EU Ukraine Research Articles

Features of spatial and structural transformations of the economy: European experience and Ukrainian realities

The article focuses on the study of the structural features of the economy of the EU member states and Ukraine. Labor productivity and capital productivity in a sectoral section are analyzed. In particular, changes in the dynamics of labor and capital productivity during 2014-2021 are examined. Based on the results, the sectors that are leaders and can act as determinants of the productive capacity of Ukraine and its regions are identified. The article reveals that the most intensive growth of labor productivity is recorded in such sectors as temporary accommodation and organization of food, as well as information and telecommunications. Capital productivity under the prevailing instability of the dynamics of this indicator is recorded only in construction and in information and telecommunications. The regions of Ukraine are ranked and grouped according to the intensity of labor productivity growth. The comparative analysis of the rates of growth (decline) of capital productivity in the sectors of the economy of Ukraine is carried out. It shows that the growth rate of labor productivity exceeds that of capital productivity. Based on the assessment of the ratio of wage growth rates and labor productivity in the economic sectors, the hypothesis regarding the predominance of labor productivity growth rates over wage growth rates in the majority of the economic sectors is verified. Drivers contributing to the growth of the productive capacity of economic sectors are characterized. The main strategic priorities of the structural transformations of the domestic economy in wartime and post-war recovery are determined, in particular regarding the development of the military-defense complex, which will ensure the long-term political and economic security of Ukraine and the development of industrial and innovative structural elements of the country’s economic system. The article emphasizes the need to create and develop a national innovation platform, which should be a component of the innovation market and the formation of the state system of legal protection of intellectual property, the demands for reform of which were put forward in the process of deepening European integration reforms.

ОСВІТНІ ВИМІРИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ЕКОНОМІК

The article is devoted to the research of educational indicators in the system of ensuring economic security at the national level. The author proposed the methodical approach to assessing the level of the educational component in the system of economic security, which involves the following steps: the educational indicators systematization; justification of the nature of their impact on the level of economic security; calculation of the indicators system's limit values, that will allow identifying the security grades (critical, dangerous, unsatisfactory, satisfactory, safe, optimal); construction of the integral security index and calculation of its limit values; carrying out empirical calculations and analyzing the obtained results. To the system of educational indicators as measures of the economic security level, the author proposed to attribute the following: the government expenditures on education to GDP, the government expenditures on education to the total government expenditures; gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education; the Education Index as a component of the Human Development Sndex, the education development index in the structure of the Global Innovation Index, Education as a sub-pillar the Global Prosperity Index; the access to knowledge index as a component of the Social Progress Index; The Global Knowledge Index. Practical testing of the proposed approach based on a sample of EU countries and Ukraine made it possible to calculate the indices of the educational component of security and to rank countries according to its values. The highest integral ratings for the level of education development in the system of ensuring economic security were obtained for such countries as Estonia, Sweden, Latvia, Cyprus, Malta, Ukraine, Denmark, Belgium, Slovenia, and the Netherlands. It has been proven that 89 % of the EU countries can be classified according to the educational component as countries that are safe compared the rest of the world for the stability and security of economic development. Key words: education, educational indicators, economic security, index of the educational component of security, limit values of security indicators

Research on the impact of migration on the EU countries and Ukraine in the framework of international projects

The war in Ukraine caused large-scale migration waves of refugees from the war to Europe and North America, led to the emergence of new socio-economic problems, an even greater decline in the economy, general crisis phenomena in all spheres of social life, threats and challenges to the national security of the state. This process led to profound changes not only in the Ukrainian community, but also in all European countries and on the global political map of the world as a whole. It is mostly irreversible. Therefore, the study of all these phenomena and processes is an important scientific task.A large part of the research is aimed at studying the migration process and other problems related to war refugees, refugees, and forced migrants, their protection and value orientations, current and future intentions towards Ukraine, behavior and intergroup and interpersonal relations in the countries of their stay. The article proposes an analysis of the practice of researching the problem in the framework of the Jean Monnet Center project on the EU Erazmus+ program, some of their results are presented.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЗВ'ЯЗКУ МІЖ СТІЙКИМ РОЗВИТКОМ ТЕРИТОРІЙ, КУЛЬТУРНИМИ І КРЕАТИВНИМИ ІНДУСТРІЯМИ

The article is a continuation of regular research on the creative economy. This article solves the scientific and practical task of establishing the relationship between cultural, creative industries and sustainable development. The relationship between the sustainable development of territories and cultural, creative industries was modeled, which was implemented through a formalized approach based on the calculation and interpretation of the correlation coefficients between the Index of Progress in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and four key socio-economic indicators that characterize the state of the cultural and creative sector, such as: value added employment, state and household spending on culture. The study compared the indicators by country for a ten-year period from 2011 to 2021: the EU countries, the UK and Ukraine, on the basis of which the countries were grouped depending on the closeness of the relationship between the indicators. The results of the grouping and interpretation of the data of the correlation analysis confirmed the connection between the creative industries and the sustainable development of territories. It has been proven that countries with developed cultural industries have higher indicators of progress in achieving sustainable development goals, countries with moderate, low and insignificant correlation show an insignificant relationship between cultural industries and progress in achieving sustainable development goals. It has been established that Ukraine, in terms of the tightness of ties between the creative sector and sustainable development, belongs to countries with a very high positive correlation. The expediency of stimulating the development of creative industries as a tool for achieving progress in sustainable development is substantiated. It is argued that the results obtained are the starting point for further research, which will take into account additional variables (factors) that were not taken into account in this article, which does not allow us to draw final conclusions about causal relationships.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ВИМІРИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ЕКОНОМІК

The academic paper is devoted to studying the environmental component in the system of economic security of national economies. The author has demonstrated that environmental degradation and climate change pose a threat to modern sustainable development in every country in the world. As a result, the development of an efficient system for accounting for and monitoring environmental indicators is a prerequisite for the creation of an effective environmental risk management system. The scientific article provides a systematization of environmental indicators, the change of which affects the sustainability and security of development. The proposed approach is based on an algorithm that provides for the implementation of sequential actions within the framework of establishing a system of environmental security indicators, substantiation of the essence of each indicator from the standpoint of independence, sustainability, stability, and dynamism of national economies; systematization of indicators by the nature of their impact on the level of economic security, calculation of threshold, critical, and permissible values that can be used in the system of monitoring economic threats, determination of methods of normalization of individual parameters, which will ensure their reduction to a comparable form and allow aggregation into the appropriate structure of the final integrated security index. Using the tools of multidimensional evaluation, an integral index of the environmental component of economic security is proposed, which in turn is based on indicators of energy intensity, level of renewable energy consumption, level of renewable energy generation, air quality, carbon intensity index of the economy, environmental efficiency index, green growth index. The proposed methodology makes it possible to assess the level of security and classify countries by the state of development security, to identify areas of security/danger (risks) by indicators, in particular, environmental ones. The practical application of the proposed toolkit enabled the ranking of EU countries and Ukraine by the level of environmental safety, grouping them by the level of danger, which will allow taking these features into account when developing measures to increase the level of sustainability of economic development, considering environmental aspects.

POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS CAUSES OF BACTERIAL DISEASES OF POTATOES IN UKRAINE

An overview of bacterial causative agents of soft (wet) rot of potatoes is given, the epidemiological and etiological aspects of the diseases caused by them are analyzed. When preparing the article, general scientific methods were used: generalization, comparison, system analysis. Data from the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EOPO), as well as data from phytosanitary services of EU countries and Ukraine, scientific literature served as material for the analytical study. Trade in plant materials, including potato seed tubers and ornamental plants, is largely responsible for the widespread distribution of pathogens. Locally, pathogens are also spread through plant debris, soil, waterways, aerosols, alternative hosts, and/or farm machinery. The main causative agents of bacterial wet rot of potatoes are gram-negative bacteria of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya and quarantine phytopathogens of the genera Clavibacter and Ralstonia. The main methods of detection and identification in asymptomatic potato tubers on an industrial scale are: phytopathological (visual examination of plantations and registration of symptoms of soft rot), microbiological (cultural-morphological and biochemical method, use of test systems for accelerated identification of microorganisms), immunoenzymatic ( enzyme immunosorbent assay), molecular genetic (PCR with specific primers, BIOLOG, DNA fingerprinting and nucleotide sequencing). To date, there are no completely effective pesticides to control all pathogens, so disease control measures will continue to rely primarily on avoiding infection during plant cultivation, and especially during the production of healthy certified seed. For a crop like potatoes, this is primarily based on obtaining bacteria-free minibulbs, applying strict seed certification schemes and strict phytosanitary restrictions. Knowledge of the sources of pathogens and routes of infection should be the basis for the application of phytosanitary measures, especially during and after harvest. Control of quarantine phytopathogens requires special attention. Soft rot pathogens are the main cause of limiting potato production in many regions of the world, particularly Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicum and R. solanacearum are quarantine objects of the A-2 list of the European and Mediterranean Organization for Quarantine and Plant Protection. Upon entering our country, R. solanacearum has a high probability of acclimatization and spread in the country.

Conceptual basis of providing income for the rural population of Ukraine in post-war conditions

Formulation of the problem. Military actions on the territory of Ukraine significantly affect the entire social structure of Ukraine. It is obvious that the war has a negative impact on the incomes of the entire population, particularly those living in rural areas. It should be noted that the standard of living of the population, including the rural population, is the main social criterion for the development of any country in the realities of the 21st century. It was found that the average incomes of the rural population of Ukraine are among the lowest in Europe, which makes their constant growth inevitable. In this context, the author sets himself the task of outlining the problem of ensuring a constant increase in the incomes of the rural population after the end of the war. It is planned to be implemented with the formation of relevant conceptual provisions. Analysis of recent research and publications. When performing this research, the works of foreign and Ukrainian scientists on the mentioned issues were comprehensively analyzed. According to the analysis of the research work of Bevir M., Rhodes R. The essence of distinctive interpretive theory and its aspects of possible application were clarified. Dyer C., Rose P substantiated the dependence of income on strengthening the capacity of local authorities. Ukrainian researchers Petrovskyi P., Matviyshyn E., Gogol T., Melnychuk L., Popok A., Gordienko L. analyzed various aspects of income and proposed appropriate theoretical constructions and practical mechanisms for their provision. Distinguishing previously unsolved parts of the overall problem. Taking into account the military situation in Ukraine, it is quite difficult to carry out predictive studies of the post-war situation, therefore, individual problems of securing these revenues in the future period are only partially covered. Thus, the issues of formation of the theoretical basis of income, the role of territorial communities in increasing the population’s capabilities are understudied. That is why the proposed study highlights the conceptual foundations of ensuring the incomes of rural residents. Presentation of the main material of the study. The article outlines the main problems of Ukrainian social development caused by Russia’s military aggression. The study presents a comparison of the incomes of the rural population of certain EU countries and Ukraine, where it was found that they are significantly lower in Ukraine. This actualizes the problems of the research and makes it necessary to find possible ways to increase these revenues. The corresponding principles of forming the conceptual foundations of such an increase have been determined. Taking into account the expediency of using theoretical constructions regarding the formation of these incomes, five components were developed. These components reveal the essence of conceptual foundations. The need to take into account the historical aspect of economic science is especially emphasized. This is due to the fact that the development of the social system should be based on previous achievements. At the same time, previous achievements undergo changes. It is concluded that previous scientific developments are an important methodological toolkit, which can now be used with some adaptation. The existing legal acts were evaluated in terms of their reality of use to ensure the growth of the income level of the rural population. The need to take into account the directions of social development with an orientation towards the European vector was especially noted. It was emphasized that there is no alternative to the implementation of attracting additional sources of financing and the priority of economic programs for the dynamic development of rural territorial communities, which will be the basis of ensuring the mentioned incomes. The mechanisms of involving researchers of various fields of knowledge in the formation of national, regional and local programs for the development of rural areas are substantiated. It is recommended to take into account the peculiarities of post-war development, economic, demographic and social conditions of a specific territorial community. The informational assistance of competent and interested structures has been identified as a significant lever for increasing these revenues Conclusions. Argued conclusion about the necessity of applying the proposed conceptual foundations of ensuring the incomes of the rural population in post-war conditions. The proposals relate to directions and mechanisms for the implementation of these foundations. The priority of the participation of Ukrainian scientists in the development of these conceptual foundations is emphasized

PROBLEM ASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION THE FACTORS OF SHADOWING OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION IN UKRAINE

In order to overcome the reasons for the environmental tax not fulfilling its compensatory, stimulating and fiscal functions, the need to study the problems of environmental taxation through the prism of the growth of the shadow economy and corruption in Ukraine is argued. The established relationships "shadow economy - corruption - environmental regulation - environmental pollution" are summarized and analyzed. A comparison of the volume of environmental taxes in Ukraine, environmental tax as a % of GDP in EU countries and Ukraine was made. The nature of shadow factors and the consequences of their impact on environmental taxation have been studied. A chain model was built to identify shadow processes in the mechanisms of assessment, settlement, distribution and development of environmental tax in Ukraine. It allows to identify and structure the nature of the appearance of shadow factors at various links of the chain: economic, political, regulatory, organizational, regulatory, budgetary. The most used shadow operations in environmental taxation are: evasion of payment of environmental tax to the budget due to lack of unified accounting of polluting economic entities; unreliability of data on the volume of emissions and their generalization; transfer of economic activity to the informal sector; corruption schemes when obtaining permits for emissions of pollutants and licenses for handling hazardous waste; untargeted distribution of environmental tax funds between the levels of the budget system; corrupt actions regarding the use of environmental tax. It was determined that at the current stage, it is necessary to make appropriate management decisions at the state level to counter informal processes in the mechanisms of assessment, settlement, distribution and development of the environmental tax in Ukraine. The chain model of identification of shadow factors will allow a comprehensive analysis of the areas of state policy that require improvement and normative and regulatory changes to prevent informal processes in environmental taxation in Ukraine.

. International legal cooperation between Ukraine and EU member states in the feald of ensuring gas supply security

The article examines current problems of cooperation between the EU member states and Ukraine in the field of natural gas supplies with an emphasis on the legislative aspect. Attention was drawn to the fact that the study of the problems of EU cooperation with third countries, in particular within the framework of the Energy Community, meets the most important needs of today and is of significant importance for the further development of the EU energy sector.
 If we take into account the energy sphere, the growing shortage of energy carriers and the rise in their prices emphasize the continuing importance of safe and affordable energy, and the hostilities in Ukraine are expected to significantly affect the state of security of energy supplies to the EU.
 The author analyzed the main obligations of Ukraine to ensure and maintain an adequate level of gas supply, as well as the scope of recently proposed and adopted changes to the EU regulatory framework. By adopting the Treaty on the Energy Community, Ukraine undertook to adopt the main energy legislation of the EU, the so-called «acquis communautaire». The European Commission immediately informs Ukraine of amendments to any EU acts transforming the EU acquis, and Ukraine, in turn, reflects changes in the EU legal framework in its national legislation regulating the energy sector.
 Some attention is also paid to the study of possible obstacles to reducing the EU's dependence on the supply of energy resources from Russia as a result of military aggression towards Ukraine, and the importance of overcoming such dependence is substantiated.
 The author comes to the conclusion that all these legislative changes will undoubtedly be important for the energy sector of Ukraine, as our state is not only a transit state for the EU in the field of energy supply, but also a candidate for joining the EU.
 It was concluded that member states should cooperate in order to promote regional and bilateral solidarity, since EU member states alone will not be able to effectively deal with the risk of serious economic difficulties as a result of significant disruptions in the supply of natural gas. It was determined that minimizing the negative consequences of crisis situations due to improper gas supply is impossible without effective coordination and unification of actions of all EU member states.

Екологічне оподаткування в європейському союзі та Україні: тенденції й перспективи

One of the key challenges for society is to ensure its sustainable development. Today humanity is at a turning point that requires a change in the vector of its existence by balancing economic, environmental, and social components. Environmental taxes are beginning to act not only as a source of income, but also as a lever of influence and a stimulating factor in changing the behavior of economic agents. The purpose of the study is to analyze the system of environmental taxation in Ukraine and the European Union and to identify areas for improving Ukraine's environmental policy. The following methods were used while writing the article: logical generalization, structural and functional analysis and comparison. The efficiency of environmental taxation is assessed through the prism of the fiscal function of taxes. The dynamics of environmental tax revenues in the EU countries and Ukraine during 2012-2021 is analyzed. The structure of environmental tax is studied. It is established that the environmental tax in Ukraine is aimed at controlling the level of pollution, while the EU countries focus on taxation of energy. The revenues from this tax and its share in the GDP structure of Ukraine are much lower than in Europe, which indicates the inefficiency of its fiscal function. The article considers the constraints to the development of environmental taxation in Ukraine. The incentives for sustainable development of the EU countries aimed at environmental protection are presented. Based on the experience of the European Union, the author proposes measures to improve environmental taxation in Ukraine which include: increasing the environmental tax while reducing the tax burden on wages; development of differentiated tax rates according to the amount of emissions and the region of pollution; creation of a special environmental fund for the accumulation and targeted and efficient distribution of revenues; introduction of a tax on the use and import of fertilizers and pesticides; introduction of accelerated depreciation and preferential credit. Keywords: sustainable development, ecologization, fiscal policy, environmental taxes.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SECTOR IN THE CREATIVE ECONOMY SYSTEM OF THE EU COUNTRIES: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

One of the major factors to form a creative economy in the EU countries and Ukraine is the development of the information and communication sector (ICS). The purpose of the article is to evaluate the structural transformation peculiarities of the ICS in the EU countries in the conditions of forming and developing the creative economy and to determine the chief directions of adaptation of this experience to the social and economic situation in Ukraine. Scientific methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, statistical evaluation of variation, and multiple econometric modelling are used. The author has specified that the ICS contributes to the formation of the creative economy in Ukraine and the EU countries, based on a gradual increase in the share of this sector in output and employment in 2008–2020. The scientific and methodological approach to evaluating of structural changes in the ICS as a component of the creative economy has been formed including: a comparative analysis of the dynamics of output (% of GDP) and employment (% of total) in the ICS between the EU countries and Ukraine; determining the features of spatial differentiation based on calculating the scope of variation, sample variance and coefficient of variation for the main social and economic indicators of ICS; and identifying factors that affect output of the ICS (% of GDP) by means of the multiple regression analysis. In 2008–2020, the existence of different dynamics of the sector’s impact on the development of creative economy in the EU countries is substantiated via the increase in the value of variation in terms of output (% of GDP) and employment (% of total). According to the results of multiple regression analysis, the author has found out the factors influencing the output of the ICS in the EU countries, which include the current social and economic situation in the country, and the amount of expenditures on R&D and on unemployment. Taking into account the experience of the EU countries, it is important for Ukraine to encourage economic activities in the ICS, which are based on structural reforms.

Investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of realization of “green” economy

In the current context of the development of the world economy, one of the main priorities of the country’s economic development is the intensification of investment processes, because they have a positive impact on economic growth and efficient functioning of a country’s economy. The modern investment market is full of competition among countries in order to attract investment. The main indicator influencing the amount of funds raised in the country’s economy is the country’s investment climate. Also, in modern conditions the concept of “green” economy is actively promoted. Therefore, today the assessment of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the implementation of the “green” economy is a very important and relevant issue. Finding ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine is another topical issue. The main objective of this study is to assess the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine under conditions of realization of the “green” economy. The research uses general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, methods of qualitative and quantitative economic and statistical analysis, graphic method. Among the methods of economic-mathematical modelling, correlation analysis, trend analysis and correlationregression analysis were used. It was established that the study of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the “green” economy is based on objective international ratings that have a transparent calculation methodology. These international ratings are constantly updated and cover most countries of the world. So, the proposed method makes it possible to conduct an analysis of the investment climate and the “environmental friendliness” of the country’s economy according to world indices, to determine which countries are leaders and which are outsiders according to the selected indices and indicators, to study the place of Ukraine according to these indicators, and to conduct a trend analysis, to model the degree of close relationship between indices and factors of the investment climate on the basis of correlation analysis, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the conditions of implementation of the “green” economy

Using the potential of the creative economy to restore Ukraine

Abstract The concept of the creative economy in the modern global world is filled with new meanings and acquires many qualitatively new features and properties. The article describes the development of creative economy models. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the creative economy in EU countries and Ukraine was carried out. Through statistical analysis of creative activities in the economy of Ukraine, we determined the list of growth parameters. Using analysis of the studies on the creative economy in Ukraine, we determined the peculiarities and problems of its formation to formulate the principles and priorities of the state policy for the development of the creative economy in Ukraine. The modern model of the creative economy of Ukraine is proposed to be supplemented by the development of creative human potential.

СOVID-19 INFLUENCE ON THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA REGION: CASES OF EU’S MEMBERS AND UKRAINE

The aim of the article is to reveal the difference in approaches and possibilities of the countries of the Baltic-Black Sea Region (samples of several EU members and Ukraine) towards the struggle with pandemic. Research based on both postcolonial studies and biopolitics and it is empirical. The methods include case studies, Internet-based research, archival research, interviews, comparative, statistical, graphical methods, and discourse analysis. The following aspects are researched: approaches of the countries to counteract the pandemic, their cooperation with international organisations, and cooperation with ‘donor’-countries, influence of COVID-19 on socio-economic and security spheres of BBSR countries. The authors give prognosis how selected countries of BBSR will overcome the pandemic and develop in the post-pandemic period. The fight against the pandemic continues, and its economic consequences will be felt during next years as well. The situation in Ukraine looks worse in the terms of economic recovery because Ukraine is hit by Russian aggression since 2014. The effectiveness of the individual response to the pandemic depends on the level of trust in society and the commitment of political leaders to learn, collaborate, consult and take principled decisions in times of uncertainty. This commitment to the common good determines the degree of public trust in leaders and institutions, which, in turn, affects citizens’ willingness to comply with the restrictions to their daily lives imposed by the lockdown measures. This explains the difference in the impact of the pandemic within the EU. Bulgaria differs in these parameters from the Baltic countries and closer to Ukraine.

Peculiarities of personal data protection according to European and Ukrainian legislation

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of legal regulation of personal data protection in the EU countries and Ukraine. It analyzes how the European legislator's approach to personal data protection has changed. The need for changes was due to the development of information technologies and, as a result, increased risk of their use to interfere in private life. As a result, European legislation on personal data protection has been strengthened, which has become particularly noticeable after the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter - GDPR). Special attention is paid to the principles of lawful, fair and transparent processing of personal data concerning: limiting the target; data minimization; accurate and up-to-date processing; limiting the storage of personal data in a form that allows identification; confidentiality and security of data storage; accountability and responsibility. The current Ukrainian legislation on personal data protection is analyzed. Finally, the correlation between the categories "right to privacy" and "personal data protection" was studied.

RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN EDUCATIONAL DOCUMENTS (NOSTRIFICATION) IN UKRAINE

The relevance of the problem of foreign educational documents recognition (nostrification) is due to the intensification of labour migration processes, population mobility, as well as the formation of a unified educational and scientific space within the Bologna process. There is a need to quickly introduce a number of systemic and structural changes in higher education in accordance with the recommendation documents of the European Union. The issue of globalization and migration of population, mobility of specialists have actualized the issue of nostrification of educational diplomas not only in Ukraine but also in other countries of the world. The analysis of normative-legal support and features of procedures for the recognition of foreign educational documents (nostrification) allows enriching the experience in the implementation of this procedure, understanding of its social, educational, economic, and cultural-integrative functions. The aim of the article is to provide an overview and analysis of the procedure for recognition of foreign educational documents in Ukraine. Research methods applied: general scientific methods: to study the procedural features of the recognition of foreign diplomas in Ukraine and some EU countries; to analyze legal acts regulating the recognition procedure; to analyze and compare statistical data reflecting certain demographic and migration trends. As a result of the research, the main problems on the way to unification of approaches to the procedure of recognition of foreign documents on education were identified. The analytical data obtained are important for understanding the essence of the problem with educational documents recognition, the experience exchange between the EU countries and Ukraine.

СТРУКТУРНІ ЗМІНИ У СЕКТОРІ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ТА КОМУНІКАЦІЇ В СИСТЕМІ КРЕАТИВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ КРАЇН ЄС: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

One of the major factors to form a creative economy in the EU countries and Ukraine is the development of the information and communication sector (ICS). The purpose of the article is to evaluate the structural transformation peculiarities of the ICS in the EU countries in the conditions of forming and developing the creative economy and to determine the chief directions of adaptation of this experience to the social and economic situation in Ukraine. Scientific methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, statistical evaluation of variation, and multiple econometric modelling are used. The author has specified that the ICS contributes to the formation of the creative economy in Ukraine and the EU countries, based on a gradual increase in the share of this sector in output and employment in 2008–2020. The scientific and methodological approach to evaluating of structural changes in the ICS as a component of the creative economy has been formed including: a comparative analysis of the dynamics of output (% of GDP) and employment (% of total) in the ICS between the EU countries and Ukraine; determining the features of spatial differentiation based on calculating the scope of variation, sample variance and coefficient of variation for the main social and economic indicators of ICS; and identifying factors that affect output of the ICS (% of GDP) by means of the multiple regression analysis. In 2008–2020, the existence of different dynamics of the sector’s impact on the development of creative economy in the EU countries is substantiated via the increase in the value of variation in terms of output (% of GDP) and employment (% of total). According to the results of multiple regression analysis, the author has found out the factors influencing the output of the ICS in the EU countries, which include the current social and economic situation in the country, and the amount of expenditures on R&D and on unemployment. Taking into account the experience of the EU countries, it is important for Ukraine to encourage economic activities in the ICS, which are based on structural reforms.

How the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement and its Consequences Necessitated Adaptation and Drove Innovation in the EU

AbstractGiven its depth and ambition, the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between the EU and Ukraine may have been expected to result in significant reverse influence on the EU. However, this article shows that this influence is indirect, arising from mechanisms and international processes brought into sharp relief by the AA. These are: the power asymmetry between the parties, politicization of the agreement and geo‐politicization as a form of contestation of the agreement in the geopolitical arena, stirred by Russia's grievances. The article argues that in responding to the asymmetry, politicization and geo‐politicization of the AA, the EU has been pushed to innovate to prevent the legal and political failure of the negotiated agreement. Innovation occurred at different levels: at institutional level to assist Ukraine's capacity to implement it, at constitutional level to ensure its ratification given politicization in the Netherlands, and at policy level to address Russia's geopolitical moves.

Development of clusters in the conditions of globalization: the experience of the EU countries and the prospects of Ukraine

Methods. The study was based on the application of the monographic method for studying clusters and identifying the cause-and-effect connections of their development in the context of globalization. General scientific methods were also applied in the work, in particular: abstraction – to determine the essence of the concept of clusters chosen as an object of study; grouping – for the classification of the clustering process according to the system-functional feature and the feature of the prevailing integration connections; comparative analysis – for establishing quantitative and qualitative differences in the process of development of clusters in EU countries and Ukraine. Results. The article explains the concept of cluster, which is used in the study of clustering processes in the conditions of globalization of development. Clusters are classified according to their spatial, functional, and industry characteristics. It is determined that the creation of clusters should be a process that combines skills, sources of knowledge, business, market structures and consumers in an open market environment. The European experience of implementation of cluster development programs is analyzed and signs of their stability in the crisis conditions of global development are formulated. The ability of Ukrainian clusters to participate in overcoming the consequences of the pandemic is demonstrated. The negative effects of a gap in supply chains and added value on the development of clusters in Ukraine under martial law are shown. It is concluded that the development of clusters should become a priority task on the path of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union. Novelty. The essence of clusterization processes is substantiated and the trends of their development in the conditions of globalization are shown. The key problems of clusters formation are highlighted and the prospects of clustering in Ukraine are outlined. Practical value. The conclusions and proposals can be used in the formation of the state policy of clusters development in the domestic economy.

Vplyv zapusku hazoprovodu «Pivnichnyi potik-2» na politychnu sytuatsiiu v YeS ta Ukraini

The article establishes that the availability of fuel and energy resources becomes a tool of powerful influence in the international arena. When researching the mentioned problems, the significant influence of Russian capital and joint projects on the processes of formation and adoption of foreign policy decisions, changes in the vector of foreign state policy in lobbying interests by Russia is shown. The work proves that the exporting state builds its foreign policy from a position of strength and protects national interests through strategic and tactical manipulations (regulation of energy market prices in the interests of partner countries; creation of conditions for artificial deficit; use of energy dependence of importing countries for lobbying interests in foreign policy or coercion into strategically disadvantageous alliances). The political prerequisites and specifics of the positioning of the USA, EU member states and Ukraine in terms of the construction and commissioning of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline are analysed, the possible impact on the state of European security and the consequences for Ukraine are determined. The behaviour strategy and state policy of supporters and opponents within the framework of project implementation are outlined. It is established that support for the launch of the gas pipeline by Germany, as a key player of the EU, especially during military operations on the territory of Ukraine, may lead to a change in positions in the format of the alliance's functioning. In Ukraine, the launch of the Nord Stream-2 gas pipeline is a direct threat to national interests and the integrity of state borders, as the challenges and threats are both economic (blocking gas supplies, limiting the volume of gas transit through the territory of U kraine) and geopolitical in nature (being at the intersection of spheres of influence EU and NATO Ukraine must balance and adjust the vector of foreign policy).