Euler Deconvolution Research Articles

Magnetic Structural Depth Classification Using Center for Exploration Targeting And 3D Euler Deconvolution: A Case Study of Shanga (Sheet 96) North West, Nigeria

The present study involved the use of 3D Euler deconvolution to classify the depth of occurrences of magnetic structures as explicated and elucidated by the Centre for Exploration Targeting Plug-in (CET). To achieve this aim, the residual magnetic anomaly was first reduced to the equator (RTE) to centre the anomaly peaks directly above each causative source. After that, the RTE data was imputed into the CET plug-in, which is an extension of Oasis Montaj, to delineate structures that occur within the area. A 3D Euler deconvolution map with a structural index of one (SI = 1) that identified faults, dykes, and horizontal bodies was created using the RTE data. The Euler deconvolution depths were classified for depths that are <150 m, between 150 m and 300 m, 300 m and 450 m, and > 450 m. The CET delineated structures were superimposed over the 3D Euler deconvolution map with SI = 1, and most of the CET structures coincided with the structures from the Euler deconvolution map with SI = 1. Since Euler solutions are classified based on depth, the Euler structural map was used to classify the CET delineated structures based on their depths. The Euler structural map was imported into ArcGIS version 10.8 to digitize the structures based on their corresponding depth as displayed on the 3D Euler deconvolution map of SI = 1. After digitizing the Euler map with a structural index equal to one (SI = 1) with classified depth, a new structural map was then produced depicting each structure delineated with the CET based on their respective depth.

Metallogenic targets detection by improved joint gravity and magnetic 3d euler deconvolution methods—a case study in luzong ore concentrating area

Metallogenic targets detection by improved joint gravity and magnetic 3d euler deconvolution methods—a case study in luzong ore concentrating area

Automatic thrust/fault and edge location with gravity data across the Shillong plateau and Mikir hill complex in northeastern India using the most positive and most negative curvature interpretation

Abstract Northeast India encompasses numerous thrusts, faults, and lineaments with undulated surface topography and is one of the utmost tectonically active regions in the world. Owing to the results of the collision of the Indian Plate under the Tibetan Plate and Burmese Plate, respectively, this area has affected the highest seismic potential zone-V, triggering many earthquakes. The current study area is located in and around the Shillong plateau, Mikir Hills, Naga Hills, Arakan-Yoma fold belt, Bengal basin, and Mishmi hills of the Himalayan foothills and that fall under the northeast of India. The thrusts and faults information available in this area are very scanty due to limited availability of geoscientific data and revealing seismic survey. Henceforth, it is necessary to get enhanced geoscientific learning for a better understanding of thrusts, faults, and lineaments information, the most positive and most negative curvature attribute analyses have been carried out using ground gravity data in this area. The significant derived results from this study encourage supplementary findings of thrust, fault, and lineament information, which also correlate well with the previously found results of 3D Euler deconvolution and source edge detection. Although, gravity data interpretation has its own limitations, however, the current derived results using the latest curvature analysis approach utilizing gravity data show realistic invigorated solutions for a better understanding of the thrust, fault, and lineament locations in this area.

Analysis and Interpretation of Gravity data to modelling ‘PB’ Geothermal Field

The ‘PB’ field is located on the island of Sumatra which is related to the volcanic activity of Kaba hill which still retains residual heat from the magma. One of the geophysical methods used in this case is the gravity method where this method can be applied to determine the location of reservoirs, possible locations for reservoirs, and even to examine geological features and heat sources. In this paper, gravity data is used to interpret the structure and possibility of modelling the heat source in the ‘PB’ geothermal field. The gravity data was analyzed using integrated gradient interpretation techniques such as Horizontal Gradient (HG) and Euler Deconvolution (ED) methods. The CBA map produced shows two dominants high Bouguer anomalies underlying the ‘PB’ geothermal field associated with the presence of dacite and andesitic rocks. Analysis of fault structure based on geological data, HG and ED enhancement data on gravity anomalies was used as a reference for the initial model of subsurface conditions in the inversion model. The 2-D modelling results reflected high-density rocks associated with active ‘PB’ mountain volcanism. The conclusion obtained from the analysis and interpretation of the ‘PB’ geothermal system is that this area still has active volcanism, which is a heat source, with the presence of diatreme found through 2D gravity inversion modeling. The conceptual model results obtained by combining the integration of each reference and existing research show that the upflow zone is at the top of Kaba Hill and the outflow zone is at Babakan Bogor hot spring and Suban hot spring. Thus, these results can provide comprehensive information in analyzing and interpreting as well as the use of enhancement data gravity HG, ED and 2D slice inversion in the description of structures and modelling in the Geothermal ‘PB’ field.

Analysis of Aeromagnetic Data for Enhancing Geologic Features Using Filtering Techniques Over the Congo Craton–Pan‐African Belt Contact, Centre‐East Cameroon

The Pan‐African mobile zone, situated at the margin of the Congo Craton in Cameroon, is characterized by a geological setting with polyphased tectonics, which can be summarised as the alternation of compression and extension events. The present study, conducted in a portion of the aforementioned zone, is aimed at investigating crustal structures using aeromagnetic data. To achieve this, a variety of advanced analysis and interpretation techniques were applied to reduce aeromagnetic data at the equator, including total horizontal derivative (THD), Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET), 3D Euler deconvolution (ED), spectral analysis, and 2D3/4 modeling. The results indicate that the study area can be divided into four magnetic units based on the magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility, geometry, and depth) of the underlying rocks. The THD method reveals the presence of pseudocircular and linear structures, which are associated with mafic intrusions and faults, respectively. The structural trends of the lineament generated semiautomatically using the CET method suggest that the structures are oriented in order of priority: E‐W, WNW‐ESE, ENE‐WSW, and NE‐SW. These directions are probably related to the Pan‐African orogeny. According to the ED, the depths of these lineaments extend beyond 1250 m. A spectral analysis conducted on a profile intersecting some of the significant anomalies on the reduction to the equator (RTE) map indicates that the average depths of superficial and deep magnetic sources along this profile are approximately 0.5 and 6.5 km, respectively. The geological model obtained along this profile by direct 2D3/4 modeling indicates the presence of an ancient granitic basement, which is overlain by younger formations belonging to the Pan‐African.

Geological structure identification in geothermal manifestation of Lamongan Volcano Complex: A magnetic data analysis approach

The Tiris area in the Lamongan Volcano Complex, Probolinggo, East Java, is estimated to be an area with geothermal potential in Indonesia. This is indicated by the existence of several hot springs along the Tancak River, forming a continuous line with a distance about 20-50 m between each hot spring. Segaran hot springs are one of the hydrothermal manifestations that can indicate the presence of geothermal potential in this location. Some previous research has shown the existence of subsurface geological structures around Segaran hot springs in a northwest-southeast direction. However, the identification of geo - thermal manifestations in this location is limited, so magnetic data can help identify subsurface geological structures to confirm the geo thermal potential in this area. A significant contrast in horizontal magnetic anomalies indicates the existence of subsurface geological structures. To delineate the boundaries of the magnetic anomaly, the first horizontal derivative and second vertical derivative were applied. To determine the depth of the magnetic anomaly, located Euler deconvolution was used. The integration of these three transformations on the magnetic data is sufficient to interpret the position, direction, and depth of subsurface structures in the research area. The results show the position of dominant lineament in the Lamongan Volcano Complex through Segaran hot springs is a northwest-southeast orientation. These results align with the dominant orientation from the density lineaments analysis performed based on the Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). Building from previous research, the existence of fault structures correlated with Segaranhot springs can improve the indication of geothermal potential in the Lamongan Volcano Complex, especially in the Tiris area.

Results of high-resolution technologies applied in the acquisition of seafloor information in the Colombian Caribbean Sea

We expound on a hydrographic and geophysical survey in the south of the Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (ASAPSC) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. In 2017 and 2018, high-resolution data were acquired from the Caribbean Center for Oceanographic and Hydrographic Research (CIOH). The hydrographic data were processed and filtered per International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards and the geomagnetic data were processed, corrected, and filtered to improve the interpretation. We could then characterise the submarine relief, analyse the geomagnetic anomalies in the area, and identify different relief forms of volcanic origin. Regarding geomagnetic work, a spectral analysis of the anomalies revealed highly magnetic bodies in deep water and residual magnetic anomalies strongly related to the seabed morphology. Magnetic highs associated with the basement highs and volcanic cones were detected. Complementary spectral analysis showed that the shallowest magnetic sources were in the first 500 m, whereas the deepest magnetic sources were between the depths of 4 and 5 km. The geomagnetic data were also validated using Euler deconvolution analysis, which confirmed these magnetic anomalies. Thus, a direct relationship between the magnetic anomalies and bathymetry of the seafloor was confirmed, reinforcing the theory of the volcanic origin of these islands.

Unveiling the mineral resources and structural patterns in the Middle Benue Trough: a comprehensive exploration using airborne magnetic and radiometric data

The Middle Benue Trough (MBT) in Northcentral Nigeria is a geologically significant area with vast mineral resource potential. Employing airborne magnetic and radiometric data, this study utilized the Centre for Exploration Targeting on enhanced total magnetic intensity data to reveal geologic structures, lithological units and mineralization zones. Lineaments predominantly trended in NE-SW direction, with noteworthy orientations in NNE-SSW and E-W. Radiometric anomalies correlated with distinct lithological units, pinpointing granitic gneiss, alluvium, shale, siltstone and sandstone. A magnetically concentrated and potassium-rich area indicated potential polymetallic-magnetic mineralization. The 2D model illustrated igneous intrusions influencing prevalent geologic structures, such as sediment baking and doming. Thorough analysis, including source parameter imaging, standard Euler deconvolution and 2D forward modelling, revealed sediment thicknesses below 1500 m. This research enhances understanding of the MBT’s geological features, offering valuable insights for mineral exploration and resource assessment in the region.

Investigation of iron ore potential in north-central Nigeria, using high-resolution aeromagnetic dataset and remote sensing approach

The instability of fuel prices in the international market has adversely affected the economy of Nigeria, which is a developing country that solely relies on crude oil. This has led the country to consider diversifying its economy into mineral resources. The consideration of iron ore as an important mineral for global infrastructure, steel production, and wealth creation has prompted this study to consider its potential within north-central Nigeria. Additionally, no geophysical reports considering the regional distribution of iron ore potential in both the Basement Complex and the sedimentary basins within north-central Nigeria have been previously carried out. This study employs an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted overlay to integrate the analyses of the high-resolution aeromagnetic data set (HRAMD) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS to assess the iron ore potential of the different geological terrain in north-central Nigeria. The ferrous mineral band ratio technique was adopted in processing the Landsat data, and several signal enhancement techniques were performed on the HRAMD, including the first vertical derivative (1VD), analytical signal, center for exploration targeting (CET) grid analysis, Euler deconvolution, and radially averaged power spectrum (RAPS). The shallowest magnetic sources and the high amplitude zones were delineated, and the dominant structural trend of the area was revealed to be WNW-ESE and NE-SW, and both orientations appeared to be favorable for mineralization. The apparent depth estimates of shallow and deep-seated magnetic structures obtained from Euler deconvolution ranged from 127.65 to 3540.64 m, whereas RAPS delineated a range of 285–3710 m. The analytical signal (AS) categorized the magnetism of the area into low, intermediate, and high magnetic zones. The higher magnetic zones were considered to be favorable for mineralization. The ferrous mineral ratio map reveals areas of higher reflectance, which depict zones of iron ore potential. The iron ore potential map was validated using known iron ore mines and deposits, which showed a perfect correlation, and new sites of probable iron ore mineralization within north-central Nigeria were revealed. This article will serve as a guide for stakeholders in the exploration of iron ore deposits.

Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications

Abstract In Cameroon, the drying up of wells and boreholes during the dry season is characterized by a lack of knowledge about the surface structures of the subsoil and the spatial distribution of groundwater. In this study, we propose to use gravity data to detect and characterize the surface structures of the south-west (SW) Cameroon and to analyze their hydrogeological implications. The application of the normalized standard deviation method on the data obtained from the stable downward continuation of the Bouguer anomalies led to the detection of 71 lineaments that characterize the tectonic events of the study area. The statistical analysis of the lineament directions shows that the near-surface structures were mainly affected by a tectonic of direction east–west followed by that oriented SW-north-west. These two directions are consistent with the megastructures in the region like the Ngoro-Belabo Shear Zone and the Sanaga Fault stretching from the Gulf of Guinea to the Central African Republic. In addition, the application of the Euler deconvolution method permits us to evaluate the interval in which lies the depth of each lineament hosting Euler solutions. The analyses showed that 12 lineaments, whose roof depths are between zero and 250 m, are very favorable for hydrogeological prospecting.

Contribution of Aeromagnetic Data to the Structural Discontinuities Identification of Black Volta Catchment Aquifer System in Côte d'Ivoire

This paper focuses on improving the structural knowledge of the fissured aquifers of the Black Volta catchment in Côte d'Ivoire based on the mapping of magnetic lineaments, which represent magnetic discontinuities such as magmatic body contacts or tectonic faults. Four filtering methods, pole reduction (equator), gradient (vertical and hori-zontal), upward extension, and angle tilt, were applied to the residual magnetic field map to extract magnetic discontinuities while using the Oasis Montaj (Geosoft) program. Euler deconvolution coupled with the analytical signal provided, in addition to the horizontal location of the magnetic contacts, is an indication of their depths. The resulting structural map contains 458 structures, with lengths ranging from 9.03 to 66.54 km. Three directions, NW-SE, E-W and NE-SW, were detected with a predominance of the NW-SE direction. Depths estimated by Euler solutions range from 6.8 to 2847 m. This map is consistent with many faults already recognised or assumed by traditional structural studies and tectonic events affecting the Ivorian basement. These results contribute significantly to the improvement of the structural map of the Black Volta Basin in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition to the major known tectonic faults, numerous lineaments, particularly those at depth, have been highlighted by the present study.

Gravity Application to Obtain the Subsurface Structures of Mafid Region, North Nasser Lake, Egypt

This study aims to define structures below the surface of the Mafid Area by using gravity data interpretation. Estimates were made for the contact density contrast and the gravity sources' depths. The source depths and contact locations were estimated using the Euler deconvolution method. Structures with shallow and deep seats were also assessed using power spectrum analysis. The structure at a shallow depth was between 0.032 km and 0.437 km. According to the Euler deconvolution method's outcomes, the basement may be below ground in the area's southernmost portion, and it has grown to between 200 and 300 meters in the area's northernmost portion. Multiple faults affect the region that most trends in the NW-SE, NNW-SSE, E-W, NE-SW, and NNE-SSW directions, according to the structural map that has been interpreted. Three-dimensional gravity modelling shows that the upper surface depth of crystalline rocks (Basement rocks ) ranges from 170 to 374 m.

CONTRIBUTION OF AEROGRAVITY DATA INTERPRETATION TO THE STUDY OF THE DEEP STRUCTURE OF AGADEM PETROLEUM BLOCK (NIGER)

The main information provided by gravity maps is the geographical distribution of density heterogeneities in the subsurface. It is an important tool widely used for the mapping of geological structures, especially in the oil industry. Thus, this study based on the interpretation of aerogravity data has for objective, the qualitative description of the characteristics of the gravity anomalies of the study area, interpretation and mapping of the gravity lineaments as well as their depths, knowing that the lineaments constitute potential structural traps favorable to the accumulation of the hydrocarbons. Methods such as horizontal derivative, upward continuation and Euler deconvolution are used to give a geological signifiance to the different anomalies and to highlight deep structures. Thus, the analysis of the residual anomaly map revealed elongated negative and positive anomaly zones, oriented globally NW-SE, considered respectively as horst and graben zones. Gravity lineaments, considered as normal faults, are mapped using the horizontal gradient method. Finally, the depths of the density contrasts are estimated by the Euler deconvolution calculation using the value “1” as structural index. The depths thus determined are highly variable. The shallowest depths vary between 3000 m and 6000 m, while the deepest depths reach 18000 m.

Spatial and temporal control of the volcanic activities over the distribution of sediments in the Magadi basin, Kenya Rift

High-velocity layers in basins with significant sub-basalt coverage, such as the Magadi basin, can impede geophysical imaging of potential subsurface hydrocarbon deposits. Using magnetic and gravity methods, this study examines the influence of volcano-tectonic processes and the basement on the evolution of the Magadi basin. Regional-residual separation analyses identified key structures and signatures. Lineaments and depths of the causative sources were determined using Euler deconvolution. Butterworth low-pass filters on aeromagnetic data isolated depth-varying magnetic layer responses. The study demonstrates a westward displacement of volcanic flows in the Magadi basin, originating from nearly all volcanic plugs. Depocenters near the western boundary fault are more affected by westerly movements of the volcano-tectonic flows than depocenters near the eastern boundary fault. The Rift underwent internal compartmentalization, resulting in depocenters with unique and intermittent tectonic and sedimentary occurrences. Rift segmentation led to modifications in catchment areas, which caused sudden variations in sediment flux, ultimately leading to the isolation of the depocenters. This study identifies the initial compartmentalized depocenters of Nguruman, Koora, and Forty-six. The initial Nguruman depocenter is oriented SW-NE and spans approximately 2512 sq. km with a sediment thickness range of 2000–4000 m. The presence of horsts in the southern and northern parts precludes volcaniclastics from the depocenter. Active tectonics and inversion caused the initial Nguruman depocenter to split into two halves: the northern Musenke depocenter and the southern Pakase. Euler depth analysis indicates sedimentary formations are thicker in compartmentalized depocenters in Magadi's western and southern regions than near the eastern boundary fault. The sediment thickness range in the Koora basin is approximately 1000–3000 m, while Pakase on the western flank has a sediment thickness range of 2000–3800 m.

Structural control on a Ypresian karstic aquifer revealed by an integrated geophysical and geological approach: the Mateur imbricated thrust zone (northern Tunisia)

We present a characterization of a poorly studied karstic aquifer, documenting the geometry, resistivity properties and the control of structural discontinuities that affect the Ypresian limestone cropping out in the Mateur imbricated thrust zone in northern Tunisia. The karst system was produced by meteoric diagenesis. Geophysical methods and field investigations were useful in extracting geological features. First, our findings suggest that N110–N140 directions are the preferred dissolution paths orientated parallel to strike-slip and extensional faults. Second, the gravity data analysis (regional–residual separation, horizontal gravity gradient and Euler deconvolution) show a particular tectonic node as a junction of the NE–SW and NW–SE directions. Third, 2D electrical resistivity models display various karstification typologies with high (>1000 Ω m), medium (between 200 and 1000 Ω m) and low (<100 Ω m) electrical resistivity zones. These electrical resistivity models have contributed to the establishment of a conceptual structural model of the global karst features. Finally, 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and 1D time-domain electromagnetic analysis highlighted the presence of potential water zones integrated into the aquifer. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Karst: Characterization, Hazards & Hydrogeology collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/karst

Interpretation of the tectonic structure of Gemlik Bay using magnetic data

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the main faults and many small-scale faults and submarine structures within Gemlik Bay, on the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the southeast of the Sea of Marmara. In order to produce a fault map for the study area and research tectonic structures, magnetic data were obtained using a cesium vapor magnetometer on a total of 30 profiles (340 km) with N-S and E-W orientation within the bay. Diurnal corrections were applied to obtain the necessary minimization of diurnal variations in the magnetic data. Heading correction and micro-leveling corrections were applied to remove small boat effects, and the reduction to the pole method was applied for greater differentiation of the magnetic data. Magnetic data were analyzed using advanced potential field processing techniques. Euler deconvolution technique was applied to define the extension and depth of the determined lineaments. Boundaries of structures in the region were determined using source edge detection, tilt derivative, the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient amplitude (TAHG), and a novel edge detector based on the softsign function (SF) techniques. In order to reveal the tectonic evolution of Gemlik Bay, the structures obtained from the analysis results were interpreted and a fault map was produced. The results of the study identified the Armutlu Fault in the north, the Gemlik Fault in the east, the Zeytinbağı Fault and Mudanya Fault in the southwest and the Gençali Fault in the south within Gemlik Bay. These five essential faults significantly affected the region tectonically. These faults correlated well with the location of some previously-known major tectonic structures. Moreover, these important faults following the morphology of the bay indicate that Gemlik Bay was opened by a pull-apart basin mechanism.

Aeromagnetic and structural characterization of dyke swarms in southeast Brazil: Evidence for Cenozoic reactivation of the Guapiara lineament, Ponta Grossa Arch

The Guapiara Lineament located on the northern edge of the Ponta Grossa Arch, Southeastern São Paulo state, Brazil, it is an important morphostructural feature defined by dykes oriented in NW-SE direction. The main objective of this work is applying new techniques for enhancing magnetic anomalies of the Guapiara Lineament and other structures, and using aeromagnetic data as support for the analysis of structure reactivation. Aerogeophysical techniques included qualitative and semiquantitative approaches (Euler Deconvolution and Radial Average Spectrum), we used the vertical and horizontal gradients, as well as deep magnetic sources and shallow magnetic sources filters, for an in-depth magnetic-structural characterization that was further correlated with the outcropping geology. We have also applied upward continuation (2000m) in the anomalous magnetic field map which was the basis for applying the Total Horizontal Gradient of the Analytical Signal (TDY), Analytic Signal Amplitude (ASA), Tilt angle (TDR), Total Horizontal Derivative of the Tilt Angle (TDR-THDR) and Tilt Angle of the Horizontal Gradient (TAHG) to improve our interpretations of the regional framework. The magnetic trends of the Guapiara Lineament are superimposed on the NE-SW (e.g.: Cubatão Lineament) and E-W (e.g.: São Sebastião Lineament) anomalies, which are considered structural inheritances of the Proterozoic basement. We report a set of reactivated N40–70W and E-W strike-slip faults showing the same orientation as the mapped magnetic lineaments. Moreover, they seem to be associated to deformational features in the dyke swarm, which was interpreted as evidence of Cenozoic tectonic reactivation.

Application of enhanced methods of gravity data analysis for mapping the subsurface structure of the bahira basin in Morocco

Gravity-based imaging of the subsurface has increased worldwide recently. Improvements in the processing and analysis of gravity data have allowed us to locate the basement surface, map geologic basins, and define structural patterns. In this study, gravity data were analyzed to study the Bahira basin’s underlying geology. The Bahira basin is very important economically. The Ganntour plateau is distinctive due to the importance of the phosphate mining resources. Using gravity data, we mapped the subsurface and determined the underlying structural patterns that affect the study area. In this study, we used several techniques to edge detection including Total horizontal derivative (THDR), first vertical derivative (FVD), tilt derivative (TDR), and its horizontal derivative (THDR_TDR) methods. Accordingly, the geological history of the Bahira basin suggests that the main lineaments/faults trends are NE-SW, NW-SE, ENE-WSW, and WNW-ESE. The 3D Euler deconvolution showed the depth and location of lineaments/faults, and matched edge detection results. The eastern Bahira basin’s sedimentary layer is 2–8 km deeper according to the Euler technique. Two-dimensional forward modeling along three profiles in the Bahira basin revealed a horst-graben basement structure. The outcomes of this study improved the subsurface topographical variations of the Bahira Basin. The information collected so far can help future studies in the area.

Surface and subsurface structural mapping for delineating the active emergency spillway fault, Aswan, Egypt, using integrated geophysical data

The High Dam is one of the world’s biggest embankments dams. Moreover, the new city of Aswan, which locates on the western side of the Nile River, is one of the cities that was established to overcome the growing population problem. Therefore, the detailed geophysical studies for the active faults are of more importance for assessing the seismic stability for both of them. Indeed, the emergency spillway fault was documented as a normal and inactive fault. While, a moderate earthquake (ML = 4.6) was recorded along this fault in 2010, about 4.5 km away from the Dam. Hence, its activity must be re-evaluated. The seismic activity along the fault and its extension has been studied. The seismicity distributions and the fault plane solution indicate normal faulting with a strike-slip component and shallow focal depth. Moreover, pore pressure and fluid diffusion play an essential role in fault activation process. On the other hand, the magnetic data for the research area was subjected to a detailed analysis. 2D spectrum analysis and 3D Euler deconvolution methods, were used to analyze and interpret the aeromagnetic anomaly data so as to better understand the tectonic framework of the study region. Finally, the integrated geophysical data delineate the trend of the emergency spillway fault which extends NW–SE. This fault could assist in updating the current seismic source model around the High Dam and new Aswan city for evaluating the seismic hazard for both of them.

Geophysical Prospecting of the Coptic Monastery of Apa Moses Using GPR and Magnetic Techniques: A Case Study, Abydos, Sohag, Egypt

As a result of new discoveries, there is a greater opportunity for development and investment in the Al-Arraba EL-Madfuna region of Abydos, Sohag Governorate, Egypt, which benefits tourism and increases the national economy. The Coptic monastery, which was originally established by Apa Moses, the patriarch of the Coptic Church during the ancient Roman Empire, has vanished inside the current market on this site, along with numerous tombs. As a result, the primary goal of this work is to prospect on this site for these potential archaeological features. Ground magnetic and ground-penetration radar (GPR) surveys were employed for discovering these archaeological issues. This work was done in coordination with the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Ground magnetic and GPR surveys were implemented using the G-857 proton-precession magnetometer and GSSI SIR 4000 with a 200 MHz antenna. The data were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj and REFLEXW v.5.8 software packages. The magnetic data were filtered to separate the shallower anomalies representing the archaeological remains from those of the deeper ones. Butterworth high pass filter, first vertical derivatives, analytical signal, and tilt derivative were employed to carry out the processing stages. The results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to describe these anomalies and determine their locations, geometrical shapes, and depths. The source parameter imaging technique and 3D Euler deconvolution were used to calculate the depths. The analysis of magnetic maps shows that the study site is characterized by a number of anomalies that occur and have geometric squares and rectangle shapes with depths ranging from 0.7 m to ≈4 m. Some of these anomalies are related to potential archaeological objects. GPR findings reveal considerably scattered hyperbolas along several profiles, which may indicate the presence of potential buried objects. The integration of magnetic and GPR results showed that there is some consistency in the identification of the locations of the likely buried archaeological objects and their depths (0.7 to 3 m) for the majority of the discovered targets. The findings of this study suggest excavating at this location and relocating the market in order to protect the buried antiquities from being lost to be safeguarded as a tourist destination target.