Eugenol Acetate Research Articles

Molecular docking and dynamics simulation analysis of PDE5 inhibitor candidates for erectile dysfunction treatment.

Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess the binding affinities of five potential inhibitor candidates [PDB (Protein Data Bank) ID: 6L6E] against Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), with Sildenafil used as the reference compound. The aim of this study is to reveal the potential inhibitory role of plant-derived compounds compared to Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor. Autodock Vina v. 1.2.5 software was used to dock the protein and each ligand individually. Molecular dynamics simulations assessed the binding affinity of two compounds to the Phosphodiesterase 5A1 (PDE5 A1) enzyme and were carried out using GROMACS 2022.2 RESULTS: Boesenbergin A exhibited the highest affinity at -8.8 kcal/mol, followed by Ginkolide B at -8.5 kcal/mol, Sildenafil at -8.1 kcal/mol, Montanol at -7.8 kcal/mol, Beta-sitosterol at -7.1 kcal/mol, and Eugenol acetate at -6.9 kcal/mol, ranked in descending order. As a result of molecular docking studies, molecular dynamic simulations were performed for Boesenbergin A, which has the highest affinity, and Sildenafil, which is the standard molecule. Among the two ligands tested, Boesenbergin A exhibited superior binding affinity, surpassing even the standard molecule, Sildenafil. This suggests their potential for modulating enzyme activity and potential relevance in erectile dysfunction treatment.

Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Significance of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove): A Review

Background: Syzygium aromaticum Linn. (clove) is a dried flower bud from the Myrtaceae family, native to Indonesia's Maluku islands. Clove essential oil is recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antiseptic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Its high concentration of bioactive compounds, particularly eugenol, caryophyllene, and eugenol acetate, contributes significantly to these effects, making clove a subject of increasing scientific interest. Methods: This review compiles and analyzes updated information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of clove and its primary constituent, eugenol. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed studies that detail the extraction methods, chemical composition, and bioactivity assays of clove essential oil. Results: Clove essential oil contains approximately 16-18% of essential oils, with eugenol constituting 59-88% of its composition. The oil exhibits notable antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties. Clove has shown efficacy against various pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Helicobacter pylori. Furthermore, eugenol demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines and showed promise in managing metabolic disorders and enhancing immune responses. Conclusion: Clove and eugenol possess extensive therapeutic potential, warranting further investigation to unlock their applications in modern medicine. Despite their benefits, attention to their toxicity and safety profiles is essential for ensuring appropriate usage in therapeutic contexts. This review highlights the need for continued research to validate traditional uses and explore novel applications of clove and its bioactive components.

Effects of natural additives as an alternative to ionophores on performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle in feedlot submitted to transport stress

The present study aimed to evaluate the use of natural additives, based on essential oils and yeast cell wall products, as alternatives for monensin as a growth promoter for beef cattle. A total of 160 Nellore bulls with an average initial body weight of 352 kg were randomly distributed (40 animals/treatment) in four collective pens equipped with 24 automatic feeders (6 devices per pen). The feedlot period lasted 116 days, with a 14-day period of animal adaptation to the facilities. After the adaptation period, a transport stress (8 hours/400 km) was induced in all animals to simulate a commercial feedlot situation. The treatments were: 1) CON - Negative control (no additive); 2) MON - Monensin (27 mg/kg of dry matter (DM)); 3) EO - Essential oil-based additive (Valkalor Plus: 1.3 g/ kg DM); 4) EOYW - Essential oil and yeast cell wall-based additive (Viandi Plus: 1.8 g/ kg DM). The EO additive Valkalor Plus (IDENA®, Sautron, France) consists of a blend of essential oils (eugenol and geranyl acetate), while the EOYW additive Viandi Plus (IDENA®, Sautron, France) contains a combination of essential oils (linalol and geranyl acetate) with yeast cell wall. All statistical analyses were performed in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.), using GLIMMIX procedure and comparing the least square means by Tukey’s test at P < 0.05 and tendency between 0.05 <P < 0.10. A tendency (P = 0.091) and a significant effect (P = 0.032) were observed for final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Treatment MON presented greater FBW and ADG compared to CON (546 kg; 1.656 kg/d vs. 529 kg; 1.486 kg/d) but did not differ from treatment EO and EOYW. Dietary treatment EOYW presented greater dry matter intake (DMI), compared to MON (7 %; P = 0.006), but did not differ from CON and EO (P > 0.10). On the other hand, dietary treatment MON presented greater gain: feed ratio than all other treatments (P = 0.003). The treatments CON and EO presented greater presence of liver abscesses compared to MON and EOYW (P = 0.030). On average, the presence of liver abscess was 4.62 % for MON and EOYW vs. 23 % for CON and EO. Animals fed EO and EOYW diets, particularly during the initial adaptation period (0–12 days), had greater fluctuations in DMI compared to bulls fed CON and MON diets (P < 0.0001). Bulls treated with MON spent more time eating and had a greater DMI rate (min/kg; P < 0.0001) per kg compared to EOYW bulls during both the adaptation phase and the entire study period. In terms of daily feeding behavior, MON and EO-treated bulls exhibited more visits than EOYW bulls throughout the adaptation, final, and overall study periods (P < 0.0001). The serum haptoglobin concentration was greater for animals fed EO and EOYW compared to other treatments on average and at d 116 after enrollment (P < 0.0001). Altogether, these outcomes indicate that EOYW may be a viable alternative to MON in feedlot diets for finishing animals.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Effects of Essential Oils from Origanum vulgare, Lavandula officinalis, and Syzygium aromaticum on Bacterial Strains through Gaseous Contact

Background: Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, affect thousands of patients worldwide. In Algeria, these infections raise significant concerns and give rise to numerous questions due to hygiene deficits and non-compliance with preventive measures. Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Origanum vulgare, Lavandula officinalis, and Syzygium aromaticum, as well as their combinations, to discover new antibacterial and antifungal agents to combat nosocomial infections related to hospital and medical care environments. Materials and Methods: Essential oils were obtained by a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity was tested against several bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections in in-vitro tests using the gas contact method in sealed containers. Results: The essential oil extracted from S. aromaticum buds was primarily composed of eugenol (59.4%), E-β-caryophyllene (16.5%), and eugenyl acetate (10.5%). The analysis of the chemical composition of L. officinalis essential oil identified 1,8-cineole (22.8%), β-pinene (12.4%), and linalool (8.5%) as the main compounds. As for O. vulgare essential oil, its major components were carvacrol (72.6%) and thymol (10.5%). The results revealed that the essential oils of L. officinalis, O. vulgare and S. aromaticum, as well as their combinations, used at a concentration of 1/10, had a remarkable effect on the E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae strains. In contrast, they had a limited effect on the Gram-positive strain, S. aureus. The antifungal effectiveness of the essential oil of O. vulgare, as well as the combination of O. vulgare and S. aromaticum, has been remarkable against the C. albicans species, leading to a complete inhibition of yeast growth Conclusion: Our results indicate that our essential oils have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, which makes them particularly useful as disinfectants in health facilities and could be used as a valuable medicine to control nosocomial infections and avoid infections acquired during a stay in a health facility such as respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections.

Chemical profile by GC-MS and protective effect of Algerian cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) against Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. isolated from dental caries

The oral cavity is home to a large and diversified microbial flora, which plays an important role in the genesis of multiple diseases, including tooth decay. Indeed, tooth decay is the most common ailment in the world, with almost everyone having experienced it at least once in their lifetime. Examining plants used in traditional medicine is one of the research approaches used to discover novel, potent antibacterial chemicals with a broad spectrum of action, as present antibacterials have significant drawbacks. This study aims to examine the chemical composition of Algerian clove Syzygium aromaticum using GC-MS and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract against bacteria isolated from dental caries caused by Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. The results show a strong extraction yield of 29.7%, with high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids calculated at 178.82 mg GAEQ/g and 24.13 mg QEQ/g. The principal chemical elements of S. aromaticum peel methanol extract were identified as eugenol (61.23%) and eugenol acetate (26.45%) based on mass spectrum data and retention times. The methanol extract has a significant antibacterial effect against tested strains, with MICs ranging from 111.37 to 445.5 mg/mL. Higher concentrations of polyphenols resulted in a significant increase in inhibition zone diameter against S1 (r2 = 0.94, p &amp;lt; 0.001), L3 (r2 = 0.94, p &amp;lt; 0.001), L5 (r2 = 0.93, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and L9 (r2 = 0.96, p &amp;lt; 0.001).

Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications.

Plants have proven to be important sources for discovering new compounds that are useful in the treatment of various diseases due to their phytoconstituents. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), an aromatic plant widely cultivated around the world, has been traditionally used for food preservation and medicinal purposes. In particular, clove essential oil (CEO) has attracted attention for containing various bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (eugenol and eugenol acetate), terpenes (β-caryophyllene and α-humulene), and hydrocarbons. These constituents have found applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine industries due to their bioactivity. Pharmacologically, CEO has been tested against a variety of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal properties. Additionally, many studies have also demonstrated the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this essential oil. However, CEO could degrade for different reasons, impacting its quality and bioactivity. To address this challenge, encapsulation is viewed as a promising strategy that could prolong the shelf life of CEO, improving its physicochemical stability and application in various areas. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of CEO and its constituents, as well as extraction methods to obtain it. Moreover, encapsulation strategies for CEO and numerous applications in different food fields are also highlighted.

Evaluation of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attractants in Northeastern Ethiopia

A study was conducted in South Wollo and North Wollo administrative zones of northeastern Ethiopia in 2018; Torula yeast, protien hydrolase, methyl eugenol, trimed lure and terpinyil acetate were evaluated for adult fruit fly species complexes trapping. Four fruit fly species was trapped; Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra, Ceratitis capitata and Ceratitis fasciventris. Bactrocera dorsalis was the most abundant species accounted for 97.9% of the total trapped adults. The number of B. dorsalis C. cosyra and C. capitata showed a significant difference among trapping locations and attractants; The highest number of B. dorsalis was trapped with methyl eugenol at Kalu (722.2 flies/ trap/ week); C. capitata was higher at Habru which was guava and coffee dominated habitat while C. cosyra was relatively higher at Kobo which is mango dominated; more adults were trapped in male lure traps (97.03%) than food-based attractants (2.97%); food-based attractants could be valuable alternatives for detection and monitoring of fruit flies.

Pemanfaatan Cengkeh dan Daun Salam pada berbagai Produk Kosmetik

Cloves are one of the richest sources of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and have great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. The aim of this community service activity is to provide knowledge regarding the benefits of cloves, which are applied in the form of cosmetic preparations, as well as providing training to partners so that their use is optimal and practical, and it is hoped that this can become a business opportunity. The solution proposed in this service activity is (1) providing knowledge about clove plants, (2) procuring materials in the form of medicinal plants for making preparations. (3) procurement of containers for the packaging process (4) conducting Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) training to partners so that partners can make them independently. In service activities, the method used is an approach to the collaboration partner "SMK Mandala Bhakti Surakarta" providing counseling about clove plants and training as a transfer of science and technology (IPTEK) to make cosmetic preparations as well as evaluating the results of activities by giving partners the opportunity to practice making preparation.

Analyzing the Effect of Extraction Parameters on Phenolic Composition and Selected Compounds in Clove Buds Using Choline Chloride and Lactic Acid as Extraction Agents

Utilizing a deep eutectic solvent-like mixture such as choline chloride and lactic acid in a 1:2 molar ratio, clove buds underwent extraction. Furthermore, the determination of the primary components in the clove extracts, namely eugenol, eugenol acetate, and β-caryophyllene, was conducted using the HPLC-DAD method. The total phenolic content (TPC) was also established. Extraction conditions using choline chloride and lactic acid encompassed variables such as extraction temperature (within the range of 40 to 80 °C), water addition (ranging from 5.6 to 40%), and extraction time (ranging from 30 to 90 min). Optimal operational conditions for TPC were pinpointed at 77 °C, 30 min, and a water addition of 40%. The findings showed that clove extracts obtained at 60 °C, 22.8%, and 30 min had the highest amount of eugenol (307.26 ± 8.44 mg/g dry raw material).

Studies Studies on the phytochemicals of clove and their biological activities

Cloves are a fragrant spice made from the dried flowers of the clove tree. In the past, spices used to be worth their weight in gold, and cloves were no exception. Today, cloves remain a popular spice that gives many dishes subtly sweet warmth. A drop of clove oil is 400 times more powerful as an anti-oxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Cloves contain a lot of manganese, a mineral that helps your body manage the enzymes that help repair your bones and make hormones. Manganese can also act as an antioxidant that protects your body from harmful free radicals (unstable atoms that cause cell damage). Cloves are a fragrant, dense spice that can be added to both savory dishes (such as curries) and sweet desserts (such as pumpkin pie). They're full of powerful nutrients that help protect your cells from damage. Some natural compounds in cloves interfere with medicines or cause side effects that can be life-threatening. So, it's safest to only cook or bake with cloves and enjoy this spice's health benefits that way. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This research article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.

Characterizations of Swelling Granule of Clove Leaf (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Ethanol Extract

Cloves, scientifically known as Syzygium aromaticum L., hold promise as a potential antiulcer remedy due to their rich composition of compounds, including high levels of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate, and gallic acid. To improve bioavailability in the gastric environment, this study focuses on optimizing and evaluating a swelling granule system derived from clove leaf extract. The granules were produced using wet granulation with Carbopol, HPMC, and their combination as polymer matrices. Results indicated favorable properties in the swelling granules, with the optimal composition of 210 mg Carbopol, 36 mg PVP, and 404 mg Avicel pH 101. These granules exhibited a uniform particle size distribution, with 90.1% below 149 µm and 9.9% distributed across mesh numbers 100, 80, and 40. The formula with Carbopol polymer showed superior flow rate, compressibility, and swelling capacity compared to other formulations. The interaction between Carbopol's C=O groups and HPMC's hydroxyl groups significantly influenced parameters, especially swelling capacity. Thus, when combining polymers, potential chemical or physical reactions should be considered. The wet granulation process effectively preserved secondary metabolite levels from clove leaf. Further tests are recommended to evaluate the granulation's effectiveness as a delivery system for clove leaf extract.

The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (B. dorsalis) is an important agricultural, major invasive, and quarantine pest that can cause significant damage to the economic value of the fruit and vegetable industry. Male bait is one of the most effective methods of surveying, monitoring, and controlling B. dorsalis. In our study, we constructed cDNA libraries using total RNA extracted independently from the antennae, mouthparts, and thoracic legs of male and female adults and the ovipositors of female adults and screened out four aldehyde-oxidase-related genes (AOX-related), C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698. Molecular docking predictions showed that eight compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, 3,4-dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde, deet, ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol, and ethyl acetate, could combine with proteins encoded by the four B. dorsalis AOX-related genes. Furthermore, QPCR was performed to confirm that four compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic aldehyde, butyl levulinic acid ethyl ester (mosquito repellent), butyl butyrate, and methyl eugenol, induced significant changes in the AOX-related genes of B. dorsalis. These results provide useful information and guidance for the batch screening of potentially useful compounds and the search for effective attractants of B. dorsalis.

EVALUATION OF APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF CLOVE LEAVES (Syzygium aromaticum L.) IN MALE WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

Clove leaves contain antioxidant compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and essential oils. Among those chemical constituents, eugenol, eugenol acetate, caryophyllene, and sesquiterpenes were believed to have aphrodisiac activity. This study aims to investigate the potential aphrodisiac effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L) administered at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW. The research employed an experimental method with a modified post-test randomized controlled group design and utilized a total of 45 white rats, consisting of 15 males and 30 females, divided into three treatment groups in a 1:2 ratio. Each group consisted of 5 male rats and 10 female rats. The three groups included the healthy control group (Na-CMC 0.5%), the positive control group (treated with X-Gra 52.5 mg/kg body weight) and the treatment group receiving clove leaf extract samples at a dosage of 250 mg/kg BW. The results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of clove leaves contains steroids and alkaloids with mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL) ejaculation latency (EL), mount frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF) and ejaculation frequency (EF) of 11.40 s, 15.80 s, 6.228 s, 23.60, 14.60, and 1.60 s, respectively. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that it has the potential to be used as an aphrodisiac agent. Keywords: Aphrodisiac, Syzygium Aromaticum L., ethyl acetate fraction, clove leaves, ejaculation frequency

Systematic analysis of antimicrobial activity, phytochemistry, and in silico molecular interaction of selected essential oils and their formulations from different Indian spices against foodborne bacteria

Essential oils (EOs) from Indian spices like Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (small green cardamom), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (clove), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (cinnamon quills), and Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & C. H. Eberm (Indian bay leaves) exhibit a broad spectrum range of biological activity including antibacterial and antifungal activity. Yet, there is a lack of data regarding the antimicrobial activity of their formulations. Also, the link between the antimicrobial effect of individual EO with their chemical composition and molecular interaction with bacterial pathogens has not been systematically explored. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical characterization of EOs and to bridge the gap between them through in-silico molecular interactions. The antibacterial activity of EOs of four different spices and their formulations against foodborne pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated using the disc volatilization method. The chemical profile of the individual EO was determined through GC-MS analysis and molecular interactions of identified major components with bacterial proteins were carried out through molecular docking studies. All EOs and their formulations exhibited antibacterial activity ranging from 5.92 to 24.55 mm and 11–23.52 mm, respectively. Among all EOs, cinnamon and formulation C (cardamom: cinnamon- 2:1) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The composition of the EOs included sesquiterpenes, monoterpenoids, monoterpenes, and, phenylpropanoids such as (E)-cinnamaldehyde, δ-cadinene, α-copaene, eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate, methyl eugenol, menthadiene, eucalyptol, α-terpinyl acetate, and sabinene. Furthermore, docking study revealed that the abundant compounds from cinnamon EO mainly α-copaene and δ-cadinene had a high binding affinity towards the bacterial essential proteins which increases the bacterial susceptibility towards cinnamon EO. The selected EOs and their formulations were systematically analysed and they were effective against foodborne pathogens. The current findings suggest the application of these EOs against food pathogens with further research.

Production of enzymes for the removal of odorous substances in plant biomass

Residual plant biomass collected from agricultural, technical or biopharmaceutical processes contains odorous substances. The latter are often unacceptable for customers if the biomass is used in sustainable products such as building materials, paints, glues or flame-resistant foils. The objective of this study was to identify enzymes that can prevent the formation or facilitate the degradation of odorous substances such as butanol, eugenol or ethyl acetate and their derivatives in residual biomass. We used plant cell packs (PCPs) as a small-scale screening platform to assess the expression of enzymes that break down odorous substances in tobacco biomass. First, we compiled a list of volatile compounds in residual plant biomass that may give rise to undesirable odors, refining the list to 10 diverse compounds representing a range of odors. We then selected five monomeric enzymes (a eugenol oxidase, laccase, oxidase, alkane mono-oxidase and ethyl acetate hydrolase) with the potential to degrade these substances. We transiently expressed the proteins in PCPs, targeting different subcellular compartments to identify optimal production conditions. The maximum yield we achieved was ∼20 mg kg−1 for Trametes hirsute laccase targeted to the chloroplast. Our results confirm that enzymes for the removal of odorous substances can be produced in plant systems, facilitating the upcycling of residual biomass as an ingredient for sustainable products.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Eugenia caryophyllata from Northern Buru Island, Moluccas

The essential oils of clove species Eugenia caryophyllata (COs) from northern Buru Island were obtained by steam distillation. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrophotometry (MS). In total, five components were identified in COs of leaf, four components were identified in COs of bud, and two components were identified in COs of stem. The main constituents are eugenol (77.1% to 78.8%) and β-caryophyllene (17.0% to 19.6%) in COs of leaf. The main components are eugenol (76.1% to 87.7%) and eugenyl acetate (6.0% to18.9%) in COs of bud and the only main component was eugenol (94.2% to 97.6%) in COs of stem from Waihani (COsWh), Ilath (COsI) and Waimoli (COsWm). The antioxidant activity COs of leaf, bud, and stem was identified using DPPH and ABTS assay. Results showed that COsI of bud had higher ABTS free radical scavenging (IC50 value: 0.09 ± 0.61 μg/mL) than the eight samples in the study. When this activity was compared with synthesis antioxidant of BHT (IC50 value: 0.83 ± 0.54 μg/mL) and AA (IC50 value: 0.81 ± 1.64 μg/mL), the COs in three locations show potential of being used as an antioxidant.

Highly efficient enrichment of eugenol anesthetics in aquatic products using magnetic nanospheres decorated covalent organic framework microflowers

Herein, uniform magnetic covalent organic framework (MCOF) microflowers were synthesized by facile inlaying aldehyde-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto the COF under mechanical stirring at room temperature. The MCOF microflowers kept flower-shaped morphology with high crystallinity and magnetism. In addition, the good water dispersibility and reusability made the MCOF microflowers to be good magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents for the high-efficiency enrichment of eugenol anesthetics from aquatic products. The MCOF microflowers showed fast adsorption rate (10 min) and high extraction efficiency (above 84.02%) for eugenol anesthetics under optimal conditions. The MCOF microflowers displayed maximum adsorption capacities of 6.67, 12.31, and 16.78 µg g−1 for eugenol, eugenol acetate, and methyl isoeugenol, respectively. The MCOF microflowers based MSPE coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography method was proposed for enrichment and analysis of eugenol anesthetics in tilapia, shrimp and crab samples. The method showed a wide linear of 5.0–500.0 µg kg−1 and low detection limits of 2.4–3.6 μg kg−1 for eugenol anesthetics. The recoveries of spiked eugenol anesthetics ranged from 80.0% to 118.8% with relative standard deviations no>9.2%. Results indicate the high potential of MCOF microflowers to be an adsorbent for efficient extraction and analysis of eugenol anesthetics from complex aquatic product samples.

Lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, enteric methane emissions, and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of an essential oil (EO) blend on lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, blood variables, enteric methane emissions and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 26 primiparous and 22 multiparous Holstein cows. A 2-wk covariate and a 2-wk adaptation periods preceded a 10-wk experimental period used for data and sample collection. Treatments were: (1) basal diet supplemented with placebo (CON); and (2) basal diet supplemented with a blend of EO containing eugenol and geranyl acetate as main compounds. Supplementation with EO did not affect dry matter intake, milk and energy-corrected milk yields, and feed efficiency of cows, compared with CON. Milk fat and lactose concentrations were increased, and milk total solids (TS) concentration and milk fat yield tended to be increased by EO. Multiparous cows supplemented with EO tended to have slightly decreased dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared with CON multiparous cows. There was a tendency for increased ruminal pH by EO, whereas other rumen fermentation variables did not differ between treatments. Daily methane emission was not affected by EO supplementation, but methane emission intensity per kg of milk fat was decreased by 8.5% by EO. Methane emission intensity per kg of milk lactose and milk TS were decreased and methane emission intensity per kg of milk yield tended to be decreased by up to 10% in EO multiparous cows, but not in primiparous cows. The greenhouse gas-emitting potential of manure was not affected by EO supplementation. Compared with CON, fecal nitrogen excretion was increased by EO supplementation in multiparous, but not in primiparous cows, and milk nitrogen secretion (as a % of nitrogen intake) tended to be increased in EO supplemented cows. Blood variables were not affected by EO supplementation in the current study. Overall, dietary supplementation of EO did not affect lactational performance of the cows, although milk fat and lactose concentrations were increased. Most enteric methane emission metrics were not affected, but EO decreased methane intensity per kg of milk fat by 8.5%, compared with the control.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Clove Essential Oil and its Effect on Stability of Sesame Oil under Accelerated Condition

Background: Recently due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, there has been a growing interest in the application of natural essential oil in vegetable oils. The present study investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of clove essential oil (CEO) and its addition to sesame oil. Methods: composition and antioxidant activity of clove essential oil The CEO was prepared and analyzed by GC-MS. Then, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined. The CEO at different concentrations (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08%) and TBHQ (0.02%) were added to sesame oil and samples were stored at 60 °C for 5 weeks. Peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidation (TOTOX) value and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) were determined in sesame oil samples every week for 35 days. A total of 5 components including eugenol (96.25%), eugenol acetate (1.88%), trans-Caryophyllene (1.66%), α-humulene (0.16%), and caryophyllene oxide (0.06%) were determined as the main components of CEO. Results: The TPC of CEO was 345.95±7.85 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CEO for DPPH (IC50) and FRAP methods was estimated 0.83 ± 0.11 mg/ml and 112.37±8.81 mM Fe2SO4. It was shown that peroxide, p-AV, TOTOX, and TBARS values of all sesame oil samples increased during 5 weeks of storage at accelerated conditions. TBHQ showed better function in preventing oil oxidation, but CEO had acceptable function especially in 0.08% concentration. Conclusion: The CEO in vegetable oil due to high phenolic content could retard lipid peroxidation. It could be mentioned that CEO could be considered as an alternative of synthetics ones in vegetable oils.

Screening of larvicidal activities of eight plant essential oils against Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), a main pine defoliator in the Mediterranean

Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. is the most important pine defoliator in the Mediterranean Basin and can cause serious growth losses on trees. At this point, the purpose of this study was to investigate the larvicidal effects of eight plant essential oils as biological control agents for the pine processionary moth. For this purpose, Artemisia vulgaris L., Juniperus drupacea Labill., Melissa officinalis L., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum majorana L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis and Vitex agnus-castus L. essential oils were tested on the fourth/fifth larval periods of T. wilkinsoni. The essential oils from the eight plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC/MS. The most abundant compounds from each studied species were as follows: 1,8-cineole (20.68%) for R. officinalis, β-pinene (26.73%) for S. leptoclada, linalool (38.67%) for O. majorana, p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol (36.44%) for M. officinalis, eugenol acetate (38.78%) for O. basilicum, 1,8-cineole (22.10%) for V. agnus-castus, d-limonene (45.21%) for J. drupacea and trans-β-caryophyllene (21.22%) for A. vulgaris. The results show that all eight essential oils exhibited promising efficacy in a dose-dependent manner on T. wilkinsoni larvae after 24 hours. The highest larvicidal effect was obtained from J. drupacea, followed by O. basilicum, with LC50 values of 73.55 and 95.04 ppm, respectively. The data obtained from this study clearly indicate that J. drupacea and O. basilicum essential oils have the potential to have larvicidal effects and these findings point to the possibility of using the essential oil of the current species to control T. wilkinsoni.