Eurasian Integration Processes Research Articles

Theoretical Aspects of the Formation of the Concept of Eurasian Security

In the article, from the standpoint of the structural and functional approach, the theoretical aspects of the formation of the concept of security of the Eurasian space as a complex multilevel socio-cultural system are considered.Aim . To consider the essence of the security of the Eurasian space from the standpoint of a structural and functional approach.Tasks. To substantiate security as a function of the socio-cultural system, to consider the mechanisms of the impact of external and internal threats on Eurasian security.Methods. The structural and functional approach, system analysis, generalization, synthesis, comparative analysis were used.Results . The applied approach made it possible to formulate a definition of the security of a socio-cultural system, to identify ways to implement the security function by protecting and maintaining the system identity of its elements, as well as actively identifying destabilizing factors of the external and internal environment and countering them, in order to ensure effective, reliable and stable implementation of the purpose of the existence of a socio-cultural system.Conclusions . The analysis of the concept of “security” has shown that this concept is, first of all, a function of a socio-cultural system aimed at preventing or reducing damage from existing or potentially possible threats, allowing it to achieve the established goal of its existence. In this regard, within the framework of the Eurasian integration process, it is necessary to consider the security of the Greater Eurasia region not as a simple sum of the national security of the states that make up it, but as a basic function of a single complex Eurasian socio-cultural system, which is an independent center for the development of a multipolar world , ensuring the preservation of identity and development of the peoples of the historical Eurasian space, that is, as being on a more at a high system level, civilizational security.

Establishing scientific educational space within the university: factors contributing to successful Eurasian integration

Introduction. The problem of the article is to focus on a range of aspects in the field of integration of science and higher education, which play an important role in the process of establishing the Eurasian scientific and educational space. The purpose of the article is to identify factors contributing to successful Eurasian integration in the process of establishing scientific educational space within the university. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific (philosophical) methods and a systematic approach. The subject of the study required the use of a combination of different approaches, primarily systemic, which allowed to conduct the correct analysis of applying historically established and modern educational technologies and practices in Eurasian education, as well as to describe some aspects of the effective integration of science and education in the Eurasian space. The object of the study is the experience of the University under the IPA EurAsEC on developing a system of scientific, organizational, research, publishing and educational activities in the Eurasian space. The authors used the following research methods: comparative, historical, interdisciplinary, content analysis method, etc. Results. The article considers the experience of using methods of ethno pedagogy in preparing innovative staff for the Eurasian space as a means of developing scientific and educational cooperation, expanding Eurasian integration, and giving it a humanitarian dimension. The authors substantiate the idea that strengthening and expanding the capabilities and needs of a unified Eurasian scientific and educational space should be considered as conditions for achieving effective cooperation in the field of science and education, allowing to restore professional communication of researchers from different Eurasian countries, update the content of higher education and contribute to bringing new scientific knowledge to the scientific community. The authors emphasize that a significant contribution to the development of the Eurasian integration process is made by the University under the IPA EurAsEC, which initiated a number of international projects contributing to the inclusion of new scientific knowledge and methods in the educational process within the framework of Eurasian economic integration. Conclusions. The article concludes about the values of higher education and about a need for integrating science and education as a basis for further development of Eurasian integration process. The authors draw the conclusion that today integration must be based on the historical experience of cooperation between Eurasian states in the field of science and education. Such interaction is considered to be the basis for further successful integration.

The Eurasian Integration Process: Whether Political Will Is Enough to Keep the Eurasian Economic Union Alive

The Eurasian Integration Process: Whether Political Will Is Enough to Keep the Eurasian Economic Union Alive

Comparative analysis of the integration groupings of the EU and the EAEU

The scientific article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of integration associations of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach, system analysis and comparative method. The purpose of the study is to identify the differences between the integration processes of the EU and the EAEU and compare their effectiveness. The author defines integration, examines in detail the features of integration processes in Europe and Eurasia, compares the economic indicators of selected integration associations. The study pays special attention to the historical prerequisites for the formation of the Eurasian Economic and European Unions, as well as the gradual construction of these integration groupings, taking into account the impact on modernity. The novelty of the research lies in the author's understanding of the effectiveness of integration processes in the EU and the EAEU based on the analysis of macroeconomic indicators, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of associations, their comparative analysis, as well as in developing proposals to eliminate the identified problems of Eurasian integration. The main conclusions of the study are: the EU remains an effective integration association, whose successful experience has become an example for the creation of the EAEU. However, now the EU has reached the ceiling of growth, which has not yet been broken. The effectiveness of the Eurasian integration processes remains low, and economic achievements should be expected from the EAEU, as a young structure, no earlier than in 10-20 years.

Страновое измерение процессов евразийской интеграции в СНГ

The article describes the integration processes that developed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in the 2000s, which culminated in the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The purpose of the article is to determine the main directions of the EAEU development through the prism of country preferences of the participants of this integration association: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. The specifics of the involvement of these countries in the Eurasian integration processes in the CIS help to understand better the scale of the EAEU’s activities, its specifics, which is important for determining both the prospects for the development of the EAEU and the country dimension of Eurasian integration. The formation of the EAEU was preceded by the formation of the Customs Union (CU) and the Common Economic Space (CES), which generally corresponded to the algorithm that was present in world practice when creating large integration associations. The locomotives of the Eurasian integration process were initially Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, which demonstrated the highest level of economic and political interaction in the CIS. In conclusion, the main prospects for the country development of the EAEU and Eurasian integration in general are shown. The EAEU promises certain benefits to the states that are part of such an association. In addition, there is a certain political context here – as a result of closer integration, the EAEU states will become less susceptible to crises and the emergence of conflict situations. Like any integration association, the EAEU faces many problems and challenges, both external and internal. It is not always possible to overcome them completely, but the countries-members of the Union are making significant efforts to this, which in the future should give positive results in strengthening this integration project in Eurasia.

РОССИЯ — ПАКИСТАН — КЫРГЫЗСТАН: ОБЩАЯ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНАЯ ПАМЯТЬ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the important role of cultural and humanitarian cooperation for the interaction and mutual understanding promotion between regionally close states in the vector of Eurasian integration. On the example of Russia, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan, it has been attempted to identify the positive experience of humanitarian cooperation with these countries shared historical and socio-cultural memory going back to Soviet times. It has been also shown, that, despite unprecedented increase at the present stage of anti-Russian campaign on the part of the United States and its allies, there is orientation maintenance among these friendly countries towards each other states on the implementation of Eurasian integration processes. Last but not least, it has been achieved by creating an intercultural dialogue through people diplomacy and shared historical memory protection by friendly nations associated, besides other things, with the creative heritage of outstanding Soviet, Russian, Kyrgyz and Pakistani writers, scientists and public figures. Among them, there are two main personalities of Eurasian friends — the Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz and the Soviet-Russian-Kyrgyz novelist and diplomat Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov, whose rich literary and social activities contributed to the enhancement of interstate cooperation in the field of culture, science and public relations, peoples convergence in the Eurasian space as a whole.

Eurasian Economic Union: in the European Union's footsteps or on new paths?

The European and Eurasian integration forms are genuinely unique, with legislative, executive, and judicial powers at the supranational level. The comparative analysis used in this article was aimed at evaluating the Eurasian Economic Union’s (EAEU) integration in comparison with the European Union’s (EU). The article presents some common characteristics of the European and Eurasian integration processes besides noting several differences that may arise from the reasons for integration. The authors analysed, structured, and evaluated the features of the EU and EAEU by applying the interdisciplinary and comparative approach of the PESTEL factors analysis. The conclusion is that even though the EAEU has copied some EU operational mechanisms, the integration’s differences might always be tangible. The authors found particularly interesting how the historical roots of EU integration and the political reasons for enhancing the EAEU exist with similar institutional solutions. The integration’s aim in defining themselves as global actors in the globalised environment is very intriguing. It can be concluded that the EU might serve as an example worth following to the EAEU in many senses

The Eurasian Vector of Georgia's Political Development: Specifics and Opportunities for Implementation

The objective of this study is to identify the Eurasian vector of Georgia's political development implementation features and contradictions. The possibilities and extent of Georgia's participation in the Eurasian integration processes, as well as within various organizations (the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.) are considered. The study analyzes the possibilities of Georgia's implementation of the Eurasian development vector in political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, educational and other spheres. The potential of the Eurasian Union development as an economic organization and its attractiveness for the Georgian state is studied. It is emphasized that relations and cooperation building between Georgia and Russia and other member States of the Eurasian Economic Union is possible only subject to strengthening of the existing financial and administrative organization structures and its economic capacity building. Special attention is paid to Russia's policy towards Georgia to attract it to integration processes taking place in the Eurasian space. The authors note the peculiarities and shortcomings of Russia's foreign policy aimed at bringing the two states closer together, and gives recommendations for their correction. Unresolved ethnic and political conflicts and the uncertain state and administrative status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia are considered as factors that may encourage Georgia to participate and possibly join these organizations in order to resolve the existing problems. The authors of the article come to a conclusion that the Eurasian vector of political development is becoming more and more popular in Georgian society against the background of a rather distant prospect of the country's joining the Euro-Atlantic structures, and the competition of these projects will in many ways determine Georgia's future internal and foreign policy.

Problems of Legal Regulation of Educational Development under Conditions of Regional Integration (on the Example of the EAEU)

Modern integration processes are shaping a new era of interaction between states, economic and political systems, and people. International integration significantly expands cultural and informational contacts between peoples and states, affects management, production, trade, the labor market, political education, and other public institutions and processes. However, special attention is paid to the problems of education sector development. The Eurasian integration processes are no exception in this regard. In particular, the growth of the Eurasian Economic Union, which was created with the aim of building conditions for the accelerated development of the integration entity in accordance with modern requirements and the global challenges of our time. Currently, the areas of economic cooperation within the Union include, among others, the field of education, which makes it necessary to assess the problems of proper legal regulation within the international integration organization. The methodological bases of the work were the well-known general and particular methods of scientific research. The objectives of the current article are to study the relevant problems of legal support in the field of education at the supranational level and identify general trends, as well as the essential characteristics and main features in the field under consideration.

The Origin, Formation and Development Prospects of the Eurasian Integration

After collapse of the Soviet Union new sovereign states that emerged on its territory faced pressing problems of economic survival and development, provision of social needs and prevention of a political chaos. Under these conditions an optimum outcome seemed to be to find a mutually beneficial model of interstate relationship between these countries which accepting new political realities would preserve (and then – develop) positive results of their long-term economic interaction in the framework of the USSR single national-economic complex. However, a rather long time was actually required before centrifugal tendencies in the post-Soviet space were replaced by centripetal ones. And only by the end of the first decade of the 21st century Russia, Kazakhstan and Byelorussia – the top post-Soviet states in terms of GNP – succeeded in coordinating their positions in favor of a mutual economic cooperation, being in fact of an integration character, and take a decision to create for this purpose first the Customs Union, then – the United Common Space and finally – the Eurasian Economic Union. The article presents analysis of basic achievements and shortcomings of these integration associations, explores the step-by-step progress of the Eurasian integration process as well as the role in its development of cooperation with foreign partners. Also, major challenges and threats facing Russian political and economic national interests in the post-Soviet space are explored and principal ways and means to be undertaken for their elimination or neutralization are outlined. Also, the article explores the current state and development prospects of the Eurasian Economic Union which functions in conditions of a deep global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic and problems at the world oil market. Besides these factors of a global character the EEU activities experience a serious negative impact of a number of regional problems and challenges – from a continuing regime of Western trade and economic sanctions and up to political maneuvers carried out by some EEU members (Armenia, Byelorussia) under slogans of multipolarity which resulted in a crisis of their domestic and foreign policies and also seriously undermined their participation in the EEU economic activities. General conclusion of the above analysis is made nevertheless in favor of positive prospects of the EEU development which has succeeded in preserving its viability under extreme conditions. This conclusion is also supported by all Union members officially stating their intention to continue their interaction and deepen mutual cooperation.

Formation of priority development territories in the Far Eastern Federal District as the most important component of Eurasian integration

The modern model of socio-economic development of Russia has formed in the past few years under the influence of global financial challenges and unpredictable political circumstances. This requires a search for new directions of strategic development sources, which are based on a truly historical transformation of the most promising areas in several subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District. Without rejecting the prevailing imperative of "European" direction of cooperation, such an approach could be a turning point in Russia's development for years to come and ensure the strengthening of the Eurasian integration processes.

Аккультурация народов Евразии: от постановки проблемы к практической реализации

Due to its unique geopolitical position Russia plays an important role on the Eurasian continent. This article reveals the importance of the Russian culture in the Eurasian integration processes. The aim of the study is to consider acculturation as a form of intercultural communication, in the result of which a common Eurasian socio-cultural space and a Eurasian cultural community has been formed, where cultural integrity is formed maintaining certain cultural characteristics of various societies. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and the application of problem-chronological, historical and prognostic methods of scientific knowledge, the author came to the conclusion that in response to globalization the acculturation of the peoples of Eurasia is developing fast enough and not as invasively as it happened during the period of the Russian Empire or the USSR. Today, on the territory of Eurasia, heteromorphic interstate associations are emerging, economic, political and cultural environments are being formed, which do not always coincide with geographical boundaries. As a historical phenomenon acculturation depends on specific cultural and historical realities that developed in a certain space and time continuum. Depending on the position of the society entering intercultural interaction, methods, means, and factors influencing the process of intercultural interaction, various types of acculturation are distinguished (ethnic, religious, political, legal, etc.). In conclusion, the author states that the issues concerning the features of the formation of a single Eurasian socio-cultural space and the prospects for its further development, the cultural community of the Eurasian peoples require further scientific and theoretical research.

The Trans-Siberian transport corridor and development of urban agglomerations

When discussing the geographical features in the formation of the framework of the economy, population distribution and nature management of Russia (Siberia) and Mongolia in conditions of the landlocked location and an enhancement in Eurasian integration processes, it is necessary to capitalize primarily on the national priorities of Russia (and on the interests of its eastern regions), with due regard for the interests of neighboring countries. The territories adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway (Transsib) have favorable opportunities for implementation of major transport projects and for general economic growth. The competitive advantages and possibilities of the cities and agglomerations will look different if they are regarded not as separate entities but as forming part of a common Trans-Siberian economic space. An enhancement in the role of the transport hubs, such as Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, objectively leads to the growth of the respective agglomerations and is detrimental to the functioning of the other urban settlements along Transsib which are associated with the railroad. The Trans-Siberian transport corridor should become the belt of economic development of the adjacent landlocked territories and work for integration of the vast Eurasian space thereby unleashing the potential of the urban agglomerations of Siberia.

Международный транспортный коридор «Север–Юг» в стратегии России

The history of the International North–South Transportation Corridor (INSTC) as well as its current formation has been analyzed through the prism of identifying Russian strategic interests and goals both in the Caspian region and in Eurasia as a whole. A hypothetical possibility of turning the INSTC into an alternative to the Suez Canal has been considered; the potential of other transport logistic projects (TRACECA, “Belt and Road Initiative”, etc.) has been correlated with the INSTC. Main directions of the INSTC routes have been examined taking Russia’s interests into account. In this context attention is paid to development of Russia’s southern regions and its Caspian seaports in the framework of the INSTC. Russia’s interaction with Iran and India, which are key participants of the INSTC, is taken into account. The prospects for the implementation of this project are identified also in terms of promoting the Eurasian integration process.

Integration in the Eurasian region: legal aspects of its development

The article analyzes the problems of the evolution of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space, the characteristic features of the process. Based on the consideration of international documents that form the basis of Eurasian economic integration, and the main organizational and legal forms of interaction between the states of the Eurasian region, the authors propose the periodization of the Eurasian integration process. Four stages are substantiated in the paper: I. Formation of integration processes within the Commonwealth of Independent States with the creation of various mechanisms of interaction between the states. II. Creation of the Eurasian Economic Community and continued integration on the basis of this international organization. III. Creation of the Customs Union of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. IV. The creation of the Eurasian Economic Union – to date. The authors conclude that the integration of the former Soviet republics was carried out at various levels of cooperation, the logical result of which was the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union as the highest form of integration of the post-Soviet states at the moment. Further development of this international organization requires both a well-developed legal framework and the creation of appropriate economic, political and other objective prerequisites.

Features of Eurasian integration processes

The formation of the EAEU was initially associated with the task of jointly providing competitive advantages in the global economy. However, today it is becoming increasingly clear that the solution to this problem is being carried out inconsistently. The goal of the article is to investigate the main factors that determine the lack of consistency in the development of integration processes on the basis of system analysis. It is concluded that in many respects their manifestation is determined by the prevalence of political aspects over economic ones. Indeed, the practice of recent years shows that the Eurasian Economic Union is developing at an insufficient pace and not without internal contradictions with the declared goals and principles. They were especially exposed during the formation of a longterm development strategy for the period up to 2025. It must be admitted that in recent years, political aspects have increasingly come to the fore, pushing aside a purely economic agenda. Moreover, the EEC, in addition to the idea of a single currency and a single supranational bank, is persistently advancing the expansion of its powers in supranational regulation of such spheres as healthcare, education and other social areas of development. This, in our opinion, is the main risk for the union. At the same time, the successful development of well-known world integration associations is based on the unconditional priority of the principles of economic integration. Proposals are being made to ensure the sustainable development of the association, taking into account the balanced interests of member states and reduce possible risks.

A parceria sino-russa e a disputa pela Eurásia: imperativos geopolíticos e alianças conjunturais pelo controle do continente basilar

O objetivo do artigo é analisar a parceria sino-russa atual, a partir das teorias geopolítica e de balança de poder. Argumenta-se que a força motriz desta aproximação na segunda década do século XXI se dá no sentido de diminuir a influência de potências extrarregionais sobre a Eurásia – sobretudo dos EUA, devido ao seu poder e presença oriundos do final da Guerra Fria – que representam uma ameaça estratégica comum aos interesses russo e chinês. Esse aspecto pode ser identificado nas diferentes frentes de cooperação sino-russa que possuem um caráter estratégico. Na impossibilidade de detalhar cada aspecto da parceria em um só artigo, esse trabalho dará luz à cooperação energética, à cooperação na Ásia Central e à integração eurasiática com liderança sino-russa.

Освещение евразийской интеграции в американском научно-академическом дискурсе

The article discusses modern Eurasian integration - regional processes of unification in the post-Soviet space, in which Russia plays a guiding role. Despite the declaration by the American establishment of the importance of the Eurasian macro region and the deep involvement of the United States in the region’s affairs, the American foreign policy discourse clearly shows a lack of interest on the part of the expert community in integration in the post-Soviet space against the backdrop of Washington’s assistance in integration processes in other regions of the world. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to analyze the current practice of coverage in the American scientific and academic discourse of Eurasian integration processes with the active role of Russia. Based on the opinion of American experts from centrist, liberal and conservative think tanks, it is planned to determine the place of Eurasian integration issues in the American foreign policy discourse, to determine the dynamics of changes in the process of coverage of Eurasian integration by the American expert community, and to outline the nature of the assessments of American experts on Eurasian integration projects.

Development of the financial policy of the Eurasian economic union countries: tax harmonization

The paper presents an analysis of viewpoints in the debate concerning tax harmonization in integration unions and the results achieved in the Eurasian integration process, focusing on the specifics of taxation in the EAEU member states. The findings have led the author to conclude that there are considerable differences in taxation approaches and the rates of major budget-forming taxes and excises in the EAEU countries and non-tariff barriers still exist in product and services markets, which is an obstacle for mutual trade and access of excisable goods to the markets of union states. Measures to refine taxation systems are identified with a view to expanding budget revenues and ensuring the competitiveness and financial stability of the EAEU member states. Such measures include the establishment of a unified identification system for foreign trade operators (UISFTO), enhancement of electronic services, automation of information exchange between tax and customs authorities and implementation of new tax administration mechanisms in digital trade.

Eurasian Economic Union: multi-level Governance in the Сontext of Supranationalism and Nation States

As the title implies the article deals the analysis of the Eurasian Economic Union functioning as a system. It is analysed the role of the EAEU institutions as well as areas of interaction. It is revealed the limits of authorities of theUnion. It is identified EAEU multi-level governance at vertical (multiple levels) and at horizontal level (multiple actors). One of the key issues of this paper is to identify levels of competencies and accountabilities shared between EAEU institutions and nation states. It is demonstrated that intergovernmental, supranational and nation states decision-making processes applied within EAEU is effective. It is stressed that EAEU multi-level governance is very balanced and efficient. It is highlighted a role of EAEU common policies. It is emphasised that nation states are primary actors in Eurasian integration process. It is demonstrated an economic growth, deepening of Eurasian integration and its further development. It is underlined Union´s external relations, the effect of the EAEU policies and the role of the EAEU at a global level.