size. In the contrary with regard to PV system size, larger size has observed with fewer degradation rates. The roof-mounted installations have also observed with higher degradation rates than the ground-based installations.

Исследование страховых рынков 31 страны на базе страховых показателей и выявление места России в кластерной иерархии с помощью кластерного анализа в среде R

Статья направлена на исследование страховых рынков 31 выбранной страны на основе страховых показателей с помощью кластерного анализа с использованием современных методов научных исследований. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы разделить на кластеры 31 страну для определения уровня развития страховой отрасли в этих странах в среде R на базе анализа выбранных страховых показателей и интерпретировать полученные кластеры. Для кластерного анализа были использованы статистические данные Организации Экономического Сотрудничества и Развития (ОЭСР) для 31 страны за период с 1992 по 2015 год. Для кластеризации стран с точки зрения их страховых показателей были взяты следующие факторы: глубина страхования, плотность страхования, ВВП, общая сумма страховых премий за указанный ранее период по странам. В итоге кластерного анализа в среде R было выявлено 5 кластеров. Россия попадает в кластер стран с низким уровнем развития страховой отрасли, наряду с Турцией и Мексикой, но обладает большим потенциалом развития в связи с тем, что относится с развивающимся рынкам, где культура страхования пока находится на более низком уровне, чем в странах более высоких кластеров, которые относятся к развитым рынкам страхования. Кластерный анализ позволяет увидеть схожесть страховых рынков. Авторы выдвинули гипотезу о том, что страховой рынок России по своей структуре, используемым страховым инструментам и принципам функционирования соответствует модели восточно-европейских стран, что позволяет совершенствовать страховой механизм страны в рамках тенденций стран именно такой типологии страхового рынка, но данная гипотеза была опровергнута в результате исследования. Авторы попытались сделать сравнительный анализ страховых систем, проблем страхования и инструментов управления рисками, используемых на рынках стран одного кластера. Приведенные алгоритмы исследования в R могут быть использованы с другими данными в разных сферах.

The Incoming Paradigm Shift with Globalization and Clustering Approach

Abstract Clusters are a common reality in all economies and have traditionally been equated with cities. Transversely all European counties and towns there is a growing specialisation and focus or clustering of industries in response to increasing competition and outsourcing as a result of economic reorganisations and globalisation. Industry clusters comprise groups of firms that share regular suppliers, wholesalers and expertise and discover advantage in a specific geographic location. Alongside the transition from the mass manufacturing strategies to the adaptable manufacture techniques, on the basis theoretical work in the stream of clustering's have become the mutually reinforcing significant research field of the regional development hypotheses (Ocal and Ucar, 2011). The common applicability of this consummate, an agglomeration of firms which have been analysed within the framework of industrial localities in the past has now moved towards the clustering methodology has led to new discussions concerning the potential impacts of regional planning policies in the development of localised progress. The clustering seems by all accounts to be a dynamic significant component of the competition where the worldwide rivalries strengthen. While various clustering operating at this level prosper, the others vanish. Taking into account such bits of knowledge, the paper recommends a theoretical proposal, supported by practical evidence. And also, argues that clarify the issue of successful clustering into global consideration in different ways and Besides, this article tries to find an adequate response to the question whether the clustering's can be considered as a strategy of economic progress and regional development in the long term and It pays particular attention to the position of developing country.

Multi‐Sector Nonparametric Production‐Frontier Analysis of the Economic Growth and the Convergence of the European Countries

AbstractIn this paper, I apply the recent nonparametric multi‐sector production‐frontier methodology of Walheer (), tailored to analyse the economic growth and convergence of countries taking the sector heterogeneity and interdependence into account, to the European countries from 1995 to 2014. Thanks to a simple rewriting of his initial model, I also provide results at the sector level, which was not possible with the initial version of the methodology. My results confirm the non‐neutrality of technological change and highlight that human capital accumulation plays the biggest role in the increase of labour productivity. Technological change and capital accumulation also play an important, if smaller, role in the increase of output‐labour productivity. My results also confirm the presence of heterogeneity between sectors in Europe, which supports the use of multi‐sector analysis. Finally, my results confirm the presence of two groups, in terms of labour productivity, within the European counties: Eastern and Central European countries and the EU12. These two groups diverge over time. The results are not affected by robustness checks.