Euphorbia Royleana Research Articles

Biological and Photocatalytic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from the Leaf Extract of Euphorbia royleana Boiss.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significance due to their practical use in the medicinal field, especially in the treatment of tumors and cancer. The current article explores a green synthetic method for the preparation of AgNPs using leaf extract of Euphorbia royleanas. The synthesis was conducted at different parameters like concentration of AgNO3, pH, salt concentration, temperature and time to optimize best results for their biochemical applications. It was validated through UV-V spectroscopy (400-450 nm) with 1:3 (concentration ratio of leaf ethanolic extract and 1 mM AgNO3 solution) at a pH value of 8 at 35oC, which were the best optimization conditions. The FTIR spectral bands showed the presence of C-N and -OH functional groups, indicating that -OH stretching and the aliphatic -C-H stretching were involved in the reduction of Ag ions. The XRD pattern showed the face-centered cubic structure of silver nanoparticles. The results of SEM revealed that AgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape, mono-dispersed, and arranged in scattered form. EDX analysis testified the presence of metallic silver along with other elements like Cl, C, and O. The investigation of biochemical parameters showed that AgNPs were influential in the discoloration of dye wastewater (methylene blue ), where 80% of dye color was removed in 20 min, followed by the significant (p < 0.05) analgesic activity with an inhibition percentage of 86.45% at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Similarly, the antioxidant activity with the highest percent inhibition was 55.4% (p < 0.0001), shown by the AgNPs at 500 μg/mL. AgNPs showed a 30 mm zone of inhibition at 100 μl/mL against Aspergillus niger. It was concluded that AgNPs provide a baseline in medical technology for the treatment of simple to chronic diseases.

Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Herbal Ointment from Euphorbia Royleana Latex Linn. for Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by scaling ant inflammation (pain, swelling, heat and Redness) resulting in thick, redskin with silvery scales. These spots may be itchy or painful.Psoriasisis now treated with Systemic, local treatment and light therapy. These treatments have some negative and potentially fatal side effects. Patients With psoriasis are more likely to develop other diseases such as psoriatic arthritis, anxiety and depression, cancer, metabolic Syndrome, cardiovascular disease and Crohn’s disease. Most people use herbal medicine because it is readily available, Cheap and effective. Many plants have promising properties, including remarkable results in the treatment of psoriasis. The Aim of this study is to identify plants, herbal preparations and related therapies that could add value to the development of A better, safe and effective psoriasis drug which can help new researchers in the field (1).

Ethanolic extract of Euphorbia royleana Boiss. reduces metastasis of breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor progression in vivo.

Metastasis is the most devastating attribute of breast cancer (BC) that leads to high mortality. It is a complex process of tumor cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ERA on BC metastasis and BC progression in vivo. The transwell invasion/migration and wound healing assays showed that ERA treatment significantly reduced the invasion and migration of BC cell lines. The expression of mesenchymal (E-cadherin and N-cadherin), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9), and stemness markers (Oct3) were down-regulated by ERA. Furthermore, ERA down-regulated angiogenic chemokines (CXCL1/2/3, CXCL5, and CXCL12) expression in the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cell line. The clonogenic survival of BC cells was also reduced by ERA treatment. Strikingly, ERA prevented DMBA-induced tumor growth in Swiss albino mice as depicted by a high animal survival rate (84%) in the ERA group and histopathological analysis. Conclusively, this study revealed that ERA possesses anti-metastatic potential and also reduces the growth of BC in vivo. Moreover, the GC-MS data revealed the presence of biologically active compounds (Lupeol, Phytol, phytosterol) and some rare (9, 19-Cyclolanost) phyto metabolites in ERA extract. However, further studies are suggestive to identify and isolate the therapeutic agents from ERA to combat BC and metastasis.

Two new triterpenoids from the stems of Euphorbia royleana

Two new triterpenoids, namely 24-methylene-5,24-dien-19(10→9)-abeo-8α,9β,10α-eupha-3β-ol (1) and 24-methyl-5,23-dien-19(10→9)-abeo-8α,9β,10α-eupha-3β-ol (2) were isolated from the stems of Euphorbia royleana, together with three known analogs. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive 1H NMR,13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, ROESY and HR-MS spectroscopic analyses.

Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance

ABSTRACT Scanning microscopic imaging has become a valuable research tool in micromorphology with improved techniques playing an important role in analysing the ultrastructure of leaf specimens. The foliar epidermal anatomy of 25 selected poisonous plants with special emphasis on stomata and trichomes was reported using microscopic techniques, for instance, light micrographs (LMs) and scanning micrographs (SEMs). This study aimed to investigate micromorphologies of studied species that are helpful for the identification of poisonous plants. Plants were collected, pressed, dried, identified and then analysed for microscopic study. For making microscopic slides, 1 or 2 leaves were taken in a test tube and dipped in 30% nitric acid and 70% lactic acid for few minutes, and then placed on petri plates for separating the epidermis. Numerous quantitative and qualitative foliar anatomical features of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, including epidermal cell shapes, stomata size, subsidiary cell size, the pattern of the anticlinal wall, the morphology of the stomatal complex and trichome diversity, were examined. A small number of the considered species had anomocytic and anisocytic stomata; a few species had paracytic stomata, for instance, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia royleana, Buxus pilosula and Sorghum halepense; and only Ipomoea carnea had cyclocytic stomata in the studied taxa. The epidermal cells of the analysed species were irregular, while some exhibited polygonal, wavy, tetragonal and elongated cell morphologies. Overall, this study emphasises the significance of foliar micromorphology analysis as a valuable resource for identifying potentially poisonous plants and demonstrates its contribution to maintaining public welfare, thereby benefitting public health and safety.

Euphorbia royleana Boiss Derived Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications as a Nanotherapeutic Agent to Control Microbial and Oxidative Stress-Originated Diseases.

Nanotechnology is one of the most advance and multidisciplinary fields. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology radically changed the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases in all aspects of human life. The use of plants and their extracts is one of the most valuable methods towards rapid and single-step protocol preparation for various nanoparticles, keeping intact "the green principles" over the conventional ones and proving their dominance for medicinal importance. A facile and eco-friendly technique for synthesizing silver nanoparticles has been developed by using the latex of Euphorbia royleana as a bio-reductant for reducing Ag+ ions in an aqueous solution. Various characterization techniques were employed to validate the morphology, structure, and size of nanoparticles via UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDS. FTIR spectroscopy validates different functional groups associated with biomolecules stabilizing/capping the silver nanoparticles, while SEM and XRD revealed spherical nanocrystals with FCC geometry. The results revealed that latex extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (LER-AgNPs) exhibited promising antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains (Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus viridians). Both latex of E. royleana and LER-AgNPs were found to be potent in scavenging DPPH free radicals with respective EC50s and EC70s as 0.267% and 0.518% and 0.287% and 0.686%. ROSs produced in the body damage tissue and cause inflammation in oxidative stress-originated diseases. H2O2 and OH* scavenging activity increased with increasing concentrations (20-100 μg/mL) of LER-AgNPs. Significant reestablishment of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin serum levels was observed in mice intoxicated with acetaminophen (PCM), revealing promising hepatoprotective efficacy of LER-AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner.

Ganodermasides E-H, four new ergosterol derivatives from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum poae DJ-F associated with Euphorbia royleana

Ganodermasides E–H (1–4), four new ergosterol derivatives and two known ones (5 and 6) were isolated from the fermentation of the endophytic fungus Epicoccum poae DJ-F in the stems of Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS techniques. All the isolated compounds were tested for their vitro antibacterial activity. Compounds 1–6 showed weak inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Ralstonia solanacearum with MIC values ranging from 0.4 to 3.6 mM.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential of Euphorbia royleana extract-mediated silver and copper oxide nanoparticles

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential of Euphorbia royleana extract-mediated silver and copper oxide nanoparticles

Management of ocular contact with the sap of the Euphorbia royleana cactus

Management of ocular contact with the sap of the Euphorbia royleana cactus

Ganodermasides E–H, Four New Ergosterol Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Epicoccum Poae Dj-F Associated with Euphorbia Royleana

Ganodermasides E–H, Four New Ergosterol Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Epicoccum Poae Dj-F Associated with Euphorbia Royleana

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF Cucurbita maxima Duchesne AND Euphorbia royleana Boiss

Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cucurbita maxima indicated the presence of reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, steroid and glycosides whereas Euphorbia royleana indicated the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and tannin. The possible analgesic and anti-oxidant activities of Cucurbita maxima and Euphorbia royleana were investigated. Cucurbita maxima exhibited inhibition of writhing reflex 16.13% and 41.94% respectively (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.001) and Euphorbia royleana exhibited inhibition of writhing reflex 19.35% and 45.16% respectively (P&lt;0.02 and P&lt;0.001) on animal model (Swiss Albino mice) at 250 and 500mg/kg body weight dose level. Diclofenac sodium was used as standard drug. Both plants showed little antioxidant activity, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In the quantitative assay, Cucurbita maxima and Euphorbia royleana displayed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay IC50 = 218 µg/ml. and IC50 = 237 µg/ml respectively whereas that for ascorbic acid was IC50 = 17 µg/ml. The results provide a support for the use of this plant as analgesic and antioxidant.

Plant community patterns and edge effect study in the ecotone region of River Pabber and Tons in Western Himalaya

The present study was carried out in riverine ecotone of Tons and Pabber rivers which are tributary of river Yamuna in Garhwal Himalaya to understand the edge effect on distribution and structure of plant community patterns. The study was done at an altitude of 900 m to 1300 m to identify the plant diversity and community structure of riverine ecotone areas within a stretch of 64 km. In total Seventeen (N=17) tree species twenty one (N=21) shrub species, thirty-eight (N=38) species of herbs and three (N=3) species grasses were identified. Mallotus philippensis, Alnus nepelensis, and Pinus roxburghii were found to be dominant threes having 35.7%, 14.9% and 13.6% representation in total tree population. Out of nine (N=9), sample sites Mallotus philippensis and Pinus roxburghii were having the highest densities and relative densities in five (N=5) sites. Rubus elipticus was dominating shrub species with 16% representation followed by Zanthoxylum armatum 12.2%, Adhatoda vasica 10.3% and Agave cantula 9.3%. Rubus elipticus and Zanthoxylum armatum.were having the highest numbers in sites where the slope was gentle and soil conditions were not sandy. Whereas Adhatoda vasica was more uniformly distributed and was found growing uniformly in riverine sandy soil areas Agave cantula preferred the southern and western aspects with rocky slopes and poor soil conditions. In grasses, Carex infuscata was having highest dominance (43.64), in herbs Trifolium repens was having the highest dominance (21) followed by Cannabis sativa (20.92), Cynodon dactylon (17.8) and Verbascum thapsus (10.71). Species diversity indices used in the study was the Shannon Index, the value of diversity indicated by H' was 2.44 which indicates that the herb diversity in the ecosystem is uniformly distributed, no single herb species is dominant, whereas the dominance value which is 0.11 corroborate the diversity of the ecosystem. The value of Shannon wiener (H') index for shrub species was 1.58 which indicates that the majority of shrub (66.6%) species are distributed uniformly except Berberis lycium, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Euphorbia royleana, Indigofera heterantha, Lantana camara, Woodfordia fruticosa and Viburnum cotinifolium.

Ethanolic extracts of Pakistani euphorbiaceous plants induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells through induction of DNA damage and caspase-dependent pathway

BackgroundNumerous plants of Euphorbiaceae, thespurgefamily are traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases and recent studies also reported anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities of these plants. However, the medicinal potential of several indigenous euphorbiaceous plants of Pakistan is not described yet. Therefore, we intended to evaluate the in vitro anti-breast cancer potential of 10 euphorbiaceous plants of Pakistan. MethodsCytotoxic screening of ethanolic extracts of selected plants was performed by MTT assay. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to find the major groups of chemicals responsible for cytotoxic activity. To determine the genotoxic effect of plant extracts, microscopic analysis was carried out. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopic analysis were done to detect apoptosis. To find out the expression analysis of cell cycle and cell death regulatory genes, quantitative real-time polymerase reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. ResultsAmong the 10 tested plants, ethanolic extracts of Croton tiglium (CTL) and Euphorbia royleana (ERA) were found to possess the highest anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7), with IC50 values 100 and 80 µg/mL respectively. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and steroids in both plant extracts, whereas, glycosides and saponins were found only in CTL and ERA, respectively. The cellular aberrations and nuclear morphologies with a distinct DNA laddering pattern substantiated the genotoxic effects. Furthermore, our data showed that CTL and ERA induce cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase by down-regulating the CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression followed by caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. However, based on the activation of initiator and executioner caspases, two distinct types of apoptotic pathways are proposed for these plants. The CTL prompted extrinsic while ERA triggered the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. ConclusionOur data demonstrate the strong anti-proliferative and caspase-dependent apoptotic potential of CTL and ERA against breast cancer cells. Further studies are suggested to find clinical implications of these plants in breast cancer therapeutic.

التعرف على الفربيون الصباري "Euphorbia Royleana" المدرج ضمن اتفاقية الاتجار الدولي بأنواع النباتات والحيوانات البرية المهددة بالانقراض "CITES" من خلال استخدام تقنية الترميز الشريطي للحمض النووي: وجه جديد لعلوم الأدلة الجنائية للحياة البرية

Disorganized and chaotic collection of the Euphorbia plant species from the wild is one of the major reasons for its endangered status. According to CITES, the trade in Euphorbia royleana species is prohibited under Appendix II. However, the trade continues unabated as current identification methods do not discriminate between closely related species. In the present study, a DNA barcoding method has been used to establish inter- and intra-specific divergences of both matK and rbcL regions by using pairwise genetic distance measurement methods for evaluating the maximum barcoding gap. The matk and rbcL yielded a 100% amplification and sequencing success rate to distinguish closely related species of Euphorbia royleana unambiguously. The matk and rbcL showed average interspecific genetic distance divergence values of 0.031and 0.015, respectively. The maximum number of species-specific SNPs was observed in matK sequences at seven consecutive sites, which could distinguish Euphorbia royleana from closely related species. The best candidate barcoding region to identify Euphorbia royleana was found to be matK with a single-locus barcoding approach. Furthermore, the species discrimination method was developed with the help of species-specific SNPs derived from the matK barcoding region to accurately authenticate Euphorbia royleana, and it provided 100% species resolution

New ingol diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Euphorbia royleana Boiss

Three new ingol diterpenoids, 8,12-O-diacetylingol-7-benzoyl-3-tiglate (1), 12-O-acetylingol-3,7-dibenzoyl-8-tiglate (2) and 3,12-O-diacetyl-7-O-benzoylingol-8-tiglate (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia royleana, together with three known ingol derivatives (4-6). Their structures were elucidated by the extensive HR-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, ROESY and CD analyses. The cytotoxic activities of 1-3 were evaluated by MTT methods.

New ingenane and ingol diterpenoids from Euphorbia royleana

Phytochemical investigation on the 95% EtOH extract of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Euphorbia royleana (Ba-wang-bian in Chinese) led to the isolation of 11 diterpenoids (1–11) and two triterpenoids (12 and 13). Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were new ingenane and ingol diterpenoids, respectively. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses (1 D and 2 D NMR, HRMS, ECD, UV, and IR data) and chemical methods. Compounds 12 and 13 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities in vitro against human lung cancer cell line A549 with IC50 values of 14.84 ± 0.56 and 27.11 ± 1.65 µM, respectively.

Effect of Euphorbia royleana on Growing Stages of Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus

In this study toxicity of Euphorbia royleana latex and stem bark extract was evaluated in a static bioassay test for the fry and fingerlings of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. For fry the LC50 values for Euphorbia royleana latex were 12.66, 6.27, 4.04 and 3.05 mg/L whereas for stem bark extract the LC50 values were 113.77, 89.16, 71.99 and 56.59 mg/L for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. It seems that toxicity of latex was more pronounced as compared to stem bark extract. The LC50 values for latex for fingerlings were 22.58, 18.14, 14.99 and 12.34 mg/L whereas for stem bark extract the LC50 values were 614.35, 585.06, 535.93 and 475.37 mg/L for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. The activities of the latex and stem bark extract were time- and dose-dependant. The present study clearly indicates that Euphorbia royleana extracts should be applied with great precautions nearby the aquatic reservoirs as it is toxic to growing stages of the fish.

A New Cyclic Tetrapeptide from Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus versicolor E-2

A new cyclic tetrapeptide (1) named aspergilpeptide A, together with a known cyclic tetrapeptide penicopeptide A (2) and chaetominine (3) were obtained from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor E-2 isolated from the medicinal plant Euphorbia royleana. The structures of compounds (1-3) were elucidated using NMR and MS methods.

IN-VITRO SCREENING OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS FOR THEIR POTENTIAL ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Background: Natural products have been shown to be reliable sources of anticancer medicines although there is still a consistent demand for new therapeutic natural products for cancer treatment with minimal side-effects.Materials and Methods: In this study, six plant extracts (Grevillea robusta; Euphorbia millii; Euphorbia royleana; Aloe grandidentata; Bauhinia corniculate; and Cassia fistula) were screened for the presence of phytochemical metabolites as saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and sterols, using qualitative tests. Antiproliferative screening assay was performed on a panel of three cancer cell-lines (HepG-2, HCT-116 and MCF-7) using MTT assay, and cytotoxicity was determined using WI-38 human fibroblast cell- line.Results: Some plant extracts reduced cellular growth for the selected cancerous cell-lines. For example, E. royleana and A. grandidentata extracts reduced HepG-2 cellular growth with IC50 of 0.42 and 0.53μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, A. grandidentata and C. fistula reduced cellular growth of MCF-7 with IC50 of 0.37 and 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: E. royleana, A. grandidentata and C. fistula showed significant anti-proliferative activity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell-lines with non-cytotoxic nature. This suggests their potential role as anticancer agents against these types of cancer. The presence of flavonoids, sterols and anthraquinones may suggest their enhanced anti-proliferative activities. Therefore, this study has shed light on the possible use of these extracts as potential sources of natural products-based therapy for cancer.

Preventive effect of Euphorbia royleana Boiss on diabetes induced by streptozotocin via modulating oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid damage

Oxidative stress is associated with streptozotocin induced diabetes. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and genotoxic effects of Euphorbia royleana Boiss. stem’s crude extract in rats. Better inhibitory concentration (IC50) of methanolic extract in alpha amylase and antioxidant assays along with improvement in hyperglycemia can be linked with the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids determined quantitatively by HPLC. The declining superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were restored at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The methanolic extract turned out to be Class I genotoxic at 100 µg/mL. Moreover, improvement in histopathological changes of pancreas, liver and kidney were also observed.